Carbon management Index under different land uses of Conoor region of Western ghats in Tamil Nadu
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Abstract
The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of western ghats in Tamil Nadu has severely declined soil carbon concentration. Therefore to quantify this decline, Carbon Management Index (CMI) was worked out under major land uses {(Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)} using total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon pools under varying degrees of lability {a) NLC (non-labile carbon) b) VLC (very labile carbon) c) LC (labile carbon) d) LLC (less labile carbon)}. Results portray that the carbon pools were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FOR than in TEA and CRP. The contribution of active pools {(very labile carbon (VLC) and labile carbon (LC)} towards TOC was higher in TEA and CRP, whereas in FOR, the passive pool {(less labile carbon (LLC) and non-labile carbon (NLC)} was higher. TOC (0-45 cm) was concentrated on the surface soils of FOR (32.88 g kg-1), CRP (11.87 g kg-1) and TEA (18.84 g kg-1) and it gradually declined with the increase in depth. The decline in TOC was maximum between 0 – 15 and 15 – 30 cm depth in CRP (30.62%) and FOR (22.17%), whereas it was maximum (37.16%) between 15 -30 and 30 -45 cm depth in TEA. Therefore, LUC spotlights the degradation of carbon pools and its extent was quantified using the carbon management index (CMI). The CMI (0 – 45 cm) recorded at CRP (12.93) and TEA (32.62) signals the need for an implementation of carbon management strategies at Conoor to keep the soils alive and protect biodiversity.
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Keywords
Carbon management index, Carbon pools, Conoor, Land-use change, Soil organic carbon
References
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Golchin, A., Oades, J., Skjemstad, J. & Clarke, P. (1995). Structural and dynamic properties of soil organic-matter as reflected by 13C natural-abundance, pyrolysis mass-spectrometry and solid-state 13C NMR-spectroscopy in density fractions of an oxisol under forest and pasture. Soil Research., 33(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9950059
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Saravanan, S., Jennifer, J.J., Singh, L., Thiyagarajan, S. & Sankaralingam, S. (2021). Impact of land-use change on soil erosion in the Coonoor Watershed, Nilgiris Mountain Range, Tamil Nadu, India. Arabian Jounal of Geosciences., 14(5), 1-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06817-w
Srinivasarao, Ch. (2020a). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture.UNFCCC, Germany. doi:https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/5_India_Climate%20Change%20and%20Socio%20Economics%20%28UNFCCC%20Workshop%29-India.pdf
Stockmann, U., Adams, M.A., Crawford, J.W., Field, D.J., Henakaarchchi, N., Jenkins, M., Minasny, B., McBratney, A.B., Courcelles, V., Singh, K., Wheeler, I., Abbott, L., Angers, D.A., Baldock, J., Bird, M., Brookes, P.C., Chenu, C., Jastrow, J.D., Lal, R., Lehmann, M.J., O’Donnell, A.G., Parton, W.J., Whitehead, D. & Zimmermann, M. (2013). The known and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment., 164, 80–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.001
Trumbore, S. E. (1997). Potential responses of soil organic carbon to global environmental change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences., 94(16), 8284-8291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8284
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science., 37 (1), 29-38.
Wei, X., Shao, M., Gale, W. J., Zhang, X. & Li, L. (2013). Dynamics of aggregate-associated organic carbon following conversion of forest to cropland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry., 57, 876–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.020
Zhang, L., X. Chen, Y. Xu, M. Jin, X. Ye, H. Gao, W. Chu, J. Mao, and M.L. Thompson, (2020). Soil labile organic carbon fractions and soil enzyme activities after 10 years of continuous fertilization and wheat residue incorporation. Scientific Reports., 10(1):1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68163-3
Chandrasekaran, S.S., Owaise, R.S., Ashwin, S., Jain, R.M., Prasanth, S. & Venugopalan R.B. (2013). Investigation on infrastructural damages by rainfall-induced landslides during November 2009 in Nilgiris, India. Natural Hazards., 65(3), 1535–1557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0432-x
Chaplot, V., Bouahom, B. & Valentin, C. (2010). Soil organic carbon stocks in Laos: spatial variations and controlling factors. Global Change Biology., 16 (4), 1380-1393. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02013.x
Food and Agriculture Organization (2019). Recarbonization of Global Soils - A dynamic response to offset global emissions. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/i7235en/I7235EN.pdf.
Golchin, A., Oades, J., Skjemstad, J. & Clarke, P. (1995). Structural and dynamic properties of soil organic-matter as reflected by 13C natural-abundance, pyrolysis mass-spectrometry and solid-state 13C NMR-spectroscopy in density fractions of an oxisol under forest and pasture. Soil Research., 33(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9950059
Hailu, A., Mammo, S., & Kidane, M. (2020). Dynamics of land use, land cover change trend and its drivers in Jimma Geneti District, Western Ethiopia. Land use policy, 99, 105011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105011
Iqshanullah, M. (2019). Documentation of Soil Related Environmental Issues and It’s Contributing Factors: A Study among the Hilly Tribes of the Nilgiri District. Madras Agricultural Journal., 106(1-3), 1. DOI:10.29321/MAJ 2019.000260.
Jendoubi, D., Liniger, H. & Ifejika Speranza, C. (2019). Impacts of land use and topography on soil organic carbon in a Mediterranean landscape (north-western Tunisia). Soil, 5(2), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-239-2019
Lal, R., Smith, P., Jungkunst, H.F., Mitsch, W.J., Lehmann, J., Nair, P.K.R., McBratney A.B., de Moraes Sá, J.C., Schneider, J., Zinn, Y.L., Skorupa, A.L.A., Zhang, H., Minasny. B., Srinivasrao, C. & Ravindranath, N. H. (2018). The carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation., 73 (6), 145A-152A. doi: 10.2489/jswc.73.6.145A
Nath, A.J., Brahma, B., Sileshi, G.W. & Das, A. K. (2018). Impact of land use changes on the storage of soil organic carbon in active and recalcitrant pools in a humid tropical region of India. Science of Total Environment., 624,908-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.199
Nath, P. C., Nath, A. J., Reang, D., Lal, R., & Das, A. K. (2021). Tree diversity, soil organic carbon lability and ecosystem carbon storage under a fallow age chronosequence in North East India. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 10, 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100122
Paustian, K., Collins, H. P. & Paul, E. A. (2019). Management controls on soil carbon. In Soil organic matter in temperate agroecosystems. 15-49. CRC Press.
Ramesh, T., Bolan, N.S., Kirkham, M.B., Wijesekara, H., Manjaiah, K.M., Srinivasarao, Ch., Sandeep, S., Rinklebe, J., Ok, Y.S., Choudhury, B.U., Want, H., Tang, C., Song, Z. & Freeman II, O.W. (2019). Soil organic carbon dynamics: Impact of land use changes and management practices: A review. Advances in Agronomy. 156, 1-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.02.001
Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F. T., Gruber, N., Janssens, I. A. & Thullner, M. (2013). Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean. Nature geoscience., 6(8), 597-607. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1830
Ross, C,W., Grunwald, S., Myers, D.B. & Xiong, X. (2016). Land use, land use change and soil carbon sequestration in the St. Johns River Basin, Florida, USA. Geoderma Regional., 7(1): 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2015.12.001
Sainepo, B. M., Gachene, C. K., & Karuma, A. (2018). Assessment of soil organic carbon fractions and carbon management index under different land use types in Olesharo Catchment, Narok County, Kenya. Carbon Balance and Management, 13(1), 1-9.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-018-0091-7
Sahoo, U.K., Singh, S.L., Gogoi, A,. Kenye, A. & Sahoo, S.S. (2019). Active and passive soil organic carbon pools as affected by different land use types in Mizoram, Northeast India. PLoS ONE., 14(7), e0219969.10.1371/journal.pone.0219969
Sanderman, J., Hengl, T. & Fiske, G. J (2017). Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use. PNAS., 114(36), 9575-9580.
Saravanan, S., Jennifer, J.J., Singh, L., Thiyagarajan, S. & Sankaralingam, S. (2021). Impact of land-use change on soil erosion in the Coonoor Watershed, Nilgiris Mountain Range, Tamil Nadu, India. Arabian Jounal of Geosciences., 14(5), 1-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06817-w
Srinivasarao, Ch. (2020a). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture.UNFCCC, Germany. doi:https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/5_India_Climate%20Change%20and%20Socio%20Economics%20%28UNFCCC%20Workshop%29-India.pdf
Stockmann, U., Adams, M.A., Crawford, J.W., Field, D.J., Henakaarchchi, N., Jenkins, M., Minasny, B., McBratney, A.B., Courcelles, V., Singh, K., Wheeler, I., Abbott, L., Angers, D.A., Baldock, J., Bird, M., Brookes, P.C., Chenu, C., Jastrow, J.D., Lal, R., Lehmann, M.J., O’Donnell, A.G., Parton, W.J., Whitehead, D. & Zimmermann, M. (2013). The known and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment., 164, 80–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.001
Trumbore, S. E. (1997). Potential responses of soil organic carbon to global environmental change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences., 94(16), 8284-8291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8284
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science., 37 (1), 29-38.
Wei, X., Shao, M., Gale, W. J., Zhang, X. & Li, L. (2013). Dynamics of aggregate-associated organic carbon following conversion of forest to cropland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry., 57, 876–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.020
Zhang, L., X. Chen, Y. Xu, M. Jin, X. Ye, H. Gao, W. Chu, J. Mao, and M.L. Thompson, (2020). Soil labile organic carbon fractions and soil enzyme activities after 10 years of continuous fertilization and wheat residue incorporation. Scientific Reports., 10(1):1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68163-3
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Carbon management Index under different land uses of Conoor region of Western ghats in Tamil Nadu. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 931-937. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3662
