Morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensillae of both sexes of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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Abstract
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a devastating invasive pest persisting as a menace hampering the progress of Indian agriculture. The morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensilla of both sexes of S. frugiperda were investigated in the study. The antenna was filiform for both sexes and was composed of scape, pedicel and flagellum. Male antennas had more subsegments (65-71) in the flagellum than female (56-70) antennas. Male and female S. frugiperda antennae possessed eight types of sensilla: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla squamiformia and Bӧhm’s bristles. Sensilla trichoidea was the most abundant sensilla found in the antenna of both sexes and was more abundant in males than in females. It was also noticed that male antenna was longer than the female antenna. The results of the present study helps to assess alternative management strategies with an electrophysiological response of the pest towards sex pheromones and in combination with plant info chemicals for monitoring and management of S. frugiperda in agricultural ecosystems.
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Keywords
Antennal morphology, Distribution, Spodoptera frugiperda, Sensillae types
References
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Anderson, P., Hallberg, E. & Subchev, M. (2000). Morphology of antennal sensilla auricillica and their detection of plant volatiles in the Herald moth, Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arthropod Structure & Development, 29(1), 33-41. doi.org/10.1016/S1467-8039(00)00011-6
Bawin, T., Collard, F., De Backer, L., Yarou, B.B., Compère, P., Francis, F. & Verheggen, F.J. (2017). Structure and distribution of the sensilla on the antennae of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Micron, 96, 16-28. doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2017.01.008
Casmuz, A., Juárez, M.L., Socías, M.G., Murúa, M.G., Prieto, S., Medina, S., Willink, E. & Gastaminza, G. (2010). Revisión de los hospederos del gusano cogollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 69(3-4), 209-231.
CABI, Datasheet. (2019). Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). Invasive Species Compendium, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810
Chapman, R.F. & Chapman, R.F. (1998). The insects: structure and function. Cambridge university press, Cambridge
Chimweta, M., Nyakudya, I.W., Jimu, L. & Bray Mashingaidze, A. (2020). Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)] damage in maize: management options for flood-recession cropping smallholder farmers. International Journal of Pest Management, 66(2), 142-154. doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2019.1577514
Chormule,A., Shejawal,N., Sharanabasappa, CM., Asokan, R, Swamy, HM. & Z Studies. (2019). First report of the fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) on sugarcane and other crops from Maharashtra, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoological Studies 7 (1), 114-117.
FAO 2019, FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Italy. Retrieved August 1, 2021, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL.
Ganiger, P.C., Yeshwanth, H.M., Muralimohan K, Vinay, N., Kumar A.R.V. & Chandrashekara K. (2018) Occurrence of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the maize fields of Karnataka, India. Current Science. 115, 621-623.
Goergen, G., Kumar, P.L., Sankung, S.B., Togola, A. & Tamò, M. (2016). First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. PloS one, 11(10), p. e0165632. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632
Gutiérrez-Moreno, R., Mota-Sanchez, D., Blanco, C.A., Whalon, M.E., Terán-Santofimio, H., Rodriguez-Maciel, J.C. & DiFonzo, C. (2019). Field-evolved resistance of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to synthetic insecticides in Puerto Rico and Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(2), 792-802. doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy372
Hillier, N.K., Kleineidam, C. & Vickers, N.J. (2006). Physiology and glomerular projections of olfactory receptor neurons on the antenna of female Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) responsive to behaviorally relevant odors. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 192(2), 199-219. doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0061-x
Hunger, T. & Steinbrecht, R.A. (1998). Functional morphology of a double-walled multiporous olfactory sensillum: the sensillum coeloconicum of Bombyx mori (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Tissue and Cell, 30(1)14-29. doi.org/10.101 6/S0040-8166(98)80003-7
Jefferson, R.N., Rubin, R.E., McFarland, S.U. & Shorey, H.H. (1970). Sex pheromones of noctuid moths. XXII. The external morphology of the antennae of Trichoplusia ni, Heliothis zea, Prodenia ornithogalli, and Spodoptera exigua. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63(5), 1227-1238. doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.5.1227
Keil, T.A. (1999). Morphology and development of the peripheral olfactory organs. In Insect olfaction (pp 5-47). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Krishnan, A., Prabhakar, S., Sudarsan, S. & Sane, S.P. (2012). The neural mechanisms of antennal positioning in flying moths. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(17), 3096-3105. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.071704
Li, Y., Liu, F., Du, X., Li, Z. & Wu, J. (2018). Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of three fruit borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae or Tortricidae). PLoS One, 13(10): e0205604. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0205604
Ljungberg, H., Anderson, P. & Hansson, B.S. (1993). Physiology and morphology of pheromone-specific sensilla on the antennae of male and female Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 39(3),253-260. doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(93)90096-A
Malo, E.A., Castrejón-Gómez, V.R., Cruz-López, L. & Rojas, J.C. (2004). Antennal sensilla and electrophysiological response of male and female Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to conspecific sex pheromone and plant odors. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97(6), 1273-1284.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[1273:ASAERO]2.0.CO;2
Manupriya (2019). Fall armyworm, destroyer of maize farms, causes concern in India. Published in Mongabay series on 2 September 2019.Retrieved August 1, 2021, https://india.mongabay.com/2019/09/fall-armyworm-destroyer-of-maize-farms-causes-concern-in-india/
Montezano, D.G., Sosa-Gómez, D.R., Specht, A., Roque-Specht, V.F., Sousa-Silva, J.C., Paula-Moraes, S.D., Peterson, J.A. & Hunt, T.E. (2018). Host plants of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Americas. African Entomology, 26(2), 286-300.
Monti, L., Lalanne-Cassou, B., Lucas, P., Malosse, C. & Silvain, J.F. (1995). Differences in sex pheromone communication systems of closely related species: Spodoptera latifascia (walker) and S. descoinsi Lalannecassou & Silvain (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21(5),641-660.
Nagoshi, R.N. & Meagher, R.L. (2016). Using intron sequence comparisons in the triose‐phosphate isomerase gene to study the divergence of the fall armyworm host strains. Insect Molecular Biology, 25(3), 324-337. doi.org/10.1111/imb.12223
Pogue, Michael G. (2002). A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenée:(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 43:1-202.
Seada, M.A. (2015). Antennal morphology and sensillum distribution of female cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, 68,10-18. doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2015.01.005
Schneider, D. (1964). Insect antennae. Annual Review of Entomology, 9(1),103-122. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.0 9.010164.000535
Sharanabasappa, Kalleshwaraswamy, C.M., Asokan, R., Mahadeva Swamy, HM., Maruthi, MS., Pavithra, HB., Hegbe, K., Shivaray Navi, Prabhu, S.T. & Goergen. G.E. (2018). First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an alien invasive pest on maize in India. Pest Management In Horticultural Ecosystems 24 (1), 23-29.
Steinbrecht, R.A., Laue, M. & Ziegelberger, G. (1995). Immunolocalization of pheromone-binding protein and general odorant-binding protein in olfactory sensilla of the silk moths Antheraea and Bombyx. Cell and Tissue Research, 282(2), 203-217.
Unbehend, M., Hänniger, S., Meagher, R.L., Heckel, D.G. & Groot, A.T. (2013). Pheromonal divergence between two strains of Spodoptera frugiperda. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 39(3), 364-376. doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0263-6
Urbanek, A., Piotrowicz, M., Szadziewski, R. & GI ŁKA, W. (2014). Sensilla coeloconica ringed by microtrichia in host-seeking biting midges. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 28(4), 355-363. doi.org/10.1111/mve.12057
Van der Pers, J.N.C., Cuperus, P.L. & Den Otter, C.J. (1980). Distribution of sense organs on male antennae of small ermine moths, Yponomeuta spp. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 9(1),15-23. doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(80)90032-X
Yu, S.J. (1991). Insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 39(1), 84-91. doi.org/10.10 16/0048-3575(91)90216-9
Zhang, J., Liu, C. C., Yan, S. W., Liu, Y., Guo, M. B., Dong, S. L., & Wang, G. R. (2013). An odorant receptor from the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) exclusively tuned to the important plant volatile cis-3-H exenyl acetate. Insect Molecular Biology, 22(4), 424-432. doi.org/1 0.1111/imb.12033
Anderson, P., Hallberg, E. & Subchev, M. (2000). Morphology of antennal sensilla auricillica and their detection of plant volatiles in the Herald moth, Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arthropod Structure & Development, 29(1), 33-41. doi.org/10.1016/S1467-8039(00)00011-6
Bawin, T., Collard, F., De Backer, L., Yarou, B.B., Compère, P., Francis, F. & Verheggen, F.J. (2017). Structure and distribution of the sensilla on the antennae of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Micron, 96, 16-28. doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2017.01.008
Casmuz, A., Juárez, M.L., Socías, M.G., Murúa, M.G., Prieto, S., Medina, S., Willink, E. & Gastaminza, G. (2010). Revisión de los hospederos del gusano cogollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 69(3-4), 209-231.
CABI, Datasheet. (2019). Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm). Invasive Species Compendium, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810
Chapman, R.F. & Chapman, R.F. (1998). The insects: structure and function. Cambridge university press, Cambridge
Chimweta, M., Nyakudya, I.W., Jimu, L. & Bray Mashingaidze, A. (2020). Fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)] damage in maize: management options for flood-recession cropping smallholder farmers. International Journal of Pest Management, 66(2), 142-154. doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2019.1577514
Chormule,A., Shejawal,N., Sharanabasappa, CM., Asokan, R, Swamy, HM. & Z Studies. (2019). First report of the fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) on sugarcane and other crops from Maharashtra, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoological Studies 7 (1), 114-117.
FAO 2019, FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Italy. Retrieved August 1, 2021, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL.
Ganiger, P.C., Yeshwanth, H.M., Muralimohan K, Vinay, N., Kumar A.R.V. & Chandrashekara K. (2018) Occurrence of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the maize fields of Karnataka, India. Current Science. 115, 621-623.
Goergen, G., Kumar, P.L., Sankung, S.B., Togola, A. & Tamò, M. (2016). First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. PloS one, 11(10), p. e0165632. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632
Gutiérrez-Moreno, R., Mota-Sanchez, D., Blanco, C.A., Whalon, M.E., Terán-Santofimio, H., Rodriguez-Maciel, J.C. & DiFonzo, C. (2019). Field-evolved resistance of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to synthetic insecticides in Puerto Rico and Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(2), 792-802. doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy372
Hillier, N.K., Kleineidam, C. & Vickers, N.J. (2006). Physiology and glomerular projections of olfactory receptor neurons on the antenna of female Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) responsive to behaviorally relevant odors. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 192(2), 199-219. doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0061-x
Hunger, T. & Steinbrecht, R.A. (1998). Functional morphology of a double-walled multiporous olfactory sensillum: the sensillum coeloconicum of Bombyx mori (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Tissue and Cell, 30(1)14-29. doi.org/10.101 6/S0040-8166(98)80003-7
Jefferson, R.N., Rubin, R.E., McFarland, S.U. & Shorey, H.H. (1970). Sex pheromones of noctuid moths. XXII. The external morphology of the antennae of Trichoplusia ni, Heliothis zea, Prodenia ornithogalli, and Spodoptera exigua. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63(5), 1227-1238. doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.5.1227
Keil, T.A. (1999). Morphology and development of the peripheral olfactory organs. In Insect olfaction (pp 5-47). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Krishnan, A., Prabhakar, S., Sudarsan, S. & Sane, S.P. (2012). The neural mechanisms of antennal positioning in flying moths. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(17), 3096-3105. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.071704
Li, Y., Liu, F., Du, X., Li, Z. & Wu, J. (2018). Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of three fruit borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae or Tortricidae). PLoS One, 13(10): e0205604. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0205604
Ljungberg, H., Anderson, P. & Hansson, B.S. (1993). Physiology and morphology of pheromone-specific sensilla on the antennae of male and female Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 39(3),253-260. doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(93)90096-A
Malo, E.A., Castrejón-Gómez, V.R., Cruz-López, L. & Rojas, J.C. (2004). Antennal sensilla and electrophysiological response of male and female Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to conspecific sex pheromone and plant odors. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97(6), 1273-1284.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[1273:ASAERO]2.0.CO;2
Manupriya (2019). Fall armyworm, destroyer of maize farms, causes concern in India. Published in Mongabay series on 2 September 2019.Retrieved August 1, 2021, https://india.mongabay.com/2019/09/fall-armyworm-destroyer-of-maize-farms-causes-concern-in-india/
Montezano, D.G., Sosa-Gómez, D.R., Specht, A., Roque-Specht, V.F., Sousa-Silva, J.C., Paula-Moraes, S.D., Peterson, J.A. & Hunt, T.E. (2018). Host plants of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Americas. African Entomology, 26(2), 286-300.
Monti, L., Lalanne-Cassou, B., Lucas, P., Malosse, C. & Silvain, J.F. (1995). Differences in sex pheromone communication systems of closely related species: Spodoptera latifascia (walker) and S. descoinsi Lalannecassou & Silvain (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21(5),641-660.
Nagoshi, R.N. & Meagher, R.L. (2016). Using intron sequence comparisons in the triose‐phosphate isomerase gene to study the divergence of the fall armyworm host strains. Insect Molecular Biology, 25(3), 324-337. doi.org/10.1111/imb.12223
Pogue, Michael G. (2002). A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenée:(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 43:1-202.
Seada, M.A. (2015). Antennal morphology and sensillum distribution of female cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology, 68,10-18. doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2015.01.005
Schneider, D. (1964). Insect antennae. Annual Review of Entomology, 9(1),103-122. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.0 9.010164.000535
Sharanabasappa, Kalleshwaraswamy, C.M., Asokan, R., Mahadeva Swamy, HM., Maruthi, MS., Pavithra, HB., Hegbe, K., Shivaray Navi, Prabhu, S.T. & Goergen. G.E. (2018). First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an alien invasive pest on maize in India. Pest Management In Horticultural Ecosystems 24 (1), 23-29.
Steinbrecht, R.A., Laue, M. & Ziegelberger, G. (1995). Immunolocalization of pheromone-binding protein and general odorant-binding protein in olfactory sensilla of the silk moths Antheraea and Bombyx. Cell and Tissue Research, 282(2), 203-217.
Unbehend, M., Hänniger, S., Meagher, R.L., Heckel, D.G. & Groot, A.T. (2013). Pheromonal divergence between two strains of Spodoptera frugiperda. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 39(3), 364-376. doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0263-6
Urbanek, A., Piotrowicz, M., Szadziewski, R. & GI ŁKA, W. (2014). Sensilla coeloconica ringed by microtrichia in host-seeking biting midges. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 28(4), 355-363. doi.org/10.1111/mve.12057
Van der Pers, J.N.C., Cuperus, P.L. & Den Otter, C.J. (1980). Distribution of sense organs on male antennae of small ermine moths, Yponomeuta spp. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 9(1),15-23. doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(80)90032-X
Yu, S.J. (1991). Insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 39(1), 84-91. doi.org/10.10 16/0048-3575(91)90216-9
Zhang, J., Liu, C. C., Yan, S. W., Liu, Y., Guo, M. B., Dong, S. L., & Wang, G. R. (2013). An odorant receptor from the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) exclusively tuned to the important plant volatile cis-3-H exenyl acetate. Insect Molecular Biology, 22(4), 424-432. doi.org/1 0.1111/imb.12033
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How to Cite
Morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensillae of both sexes of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(SI), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14iSI.3563
