Volatile organic compound analysis as advanced technology to detect seed quality in groundnut
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Abstract
An experiment was conducted to profiling the volatile organic compounds emitted from groundnut seeds during storage and also to assess the volatiles emission level during seed deterioration. Volatile organic compounds profiling of stored groundnut seeds was done through GC-MS at monthly intervals. The results showed that several volatile compounds were released from stored groundnut seeds and all the compounds are falling into eight major groups viz., alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, alkanes, alkenes, ketones and ethers. The study clearly demonstrated the influence of volatile organic compounds emission level on physiological and biochemical properties during storage. There was a significant decrease in physiological and biochemical quality attributes noted due to an increase in the strength of volatiles released during ageing. When the release of total volatile strength reached more than 50%, a significant reduction in physiological attributes such as germination, root and shoot length, dry matter production and vigour index were observed. With respect to biochemical properties, a significant increase in electrical conductivity of seed leachate, lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase activity, and a decrease in dehydrogenase, catalase and peroxidase activities were observed. However, the highest reduction in all these properties was recorded when the total volatile strength reached 92.72%. The study concluded that the volatiles released during seed deterioration could be considered the signature components for detecting the seed quality during storage.
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Keywords
Groundnut, Seed deterioration, Seed quality, Volatile organic compounds
References
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Akimoto, T., Cho, S, Yoshida, H, Furuta, H. & Esashi, Y. (2004). Involvement of acetaldehyde in seed deterioration of some recalcitrant woody species through the acceleration of aerobic respiration. Plant and cell physiology, 45(2), 201-210. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch023).
Aldini, G., Yeum, K. J, Niki, E. & Russell, R. M. (2011). Biomarkers for antioxidant defense and oxidative damage: principles and practical applications. Journal of Experimental Botany, 24(6), 133-139.
Balesevic-Tubic, S., Malencic, D, Tatic, M. & Miladinovic, J. (2005). Influence of aging process on biochemical changes in sunflower. Helia, 28(42), 107-114. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2298/hel0542107b).
Begum, M. A. J., Balamurugan, P, Vanagamudi, K, Prabakar, K. & Ramakrishnan, R. (2014). Enzyme changes during seed storage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 748-750. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans. v6i2.530).
Bernheim, F., Bernheim, M. L. & Wilbur, K. M. (1948). The reaction between thiobarbituric acid and the oxidation products of certain lipides. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 174(1), 257-264. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57394-4).
Bhattacharjee, S. (2019). Reactive oxygen species in plant biology, New Delhi, Springer India. 107-125.
Bicanic, D., Persijn, S, Taylor, A, Cozijnsen, J, Van Veldhuyzen, B, Lenssen, G. & Wegh, H. (2003). Detection of ethanol and acetaldehyde released from cabbage seeds of different quality: Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy versus FTIR and headspace gas chromatography. Review of Scientific Instruments, 74(1), 690-693. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1063/1.1512775).
Buckley, W. T. & Buckley, K. E. (2009). Low-molecular-weight volatile indicators of canola seed deterioration. Seed Science and Technology, 37(3), 676-690. (DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.15258/sst.2009.37.3.15).
Colville, L., Bradley, E. L, Lloyd, A. S, Pritchard, H. W, Castle, L. & Kranner, I. (2012). Volatile fingerprints of seeds of four species indicate the involvement of alcoholic fermentation, lipid peroxidation, and maillard reactions in seed deterioration during ageing and desiccation stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(18), 6519-6530. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers307).
Grotto, D., Maria, L. S, Valentini, J, Paniz, C, Schmitt, G, Garcia, S. C. & Farina, M. (2009). Importance of the lipid peroxidation biomarkers and methodological aspects for malondialdehyde quantification. Quimica Nova, 32(1), 169-174. (DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1590/S0100-40422009000100032).
Harman, G. E., Nedrow, B. L, Clark, B. E. & Mattick, L. R. (1982). Association of volatile aldehyde production during germination with poor soybean and pea seed quality. Crop Science, 22(4), 712-716. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1982. 0011183X002200040004x).
Hildebrand, D. F., Brown, G. C, Jackson, D. M. & Hamilton-Kemp, T. R. (1993). Effects of some leaf-emitted volatile compounds on aphid population increase. Journal of chemical ecology, 19(9), 1875-1887. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF00983793).
ISTA. (2019). International Rules for Seed Testing, Zurich, Switzerland.
Kittock, D. L. & Law, A. G. (1968). Relationship of seedling vigor to respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agronomy Journal, 60(3), 286-288. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1968.00021 962006000030012x).
Leufven, A., Sedaghat, N. & Habibi, M. B. (2010). Influence of different packaging systems on stability of raw dried pistachio nuts at various conditions. American Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 8(5), 576-581.
Malik, C. P. & Singh, M. (1980). Plant enzymology and histo-enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. P.286.
Mathure, S. V., Wakte, K. V, Jawali, N. & Nadaf, A. B. (2011). Quantification of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and other rice aroma volatiles among Indian scented rice cultivars by
HS-SPME/GC-FID. Food Analytical Methods, 4(3), 326-333. (DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/s12161-010-9171-3).
Min, C. W., Lee, S. H, Cheon, Y. E, Han, W. Y, Ko, J. M, Kang, H. W. & Kim, S. T. (2017). In-depth proteomic analysis of Glycine max seeds during controlled deterioration treatment reveals a shift in seed metabolism. Journal of Proteomics, 169 (3), 125-135. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.jprot.2017.06.022).
Mira, S., Gonzalez-Benito, M. E, Hill, L. M. & Walters, C. (2010). Characterization of volatile production during storage of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(14), 3915-3924. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq202).
Mira, S., Hill, L. M, Gonzalez-Benito, M. E, Ibanez, M. A. & Walters, C. (2016). Volatile emission in dry seeds as a way to probe chemical reactions during initial asymptomatic deterioration. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(6), 1783-1793. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv568).
Nautiyal, P. C., Ravindra, V, Vasantha, S. & Joshi, Y. C. (1991). Physiological and biochemical basis for viability differences in Spanish groundnut in response to soil moisture stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 24(4), 391-399.
Oenel, A., Fekete, A, Krischke, M, Faul, S. C, Gresser, G, Havaux, M. & Berger, S. (2017). Enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms contribute to lipid oxidation during seed aging. Plant and Cell Physiology, 58(5), 925-933. (DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ pcp/pcx036).
Presley, J. T. (1958). Relation of protoplast permeability to cotton seed viability and predisposition to seedling disease. Plant Disease Reporter, 42(7), 852.
Tammela, P., Nygren, M, Laakso, I, Hopia, A, Vuorela, H. & Hiltunen, R. (2003). Volatile compound analysis of ageing Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seeds. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(4), 290-295. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1216).
Woodstock, L. W. & Taylorson, R. B. (1981). Ethanol and acetaldehyde in imbibing soybean seeds in relation to deterioration. Plant Physiology, 67(3), 424-428. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1104/pp.67.3.424).
Zhang, M., Liu, Y, Torii, I, Sasaki, H. & Esashi, Y. (1993). Evolution of volatile compounds by seeds during storage periods. Seed Science and Technology, 21(2), 359-373.
Zhang, M., Maeda, Y, Furihata, Y, Nakamaru, Y. & Esashi, Y. (1994). A mechanism of seed deterioration in relation to the volatile compounds evolved by dry seeds themselves. Seed Science Research, 4(1), 49-56. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0960258500001999).
Zhang, M., Yajima, H, Umezawa, Y, Nakagawa, Y. & Esashi, Y. (1995). GC-MS identification of volatile compounds evolved by dry seeds in relation to storage conditions. Seed Science and Technology, 23(1), 59-68.
Akimoto, T., Cho, S, Yoshida, H, Furuta, H. & Esashi, Y. (2004). Involvement of acetaldehyde in seed deterioration of some recalcitrant woody species through the acceleration of aerobic respiration. Plant and cell physiology, 45(2), 201-210. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch023).
Aldini, G., Yeum, K. J, Niki, E. & Russell, R. M. (2011). Biomarkers for antioxidant defense and oxidative damage: principles and practical applications. Journal of Experimental Botany, 24(6), 133-139.
Balesevic-Tubic, S., Malencic, D, Tatic, M. & Miladinovic, J. (2005). Influence of aging process on biochemical changes in sunflower. Helia, 28(42), 107-114. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2298/hel0542107b).
Begum, M. A. J., Balamurugan, P, Vanagamudi, K, Prabakar, K. & Ramakrishnan, R. (2014). Enzyme changes during seed storage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 748-750. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans. v6i2.530).
Bernheim, F., Bernheim, M. L. & Wilbur, K. M. (1948). The reaction between thiobarbituric acid and the oxidation products of certain lipides. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 174(1), 257-264. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57394-4).
Bhattacharjee, S. (2019). Reactive oxygen species in plant biology, New Delhi, Springer India. 107-125.
Bicanic, D., Persijn, S, Taylor, A, Cozijnsen, J, Van Veldhuyzen, B, Lenssen, G. & Wegh, H. (2003). Detection of ethanol and acetaldehyde released from cabbage seeds of different quality: Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy versus FTIR and headspace gas chromatography. Review of Scientific Instruments, 74(1), 690-693. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1063/1.1512775).
Buckley, W. T. & Buckley, K. E. (2009). Low-molecular-weight volatile indicators of canola seed deterioration. Seed Science and Technology, 37(3), 676-690. (DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.15258/sst.2009.37.3.15).
Colville, L., Bradley, E. L, Lloyd, A. S, Pritchard, H. W, Castle, L. & Kranner, I. (2012). Volatile fingerprints of seeds of four species indicate the involvement of alcoholic fermentation, lipid peroxidation, and maillard reactions in seed deterioration during ageing and desiccation stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(18), 6519-6530. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers307).
Grotto, D., Maria, L. S, Valentini, J, Paniz, C, Schmitt, G, Garcia, S. C. & Farina, M. (2009). Importance of the lipid peroxidation biomarkers and methodological aspects for malondialdehyde quantification. Quimica Nova, 32(1), 169-174. (DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1590/S0100-40422009000100032).
Harman, G. E., Nedrow, B. L, Clark, B. E. & Mattick, L. R. (1982). Association of volatile aldehyde production during germination with poor soybean and pea seed quality. Crop Science, 22(4), 712-716. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1982. 0011183X002200040004x).
Hildebrand, D. F., Brown, G. C, Jackson, D. M. & Hamilton-Kemp, T. R. (1993). Effects of some leaf-emitted volatile compounds on aphid population increase. Journal of chemical ecology, 19(9), 1875-1887. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF00983793).
ISTA. (2019). International Rules for Seed Testing, Zurich, Switzerland.
Kittock, D. L. & Law, A. G. (1968). Relationship of seedling vigor to respiration and tetrazolium chloride reduction by germinating wheat seeds. Agronomy Journal, 60(3), 286-288. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1968.00021 962006000030012x).
Leufven, A., Sedaghat, N. & Habibi, M. B. (2010). Influence of different packaging systems on stability of raw dried pistachio nuts at various conditions. American Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 8(5), 576-581.
Malik, C. P. & Singh, M. (1980). Plant enzymology and histo-enzymology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. P.286.
Mathure, S. V., Wakte, K. V, Jawali, N. & Nadaf, A. B. (2011). Quantification of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and other rice aroma volatiles among Indian scented rice cultivars by
HS-SPME/GC-FID. Food Analytical Methods, 4(3), 326-333. (DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/s12161-010-9171-3).
Min, C. W., Lee, S. H, Cheon, Y. E, Han, W. Y, Ko, J. M, Kang, H. W. & Kim, S. T. (2017). In-depth proteomic analysis of Glycine max seeds during controlled deterioration treatment reveals a shift in seed metabolism. Journal of Proteomics, 169 (3), 125-135. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.jprot.2017.06.022).
Mira, S., Gonzalez-Benito, M. E, Hill, L. M. & Walters, C. (2010). Characterization of volatile production during storage of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(14), 3915-3924. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq202).
Mira, S., Hill, L. M, Gonzalez-Benito, M. E, Ibanez, M. A. & Walters, C. (2016). Volatile emission in dry seeds as a way to probe chemical reactions during initial asymptomatic deterioration. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(6), 1783-1793. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv568).
Nautiyal, P. C., Ravindra, V, Vasantha, S. & Joshi, Y. C. (1991). Physiological and biochemical basis for viability differences in Spanish groundnut in response to soil moisture stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 24(4), 391-399.
Oenel, A., Fekete, A, Krischke, M, Faul, S. C, Gresser, G, Havaux, M. & Berger, S. (2017). Enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms contribute to lipid oxidation during seed aging. Plant and Cell Physiology, 58(5), 925-933. (DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ pcp/pcx036).
Presley, J. T. (1958). Relation of protoplast permeability to cotton seed viability and predisposition to seedling disease. Plant Disease Reporter, 42(7), 852.
Tammela, P., Nygren, M, Laakso, I, Hopia, A, Vuorela, H. & Hiltunen, R. (2003). Volatile compound analysis of ageing Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seeds. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(4), 290-295. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1216).
Woodstock, L. W. & Taylorson, R. B. (1981). Ethanol and acetaldehyde in imbibing soybean seeds in relation to deterioration. Plant Physiology, 67(3), 424-428. (DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1104/pp.67.3.424).
Zhang, M., Liu, Y, Torii, I, Sasaki, H. & Esashi, Y. (1993). Evolution of volatile compounds by seeds during storage periods. Seed Science and Technology, 21(2), 359-373.
Zhang, M., Maeda, Y, Furihata, Y, Nakamaru, Y. & Esashi, Y. (1994). A mechanism of seed deterioration in relation to the volatile compounds evolved by dry seeds themselves. Seed Science Research, 4(1), 49-56. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0960258500001999).
Zhang, M., Yajima, H, Umezawa, Y, Nakagawa, Y. & Esashi, Y. (1995). GC-MS identification of volatile compounds evolved by dry seeds in relation to storage conditions. Seed Science and Technology, 23(1), 59-68.
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Volatile organic compound analysis as advanced technology to detect seed quality in groundnut. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 885-894. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3617
