Influence of nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth parameters and yield of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)
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Abstract
Pigeonpea is the second most important pulse crop after chickpea in India. The yield of pigeonpea is very low due to indeterminate growth habit and poor source-sink relationship. Plant growth regulators are known to influence the source-sink relationship and stimulate the translocation of photo-assimilates thereby helping in effective flower formation, fruit and seed development and ultimately enhance productivity of the crops. With this background, a field experiment was conducted with pigeonpea (CO Rg 7) under irrigated condition in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. An experiment was aimed at determining the effect of various nutrients and growth-promoting hormones on the growth parameters and yield of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). The Factorial Randomised Block Design was used in the field trial and was replicated three times. At the vegetative stage, the treatments included foliar sprays of growth inhibitors such as M2-Mepiquat chloride (MC) @ 500 pp, M3-Chlormequat chloride (CC) @ 500 ppm and M1- Control. At flower initiation and 15 days later, various plant growth regulators, such as T2-SA (100 ppm), T3-BR (0.1 ppm), T4-Napthyl acetic acid (40 ppm), T5-Nutrients (ZnSO4 @ 0.5 percent + H3BO3 @ 0.3 percent, T6-Mono Ammonium Phosphate @ 2 percent, and T7-TNAU Pulse Wonder @ 1 percent), T8-Nutrient consortia I (1%) and T9-Nutrient consortia II (1%), were used. Among the treatments, the combination of Chlormequat chloride and nutrient consortia treatments (M3T8&M3T9) had better performances in growth parameters and yield of pigeonpea (CO Rg 7). Foliar application of M3T8-Chlormequat chloride and Nutrient consortia I (1%) resulted significantly (P<0.05) in the highest Total dry matter production (64.85; 82.96 g plant-1), Leaf area (1629; 1873 cm-2 plant-1), Leaf area index (1.358; 1.561), Specific leaf weight (7.29; 10.34 mg cm-2) and Seed yield (1133 kg ha-1) when compared to other treatments. The present study that the application of a combined formulation of hormones and nutrients present in the nutrient consortia at the flowering and pod formation stages influenced the growth parameters and resulted in higher seed yield.
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Keywords
Crop growth rate, Foliar application, Leaf area index, Seed yield
References
Amanullah, M. M., Sekar, S. & Vincent, S. (2010). Plant growth substances in crop production: a review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 9(4), 215-222.
Anitha, S., Sreenivasan, E. & Purushothaman, S. M. (2005). Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) to foliar nutrition of zinc and iron in the oxisols of Kerala. Legume Research-An International Journal, 28(4), 294-296.
Avinash, J. R., Patil, R. P. & Rathod, S. P. (2020). Influence of foliar application of pulse magic, PGRs & nutrients on growth parameters and yield of Pigeon Pea. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 3304-3307.
Chandrasekhar, C. N. & Bangarusamy, U. (2003). Maximizing the yield of mung bean by foliar application of growth regulating chemicals and nutrients. Madras Agricultural Journal, 90(1/3), 142-145.
Gagandeep, K., Navita, G., Jagmeet, K. & Sarvjeet, S. (2015). Growth efficiency and yield of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) as affected by foliar application of mineral nutrients. J. Pl. Sci. Res, 2(2), 1-9.
Giri, M. D., Jaybhaye, C. P., Kanwade, D. G. and Bharti Tijare. (2018).Effect of foliar application of gibbrellic acid on pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] under rainfed conditions. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 7(2), 617-620
Gograj Jat, D.L., Bagdi, B.L., Kakralya and Shekhawat, P.S. (2012). Mitigation of salinity induced effects using brassinolide in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Crop Res., 44: 4550.
Gupta, S., Sengupta, K. & Banarjee, H. (2010). Effect of foliar application of nutrients and brassinolide on summer greengram (Vigna radiata). Int. J Tropical Agri., 28, 1-2.
Hanchinamath, P.V. (2005). "Effect of plant growth regulators, organics and nutrients on growth physiology and yield in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub)." M. Sc. (Agri.), UAS, Dharwad.
Hussain, Mubshar, Ahmad Faizan Tariq, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Nawaz, Abdul Sattar, Sami Ul-Allah, and Abdul Wakeel. (2020). Efficacy of fertilizing method for different potash sources in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) nutrition under arid climatic conditions. PloS one 15 (1), e0228335.
Jadhav, G. N., Deotale, R. D., Gavhane, D. B., Chute, K. H. ( 2017). Implant of foliar sprays of polyamine (Putrescine) and NAA on chemical and biochemical parameters and yield of pigeonpea. Bull. Env.Pharmacol. Life Sci.,6 (3): 407-412
Kashid, D. A. (2010). Effect of growth retardants on growth, physiology and yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)." UAS, Dharwad.
KoradeS, B., Deotale, R. D., Jadhav, N. D., Guddhe, V. A. & Thakre, O. G. (2019). Effect of cow urine and NAA on morpho-physiological parameters and yield of wheat. J. Soils and Crops, 29 (2), 274-279
Kumar, K. A. (2001). Effect of plant growth regulators on morpho-physiological traits and yield attributes in hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences).
Kuttimani, R. & Velayutham, A. (2011). Foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on yield and economics of green gram. Madras Agric. J, 98,141-143.
Lambers, H., Shane, M. W., Cramer, M. D., Pearse, S. J. & Veneklaas, E. J. (2006). Root structure and functioning for efficient acquisition of phosphorus: matching morphological and physiological traits. Annals of Botany, 98(4), 693-713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl114.
Lateef, E. M., Tawfik, M. M., Hozyin, M., Bakr, B.A., Elewa, T. A. & Farrag, A. A. (2012). Soil and foliar fertilization of mungbean (Vigna radiate (L) wilczek) under Egyptian conditions. Elixir Int. J, 47, 8622-8628
Manivannan, V., Thanunathan, k., Imayavaramban, V. & Ramanathan, N., (2002). Effect of foliar application of NPK and chelated micronutrients on rice-fallow urdbean. Legume Res., 25(4), 270-272.
Mannan, M. A. (2014). Foliar and soil fertilization effect on seed yield and protein content of soybean. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, 17(1), 67-72.
Nabi A, Hawlader M. H. K., Hasan, M. M., Haque, M. Z. & Rahaman, M. L. (2016). Growth and yield difference due to application of various levels of gibberellic acid in local and BARI falon-1. Progressive Agriculture, 27 (2): 94-100
Nithila, S. (2007). Physiological evaluation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) Varieties for salt tolerance and amelioration for salt stress, Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 1 (11), 1-8
Pearce, R. B., Brown, R. H. & Blaser, R. E. (1968). Photosynthesis of Alfalfa Leaves as Influenced by Age and Environment 1. Crop Science, 8(6), 677-680.
Prakash, M., Kumar, J. S., Kannan, K., Kumar, M. S., & Ganesan, J. (2003). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, physiology and yield of blackgram. Legume Research-An International Journal, 26(3), 183-187.
Sachin, A. S., Sivakumar, T., KrishnaSurendar, K. & Senthivelu, M. (2019). Influence of plant growth regulators and nutrients on biometric, growth and yield attributes in Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 7, 55-63.
Saxena, K.B. (2008). Genetic improvement of pigeon pea—a review. Tropical Plant Biology, 1(2),159-178.
Shah, T, and Prathapasenan, G. (2008). Effect of CCC on the Growth and Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek var. Guj2). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 166 (1), 40-47.
Shashikumar, R., Basavarajappa ,S. R., Salakinkop Hebbar, M., Basavarajappa, M. P., Patil, H.Y. (2013). Influence of foliar nutrition on performance of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) nutrient uptake and economics under dry land ecosystems, Legume Res, 36(5),422-428.
Sivakumar, R., Pathmanaban, G., Kalarani, M. K. Vanangamudi, M., & Srinivasan, P. S. (2002). Effect of foliar application of growth regulators on biochemical attributes and grain yield in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(1), 79-82.
Sritharan, N., Rajavel, M. & Senthilkumar, R. (2015). Physiological approaches: Yield improvement in blackgram. Legume Research-An International Journal, 38(1), 91-95.
Sultana, N., Ikeda, T. & Kashem, M. A. (2001). Effect of foliar spray of nutrient solutions on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield in seawater-stressed rice. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 46(2), 129-140.
Surendar, K. K., Vincent, S., Wanagamundi, M. & Vijayaraghavan, H. (2013). Physiological effects of nitrogen and growth regulators on crop growth attributes and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 2(4), 70-76.
Surendar, K. K., Vincent, S., Wanagamundi, M. & Vijayaraghavan, H. (2013). Physiological effects of nitrogen and growth regulators on crop growth attributes and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 2(4), 70-76.
Sutar, V. K., Narkhede, W. N., Nayak, S. K. & Jadhav, K. T. (2020). Effect of land configuration, growth regulators and integrated nutrient management on yield and economics of pigeonpea. J. of Crop and Weed, 16(2), 227-232.
Teggell, R. G., Salagunda, S., Ahamed, B. Z. (2016). Influence of pulse magic application on yield and economics of transplanted pigeon pea. Int. J Sci. Nat., 7(3), 598- 600.
Thakur, V., Patil, R. P., Patil, J. R., Suma, T. C. & Umesh, M. R. (2017). Influence of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of blackgram under rainfed condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 33-37.
Thakur, V., Patil, R. P., Patil, J. R., Suma, T. C. & Umesh, M. R. (2017). Influence of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of blackgram under rainfed condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 33-37.
Upadhyay, R. G. & Rajeev, R. (2015). Effect of growth hormones on morphological parameters, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) during changing scenario of climate under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2 (Part IV)), 1899-1904.
Upadhyay, R. G. & Rajeev, R. (2015). Effect of growth hormones on morphological parameters, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) during changing scenario of climate under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2) (Part IV)), 1899-1904.
Veerabhadrappa, B. H and Yeledhalli, N. A. (2004). Effect of soil and foliar application of nutrients on growth and yield of groundnut. Karnataka, J Agric. Sci. 18(3), 25.
Vijaysingh T. (2017). Studies on effect of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes and productivity in rainfed black gram (Vigna mungo L.), M.Sc. (Agri) thesis, Univ. Agri. Sci., Raichur.
Vijaysingh, T. (2017). Studies on effect of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes and productivity in rainfed black gram (Vigna mungo L.), M.Sc. (Agri) thesis, Univ. Agri. Sci., Raichur.
Watson, D. J. (1956). Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops I. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties and within and between years. Annals of Botany, 11, 41-46.
Williams, S.R.F. (1946). Methods of growth analysis. Plant photosynthetic production manual and methods, Drow, Jenk, NU Publishers, The Hague,348-391.
Anitha, S., Sreenivasan, E. & Purushothaman, S. M. (2005). Response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) to foliar nutrition of zinc and iron in the oxisols of Kerala. Legume Research-An International Journal, 28(4), 294-296.
Avinash, J. R., Patil, R. P. & Rathod, S. P. (2020). Influence of foliar application of pulse magic, PGRs & nutrients on growth parameters and yield of Pigeon Pea. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 3304-3307.
Chandrasekhar, C. N. & Bangarusamy, U. (2003). Maximizing the yield of mung bean by foliar application of growth regulating chemicals and nutrients. Madras Agricultural Journal, 90(1/3), 142-145.
Gagandeep, K., Navita, G., Jagmeet, K. & Sarvjeet, S. (2015). Growth efficiency and yield of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) as affected by foliar application of mineral nutrients. J. Pl. Sci. Res, 2(2), 1-9.
Giri, M. D., Jaybhaye, C. P., Kanwade, D. G. and Bharti Tijare. (2018).Effect of foliar application of gibbrellic acid on pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] under rainfed conditions. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 7(2), 617-620
Gograj Jat, D.L., Bagdi, B.L., Kakralya and Shekhawat, P.S. (2012). Mitigation of salinity induced effects using brassinolide in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Crop Res., 44: 4550.
Gupta, S., Sengupta, K. & Banarjee, H. (2010). Effect of foliar application of nutrients and brassinolide on summer greengram (Vigna radiata). Int. J Tropical Agri., 28, 1-2.
Hanchinamath, P.V. (2005). "Effect of plant growth regulators, organics and nutrients on growth physiology and yield in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub)." M. Sc. (Agri.), UAS, Dharwad.
Hussain, Mubshar, Ahmad Faizan Tariq, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Nawaz, Abdul Sattar, Sami Ul-Allah, and Abdul Wakeel. (2020). Efficacy of fertilizing method for different potash sources in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) nutrition under arid climatic conditions. PloS one 15 (1), e0228335.
Jadhav, G. N., Deotale, R. D., Gavhane, D. B., Chute, K. H. ( 2017). Implant of foliar sprays of polyamine (Putrescine) and NAA on chemical and biochemical parameters and yield of pigeonpea. Bull. Env.Pharmacol. Life Sci.,6 (3): 407-412
Kashid, D. A. (2010). Effect of growth retardants on growth, physiology and yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)." UAS, Dharwad.
KoradeS, B., Deotale, R. D., Jadhav, N. D., Guddhe, V. A. & Thakre, O. G. (2019). Effect of cow urine and NAA on morpho-physiological parameters and yield of wheat. J. Soils and Crops, 29 (2), 274-279
Kumar, K. A. (2001). Effect of plant growth regulators on morpho-physiological traits and yield attributes in hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences).
Kuttimani, R. & Velayutham, A. (2011). Foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on yield and economics of green gram. Madras Agric. J, 98,141-143.
Lambers, H., Shane, M. W., Cramer, M. D., Pearse, S. J. & Veneklaas, E. J. (2006). Root structure and functioning for efficient acquisition of phosphorus: matching morphological and physiological traits. Annals of Botany, 98(4), 693-713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl114.
Lateef, E. M., Tawfik, M. M., Hozyin, M., Bakr, B.A., Elewa, T. A. & Farrag, A. A. (2012). Soil and foliar fertilization of mungbean (Vigna radiate (L) wilczek) under Egyptian conditions. Elixir Int. J, 47, 8622-8628
Manivannan, V., Thanunathan, k., Imayavaramban, V. & Ramanathan, N., (2002). Effect of foliar application of NPK and chelated micronutrients on rice-fallow urdbean. Legume Res., 25(4), 270-272.
Mannan, M. A. (2014). Foliar and soil fertilization effect on seed yield and protein content of soybean. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, 17(1), 67-72.
Nabi A, Hawlader M. H. K., Hasan, M. M., Haque, M. Z. & Rahaman, M. L. (2016). Growth and yield difference due to application of various levels of gibberellic acid in local and BARI falon-1. Progressive Agriculture, 27 (2): 94-100
Nithila, S. (2007). Physiological evaluation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) Varieties for salt tolerance and amelioration for salt stress, Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 1 (11), 1-8
Pearce, R. B., Brown, R. H. & Blaser, R. E. (1968). Photosynthesis of Alfalfa Leaves as Influenced by Age and Environment 1. Crop Science, 8(6), 677-680.
Prakash, M., Kumar, J. S., Kannan, K., Kumar, M. S., & Ganesan, J. (2003). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, physiology and yield of blackgram. Legume Research-An International Journal, 26(3), 183-187.
Sachin, A. S., Sivakumar, T., KrishnaSurendar, K. & Senthivelu, M. (2019). Influence of plant growth regulators and nutrients on biometric, growth and yield attributes in Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 7, 55-63.
Saxena, K.B. (2008). Genetic improvement of pigeon pea—a review. Tropical Plant Biology, 1(2),159-178.
Shah, T, and Prathapasenan, G. (2008). Effect of CCC on the Growth and Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek var. Guj2). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 166 (1), 40-47.
Shashikumar, R., Basavarajappa ,S. R., Salakinkop Hebbar, M., Basavarajappa, M. P., Patil, H.Y. (2013). Influence of foliar nutrition on performance of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) nutrient uptake and economics under dry land ecosystems, Legume Res, 36(5),422-428.
Sivakumar, R., Pathmanaban, G., Kalarani, M. K. Vanangamudi, M., & Srinivasan, P. S. (2002). Effect of foliar application of growth regulators on biochemical attributes and grain yield in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(1), 79-82.
Sritharan, N., Rajavel, M. & Senthilkumar, R. (2015). Physiological approaches: Yield improvement in blackgram. Legume Research-An International Journal, 38(1), 91-95.
Sultana, N., Ikeda, T. & Kashem, M. A. (2001). Effect of foliar spray of nutrient solutions on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield in seawater-stressed rice. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 46(2), 129-140.
Surendar, K. K., Vincent, S., Wanagamundi, M. & Vijayaraghavan, H. (2013). Physiological effects of nitrogen and growth regulators on crop growth attributes and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 2(4), 70-76.
Surendar, K. K., Vincent, S., Wanagamundi, M. & Vijayaraghavan, H. (2013). Physiological effects of nitrogen and growth regulators on crop growth attributes and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 2(4), 70-76.
Sutar, V. K., Narkhede, W. N., Nayak, S. K. & Jadhav, K. T. (2020). Effect of land configuration, growth regulators and integrated nutrient management on yield and economics of pigeonpea. J. of Crop and Weed, 16(2), 227-232.
Teggell, R. G., Salagunda, S., Ahamed, B. Z. (2016). Influence of pulse magic application on yield and economics of transplanted pigeon pea. Int. J Sci. Nat., 7(3), 598- 600.
Thakur, V., Patil, R. P., Patil, J. R., Suma, T. C. & Umesh, M. R. (2017). Influence of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of blackgram under rainfed condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 33-37.
Thakur, V., Patil, R. P., Patil, J. R., Suma, T. C. & Umesh, M. R. (2017). Influence of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of blackgram under rainfed condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 33-37.
Upadhyay, R. G. & Rajeev, R. (2015). Effect of growth hormones on morphological parameters, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) during changing scenario of climate under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2 (Part IV)), 1899-1904.
Upadhyay, R. G. & Rajeev, R. (2015). Effect of growth hormones on morphological parameters, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) during changing scenario of climate under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2) (Part IV)), 1899-1904.
Veerabhadrappa, B. H and Yeledhalli, N. A. (2004). Effect of soil and foliar application of nutrients on growth and yield of groundnut. Karnataka, J Agric. Sci. 18(3), 25.
Vijaysingh T. (2017). Studies on effect of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes and productivity in rainfed black gram (Vigna mungo L.), M.Sc. (Agri) thesis, Univ. Agri. Sci., Raichur.
Vijaysingh, T. (2017). Studies on effect of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes and productivity in rainfed black gram (Vigna mungo L.), M.Sc. (Agri) thesis, Univ. Agri. Sci., Raichur.
Watson, D. J. (1956). Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops I. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties and within and between years. Annals of Botany, 11, 41-46.
Williams, S.R.F. (1946). Methods of growth analysis. Plant photosynthetic production manual and methods, Drow, Jenk, NU Publishers, The Hague,348-391.
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How to Cite
Influence of nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth parameters and yield of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(SI), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14iSI.3570
