Preliminary studies on pharmaceutical microencapsulation for synbiotic application
Article Main
Abstract
The solvent evaporation technique was used in this study to evaluate probiotics microencapsulation in AQOAT/ dichloromethane matrix and cell viability was also measured to assess its potentials in industrial food formulation processes. Cumulative release experiments using water blue dye as a model molecule was also used to evaluate the prebiotic applications. Well-defined spherical AQOAT microcapsules [50.0 ìm ± (24.14)] were formed from 5% AQOAT solution. Cells of Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus plantarum were successfully encapsulated with this technique. However, a 7 log and a 5 log reduction were recorded for B. breve and L. plantarum respectively after 60 min in buffer (P<0.05). Results of this study showed that 1% AQOAT solution lowered viability by 1 log and cell exposure to 10 ml dichloromethane resulted in a 3 log reduction, thus confirming bactericidal properties of both polymer and organic solvent. DCM was however shown to have more bactericidal effects on the cells (P<0.001). Cumulative release trials using 0.2% water blue dye solution showed a 40% loss and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 73.8% (±14.76). It was recommended that viability counts using this technique be further evaluated using other organic solvents (such as ethyl acetate and chloroform) or other synthetic polymers so as to increase its applicability in the food industry.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Cumulative release, Microencapsulation, Prebiotics, Probiotics, Viability
References
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Park, J.H., Ye, M. and Park, K. (2005). Biodegradable polymers for microencapsulation of drugs. Mol., 10:146-161.
Paul, A., Cantor, A., Shum-Tim, D. and Prakash, S. (2011). Superior cell delivery features of genipin crosslinked polymeric microcapsules: preparation, in vitro characterization and pro-angiogenic applications using human adipose stem cells. Mol. Biotechnol., 48(2):116-127.
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Pedroza-Islas, R., Vernon-Carter, E.J., Duran-Dominugez, C. and Terjo-Martinez, S. (1999). Using biopolymer blends for shrimp feedstuff microencapsulation - I. Microcapsule particle size, morphology and microstructure. Food Res. Int., 32:367-374.
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Sahoo, S., Chakraborti, C.K., Mishra, K.C. and Naik, S. (2011). Analytical characterization of a gelling biodegradable polymer. Drug Inv., 3:78-82.
Shaik, M.R., Kopsapati, M. and Panati, D. (2012). Polymers in controlled drug delivery systems. Int. J. Pharm. Sci., 2(4):112-116.
Steele, T.W.J., Huang, C.L., Kumar, S., Widjaja, E., Loo, J.S.C. and Venkatraman, S.S. (2011). High throughput screening of PLGA thin films utilizing hydrophobic fluorescent dyes for hydrophobic drug compounds. J. Pharm. Sci., 100:4317-4329.
Szajewska, H., Setty M. and Mrukowica, J. (2006). Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: Hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 42: 454-475.
Szajewska, H. and Mrukowicz, J. (2001) Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: A systematic review of published randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 33:S17-S25.
Tiwari, S. and Verma, P. (2011). Microencapsulation techniques by solvent evaporation method (study of effects of process variables): a review. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 2:998-1005.
Vidhyalakshmi, R., Bhakyaraj, R. and Subhasree, R.S. (2009). Encapsulation “the future of probiotics”, a review. Adv. Biol. Res., 3:96-103.
Ziegler, E., Vanderhoof, J.A. and Petshow, B. (2007). Term infants fed formula supplemented with selected blends of prebiotics grow normally and have soft stools similar to those reported for breast fed infants. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 44:359-364.
Ann, E.Y., Kim, Y Oh., S., Imm, J.Y., Park, D.J., Han, K.S. and Kim, S.H. (2007). Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 with prebiotic substrates using a hybridization system. Int. J. Food Sci. and Technol., 42:411-419.
Baffoni, L, Gaggia, F, Di Gloria, D, Satni, C, Mogna, L and Biawati, B (2012). A baifdobacterium-based symbiotic product to reduce the transmission of C.jejenum along the poultry food chain. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 157(2):156-161.
Brunetti, M. (2006). Alginate polymers for drug delivery. A Bachelor of Science project report submitted to the Worchester Polytechnic Institute, United Kingdom.
Chakraborti, C.K. (2011). The status of synbiotics in colorectal cancer. Life Sci and Med. Res., 20:1-15.
Della Porta. G., Castaldo, F., Scognamiglio, M., Paciello, L., Parascandola, P. and Reverchon, E. (2012). Bacteria microencapsulation in PLGA microdevices by superficial emulsion extraction. J. Sup. Fluids, 63:1-7.
Desmond, C.B., Corcoran, M., Coakley, M., Fitzgerald, G.F., Ross, R.P. and Stanton, C. (2005). Development of dairybased functional foods containing probiotics, and prebiotics. Austr. J. Dairy Technol., 60:121-126.
Femia, A.P., Luceri, C., Dolara, P., Giannini, A., Biggeri, A., Salvadori, M., Clune, Y., Collins, K.J., Paglierani, M. and Caderni, G. (2002). Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethaneinduced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcino, 23:1953-1960.
Gill, H.S., Cross, M.L., Rutherfurd, K.J. and Gopal, P.K. (2001). Dietary probiotic supplementation to enhance cellular immunity in the elderly. British J. Biomed. Sci., 58:94-96.
Gismondo, M.R., Drago, L. and Lombardi, A. (1999). Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 12:287-292.
Graves, R.A., Pamjula, S., Moiseyev, R., Freeman, T., Bostanian, A.L. and Mandal, T.K. (2004). Effect of different ratios of high and low molecular weight PLGA blend on the characteristics of pentamidine microcapsules. Int. J. Pharm., 270:251-262.
Heidebach, T., Forst, P. and Kulozik, U. (2010). Influence of casein-based microencapsulation in freeze-drying and storage of probiotic cells. J. Food Eng., 98:309-316.
Kailasapathy, K. (2002). Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: technology and potential application. Curr. Iss. Intest. Microbiol., 3:39-48.
Kalliomaki, M., Salminen, S., Poussa, T., Arvilommi, H. and Isolauri, E. (2003). Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lanc., 361:1869-1871.
Kurugol, Z. and Koturogolu, G. (2005). Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea, Acta Ped., 94:44 - 47.
Lee,Y.K., Puong, K.Y., Ouwehand, A.C. and Salminen, S. (2003). Displacement of bacterial pathogens from mucus and CaCO2 cell surface by Lactobacilli. J. Med. Microbiol., 52:925-930.
Liong, M.T. (2008). Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: postulated mechanisms and in-vivo evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 9:854-863.
Makadia, H.K. and Siegel, S.J. (2011). Poly lactic Co-Glycolic acid (PLGA) as biodegradable controlled drug delivery carrier. Poly., 3:1377-1397.
Moro, G., Minoli, I. and Mosca, M. (2002). Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides in formula fed infants. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 34:291-295.
Morrisa, G.A., Torreb, J.G., Ortegab, A., Castilec, J., Smith, A. and Hardinga, S.E. (2008). Molecular flexibility of citrus pectins by combined sedimentation and viscosity analysis. Food Hydro., 22:1435-1442.
Murua, A., Portero, A., Orive, G., Hernández, R.M., de Castro, M. and Pedraz, J.L. (2008). Cell microencapsulation technology: toward clinical application, J. Contr. Rel., 132:76-83.
Nualkaekul, S., Lenton, D., Cook M.T., Khutoryanskiy, V.V. and Charalampopoulos, D. (2012). Chitosan coated alginate beads for the survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum in pomegranate juice. Carb. Poly., 90:1281-1287.
Park, J.H., Ye, M. and Park, K. (2005). Biodegradable polymers for microencapsulation of drugs. Mol., 10:146-161.
Paul, A., Cantor, A., Shum-Tim, D. and Prakash, S. (2011). Superior cell delivery features of genipin crosslinked polymeric microcapsules: preparation, in vitro characterization and pro-angiogenic applications using human adipose stem cells. Mol. Biotechnol., 48(2):116-127.
Prakash, S., Tomato-Duchesneau, C., Saha, S. and Cantor, A. (2011). The gut microbiota and human health with emphasis on the use of microencapsulated bacterial cells: a review. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., doi:10.1155/2011/981214.
Pedroza-Islas, R., Vernon-Carter, E.J., Duran-Dominugez, C. and Terjo-Martinez, S. (1999). Using biopolymer blends for shrimp feedstuff microencapsulation - I. Microcapsule particle size, morphology and microstructure. Food Res. Int., 32:367-374.
Reid, G. (2001).Regulatory and clinical aspects of dairy probiotics. In Expert Consultations on Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria., 15pg (FAO/WHO Background Report). Last assessed from ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/ reid.pdf on September 09, 2012.
Roberfroid, M.B. (2001). Prebiotics: Preferential substrates for specific germs? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73:S406-S409.
Sahoo, S., Chakraborti, C.K., Mishra, K.C. and Naik, S. (2011). Analytical characterization of a gelling biodegradable polymer. Drug Inv., 3:78-82.
Shaik, M.R., Kopsapati, M. and Panati, D. (2012). Polymers in controlled drug delivery systems. Int. J. Pharm. Sci., 2(4):112-116.
Steele, T.W.J., Huang, C.L., Kumar, S., Widjaja, E., Loo, J.S.C. and Venkatraman, S.S. (2011). High throughput screening of PLGA thin films utilizing hydrophobic fluorescent dyes for hydrophobic drug compounds. J. Pharm. Sci., 100:4317-4329.
Szajewska, H., Setty M. and Mrukowica, J. (2006). Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: Hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 42: 454-475.
Szajewska, H. and Mrukowicz, J. (2001) Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: A systematic review of published randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 33:S17-S25.
Tiwari, S. and Verma, P. (2011). Microencapsulation techniques by solvent evaporation method (study of effects of process variables): a review. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 2:998-1005.
Vidhyalakshmi, R., Bhakyaraj, R. and Subhasree, R.S. (2009). Encapsulation “the future of probiotics”, a review. Adv. Biol. Res., 3:96-103.
Ziegler, E., Vanderhoof, J.A. and Petshow, B. (2007). Term infants fed formula supplemented with selected blends of prebiotics grow normally and have soft stools similar to those reported for breast fed infants. J. Ped. Gastro. Nutr., 44:359-364.
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Preliminary studies on pharmaceutical microencapsulation for synbiotic application. (2013). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(2), 488-496. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.358
