In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer potential of Artemisia absinthium growing in Kashmir Himalayas
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Abstract
Herbal medicines are an important and growing part of International pharmacopeia. Research and testing enhance our understanding of their medical properties, making them a safer alternative or preferable option to allopathic medication. Plant-derived pharmaceuticals are gaining popularity due to the belief that "green medicine" is safer and more trustworthy than expensive synthetic drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anticancer potential of the methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia absinthium against human lung cancer A549 cell line by well diffusion method and MTT assay, respectively. The A. absinthium leaf extract showed the highest activity against Enterococcus faecalis (20 ± 0.7 mm), and Escherichia coli (18 ± 0.8 mm), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 ± 0.6 mm), Candida albicans (14 ± 0.9 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (13 ± 0.8 mm), with MIC values 128, 128, 128, 256 and 256 µg/mL respectively. The methanolic extract of A. absinthium showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) cytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 36.8 µg/mL. The present study's findings give strong evidence for using the methanolic leaf extract of A. absinthium as an effective ethnomedicinal agent and a possible candidate for treating various human diseases and a potent bioactive agent in anticancer medications.
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Keywords
A. absinthium, Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic activity, Kashmir Himalayas, Medicinal plants
References
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Ahameethunisa, A. R. & Hopper, W. (2010). Antibacterial activity of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. BMC complementary and alternative Medicine, 10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.118 6/1472-6882-10-6
Amit, & Singh, N. (2022). Studies on antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis L. against different strains of bacteria and fungi. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(1), 247–253. DOI https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3 337
Ashma, A., Yahya, S., Subramani, A., Tamilarasan, R., Sasikumar, G., Ali, S. A. & Karnan, M. (2022). Synthesis of new nicotinic acid hydrazide metal complexes: Potential anti-cancer drug, supramolecular architecture, antibacterial studies and catalytic properties. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1250, 131860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131860
Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M. I., Khurshid, M., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M. H. & Baloch, Z. (2018). Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1645. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S173867
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Cragg, G. M. & Pezzuto, J. M. (2016). Natural products as a vital source for the discovery of cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. Medical Principles and Practice, 25(Suppl. 2), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.115 9/000443404
De Cremer, K., Lanckacker, E., Cools, T. L., Bax, M., De Brucker, K., Cos, P. & Thevissen, K. (2015). Artemisinins, new miconazole potentiators resulting in increased activity against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(1), 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04229-14
Dehelean, C. A., Marcovici, I., Soica, C., Mioc, M., Coricovac, D., Iurciuc, S. & Pinzaru, I. (2021). Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules, 26(4), 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041109
del Pilar Rodríguez-Torres, M., Acosta-Torres, L. S., Díaz-Torres, L. A., Padrón, G. H., García-Contreras, R. & Millán-Chiu, B. E. (2019). Artemisia absinthium-based silver nanoparticles antifungal evaluation against three Candida species. Materials Research Express, 6(8),085408. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab1fba.
Desam, N. R., & Al-Rajab, A. J. (2022). Herbal biomolecules: anticancer agents. In Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications (435-474). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85852-6.00001-9
DÜLGER, B., CEYLAN, M., ALITSAOUS, M., & UĞURLU, E. (1999). Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23(3), 377-384.
Gabrielson J, Hart M, Jarelöv A, Kühn I, McKenzie D, Möllby R. Evaluation of redox indicators and the use of digital scanners and spectrophotometer for quantification of microbial growth in microplates. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2002 Jun 1;50(1):63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00011-8
Garcia-Oliveira P, Otero P, Pereira AG, Chamorro F, Carpena M, Echave J, Fraga-Corral M, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Status and challenges of plant-anticancer compounds in cancer treatment. Pharmaceuticals. 2021 Feb;14(2):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14020157
Gordanian, B., Behbahani, M., Carapetian, J., & Fazilati, M. (2014). In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic activity of flower, leaf, stem and root extracts of five Artemisia species. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(2), 91.
Habibipour, R., & Rajabi, M. (2015). Antibacterial effects of Arctium lappa and Artemesia absinthium extracts in laboratory conditions. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 4.
Huang, M., Lu, J. J., & Ding, J. (2021). Natural products in cancer therapy: past, present and future. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 11(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00293-7
Hrytsyk, R. A., Kutsyk, R. V., Yurchyshyn, O. I., Struk, О. А., Kireev, I. V., & Grytsyk, A. R. (2021). The investigation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some Artemisia L. species. Pharmacia, 68, 93. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e47521
Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B. A., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., Ali, B., Shah, S. A., & Khalil, A. T. (2017). Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(12), 1129-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.016
Jahangir, U., Hashimi, A., Siraj, M. B., Ahmed, Y., & Siddiqui, M. A. (2019). One for All-Artemisia absinthium (Afsanteen)“APotent Unani Drug”. CELLMED, 9(4), 5-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5667/tang.2019.0020
Joshi, R. K. (2013). Volatile composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing in Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(7), 888-892.doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.768676
Khan, M. F., Tang, H., Lyles, J. T., Pineau, R., Mashwani, Z. U. R. & Quave, C. L. (2018). Antibacterial properties of medicinal plants from Pakistan against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00815
Lautie, E., Russo, O., Ducrot, P. & Boutin, J. A. (2020). Unraveling plant natural chemical diversity for drug discovery purposes. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00397
Li, B., Yao, Q., Pan, X. C., Wang, N., Zhang, R., Li, J., ... & Zhou, H. (2011). Artesunate enhances the antibacterial effect of β-lactam antibiotics against Escherichia coli by increasing antibiotic accumulation via inhibition of the multidrug efflux pump system AcrAB-TolC. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 66(4), 769-777. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr017
Lian, G., Li, F., Yin, Y., Chen, L. & Yang, J. (2018). Herbal extract of Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) induces antitumor effects in HCT-15 human colon cancer cells via autophagy induction, cell migration suppression and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Journal of BU ON.: Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology, 23(1), 73-78.
Liu, K. C. S. C., Yang, S. L., Roberts, M. F., Elford, B. C. & Phillipson, J. D. (1992). Antimalarial activity of Artemisia annua flavonoids from whole plants and cell cultures. Plant Cell Reports, 11(12), 637-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00236389
Martini, M. C., Zhang, T., Williams, J. T., Abramovitch, R. B., Weathers, P. J. & Shell, S. S. (2020). Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts exhibit strong bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 262, 113191. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.jep.2020.113191
Miethke, M., Pieroni, M., Weber, T., Brönstrup, M., Hammann, P., Halby, L. & Müller, R. (2021). Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 5(10), 726-749. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00313-1
Murray, C. J., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Aguilar, G. R., Gray, A., ... & Naghavi, M. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Newman, D. J. & Cragg, G. M. (2020). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. Journal of natural products, 83(3), 770-803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatpr od.9b012 85
Nigam, M., Atanassova, M., Mishra, A. P., Pezzani, R., Devkota, H. P., Plygun, S. & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Bioactive compounds and health benefits of Artemisia species. Natural Product Communications, 14(7), 1934578X 1 9850354.
Rajput, M., Bithel, N., & Vijayakumar, S. (2021). Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer, and phytochemical composition of the seed extract of Pongamia pinnata. Archives of Microbiology, 203(7), 4005-4024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02365-9
Shafi, G., Hasan, T. N., Syed, N. A., Al-Hazzani, A. A., Alshatwi, A. A., Jyothi, A. & Munshi, A. (2012). Artemisia absinthium (AA): a novel potential complementary and alternative medicine for breast cancer. Molecular biology reports, 39(7), 7373-7379.doi: 10.1007/s11033-012-1569-0
Sofi, M. A., Nanda, A., Sofi, M. A., Maduraiveeran, R., Nazir, S., Siddiqui, N. & Rehman, M. U. (2022). Larvicidal activity of Artemisia absinthium extracts with special reference to inhibition of detoxifying enzymes in larvae of Aedes aegypti L. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 102248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2 022.10 2248
Szopa, A., Pajor, J., Klin, P., Rzepiela, A., Elansary, H. O., Al-Mana, F. A., & Ekiert, H. (2020). Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the history of medicine, the latest advances in phytochemistry and therapeutical, cosmetological and culinary uses. Plants, 9(9), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091063
Vaou, N., Stavropoulou, E., Voidarou, C., Tsigalou, C. & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2021). Towards advances in medicinal plant antimicrobial activity: A review study on challenges and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 9(10), 2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102041
Zaki, S., Chaithra, M. L., Bansal, S., Latha, V., Bajpai, M., Malathi, R. & Sibi, G. (2021). In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of Cissus quadrangularis along with its orexigenic activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 962-969. DOI https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2835
Ahamad, J. (2019). A pharmacognostic review on Artemisia absinthium. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 10(1), 25-31. DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.10015
Ahameethunisa, A. R. & Hopper, W. (2010). Antibacterial activity of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. BMC complementary and alternative Medicine, 10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.118 6/1472-6882-10-6
Amit, & Singh, N. (2022). Studies on antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis L. against different strains of bacteria and fungi. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(1), 247–253. DOI https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3 337
Ashma, A., Yahya, S., Subramani, A., Tamilarasan, R., Sasikumar, G., Ali, S. A. & Karnan, M. (2022). Synthesis of new nicotinic acid hydrazide metal complexes: Potential anti-cancer drug, supramolecular architecture, antibacterial studies and catalytic properties. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1250, 131860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131860
Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M. I., Khurshid, M., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M. H. & Baloch, Z. (2018). Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1645. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S173867
Ben Attia, I., Zucca, P., Cesare Marincola, F., Piras, A., Rosa, A., Chaieb, M. & Rescigno, A. (2018). Chemical composition and antioxidant potential differences between Cynomorium coccineum L. growing in Italy and in Tunisia: Effect of environmental stress. Diversity, 10(3), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/d10030053
Cragg, G. M. & Pezzuto, J. M. (2016). Natural products as a vital source for the discovery of cancer chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. Medical Principles and Practice, 25(Suppl. 2), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.115 9/000443404
De Cremer, K., Lanckacker, E., Cools, T. L., Bax, M., De Brucker, K., Cos, P. & Thevissen, K. (2015). Artemisinins, new miconazole potentiators resulting in increased activity against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(1), 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04229-14
Dehelean, C. A., Marcovici, I., Soica, C., Mioc, M., Coricovac, D., Iurciuc, S. & Pinzaru, I. (2021). Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules, 26(4), 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041109
del Pilar Rodríguez-Torres, M., Acosta-Torres, L. S., Díaz-Torres, L. A., Padrón, G. H., García-Contreras, R. & Millán-Chiu, B. E. (2019). Artemisia absinthium-based silver nanoparticles antifungal evaluation against three Candida species. Materials Research Express, 6(8),085408. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab1fba.
Desam, N. R., & Al-Rajab, A. J. (2022). Herbal biomolecules: anticancer agents. In Herbal Biomolecules in Healthcare Applications (435-474). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85852-6.00001-9
DÜLGER, B., CEYLAN, M., ALITSAOUS, M., & UĞURLU, E. (1999). Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23(3), 377-384.
Gabrielson J, Hart M, Jarelöv A, Kühn I, McKenzie D, Möllby R. Evaluation of redox indicators and the use of digital scanners and spectrophotometer for quantification of microbial growth in microplates. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2002 Jun 1;50(1):63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00011-8
Garcia-Oliveira P, Otero P, Pereira AG, Chamorro F, Carpena M, Echave J, Fraga-Corral M, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Status and challenges of plant-anticancer compounds in cancer treatment. Pharmaceuticals. 2021 Feb;14(2):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14020157
Gordanian, B., Behbahani, M., Carapetian, J., & Fazilati, M. (2014). In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic activity of flower, leaf, stem and root extracts of five Artemisia species. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(2), 91.
Habibipour, R., & Rajabi, M. (2015). Antibacterial effects of Arctium lappa and Artemesia absinthium extracts in laboratory conditions. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 4.
Huang, M., Lu, J. J., & Ding, J. (2021). Natural products in cancer therapy: past, present and future. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 11(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00293-7
Hrytsyk, R. A., Kutsyk, R. V., Yurchyshyn, O. I., Struk, О. А., Kireev, I. V., & Grytsyk, A. R. (2021). The investigation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some Artemisia L. species. Pharmacia, 68, 93. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e47521
Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B. A., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., Ali, B., Shah, S. A., & Khalil, A. T. (2017). Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(12), 1129-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.016
Jahangir, U., Hashimi, A., Siraj, M. B., Ahmed, Y., & Siddiqui, M. A. (2019). One for All-Artemisia absinthium (Afsanteen)“APotent Unani Drug”. CELLMED, 9(4), 5-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5667/tang.2019.0020
Joshi, R. K. (2013). Volatile composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing in Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(7), 888-892.doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.768676
Khan, M. F., Tang, H., Lyles, J. T., Pineau, R., Mashwani, Z. U. R. & Quave, C. L. (2018). Antibacterial properties of medicinal plants from Pakistan against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00815
Lautie, E., Russo, O., Ducrot, P. & Boutin, J. A. (2020). Unraveling plant natural chemical diversity for drug discovery purposes. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00397
Li, B., Yao, Q., Pan, X. C., Wang, N., Zhang, R., Li, J., ... & Zhou, H. (2011). Artesunate enhances the antibacterial effect of β-lactam antibiotics against Escherichia coli by increasing antibiotic accumulation via inhibition of the multidrug efflux pump system AcrAB-TolC. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 66(4), 769-777. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr017
Lian, G., Li, F., Yin, Y., Chen, L. & Yang, J. (2018). Herbal extract of Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) induces antitumor effects in HCT-15 human colon cancer cells via autophagy induction, cell migration suppression and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Journal of BU ON.: Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology, 23(1), 73-78.
Liu, K. C. S. C., Yang, S. L., Roberts, M. F., Elford, B. C. & Phillipson, J. D. (1992). Antimalarial activity of Artemisia annua flavonoids from whole plants and cell cultures. Plant Cell Reports, 11(12), 637-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00236389
Martini, M. C., Zhang, T., Williams, J. T., Abramovitch, R. B., Weathers, P. J. & Shell, S. S. (2020). Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts exhibit strong bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 262, 113191. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.jep.2020.113191
Miethke, M., Pieroni, M., Weber, T., Brönstrup, M., Hammann, P., Halby, L. & Müller, R. (2021). Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 5(10), 726-749. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00313-1
Murray, C. J., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Aguilar, G. R., Gray, A., ... & Naghavi, M. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Newman, D. J. & Cragg, G. M. (2020). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. Journal of natural products, 83(3), 770-803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatpr od.9b012 85
Nigam, M., Atanassova, M., Mishra, A. P., Pezzani, R., Devkota, H. P., Plygun, S. & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Bioactive compounds and health benefits of Artemisia species. Natural Product Communications, 14(7), 1934578X 1 9850354.
Rajput, M., Bithel, N., & Vijayakumar, S. (2021). Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer, and phytochemical composition of the seed extract of Pongamia pinnata. Archives of Microbiology, 203(7), 4005-4024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02365-9
Shafi, G., Hasan, T. N., Syed, N. A., Al-Hazzani, A. A., Alshatwi, A. A., Jyothi, A. & Munshi, A. (2012). Artemisia absinthium (AA): a novel potential complementary and alternative medicine for breast cancer. Molecular biology reports, 39(7), 7373-7379.doi: 10.1007/s11033-012-1569-0
Sofi, M. A., Nanda, A., Sofi, M. A., Maduraiveeran, R., Nazir, S., Siddiqui, N. & Rehman, M. U. (2022). Larvicidal activity of Artemisia absinthium extracts with special reference to inhibition of detoxifying enzymes in larvae of Aedes aegypti L. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 102248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2 022.10 2248
Szopa, A., Pajor, J., Klin, P., Rzepiela, A., Elansary, H. O., Al-Mana, F. A., & Ekiert, H. (2020). Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the history of medicine, the latest advances in phytochemistry and therapeutical, cosmetological and culinary uses. Plants, 9(9), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091063
Vaou, N., Stavropoulou, E., Voidarou, C., Tsigalou, C. & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2021). Towards advances in medicinal plant antimicrobial activity: A review study on challenges and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 9(10), 2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102041
Zaki, S., Chaithra, M. L., Bansal, S., Latha, V., Bajpai, M., Malathi, R. & Sibi, G. (2021). In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of Cissus quadrangularis along with its orexigenic activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 962-969. DOI https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2835
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In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer potential of Artemisia absinthium growing in Kashmir Himalayas. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 895-902. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3619
