Antibiotic resistance profile and virulence factor genes of Aeromonas sobria isolated from AL-Hillah River in Babel (Iraq)
Article Main
Zeena Hadi Obaid Alwan
Rafal Ahmed Lilo
Liqaa Y. Mohsen
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-2423
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-2423
Abstract
Although Aeromonas are common in aquatic habitats and have been marked as an arising risk to human health, some information dealing with antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence factor genes involved in pathogenicity are understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance profile for aquatic A. sobria and to identify the virulence factor genes. Aeromonas sobria isolates were collected from AL-Hillah River in Babel near the hospital swage water from January until May 2021. VITEK 2 system was used to diagnose isolates of the anaerobic G-ve A. Sobria bacteria, which were then confirmed by PCR for 16S RNA. Eight different groups of antibiotics were examined in A. sobria isolates using the disk diffusion method on a Mueller-Hinton agar. Genes encoding for virulence factor genes (act, ast, ela, alt, lip, asa, hly, and aer) were detected using conventional PCR. The isolates showed resistance to β-lactam drugs, while they were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin and presented susceptibility to the gentamycin at rate 57%. Gel electrophoresis results of PCR products variably displayed clear bands for virulence factor genes (act, ast, ela, alt, lip, and asa), previously reported to be associated with some diseases. This is the first study in provinces of middle Iraqi dealing with aquatic A. sobria that evaluated the antibiotic sensitivity and investigated the virulence factor genes, including cytotoxic enterotoxins and enzymes. Virulence factor genes detection and 16S RNA gene for species identification were achieved by designing specific primers in the present study.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Aeromonas sobria, AL-Hillah River, Antibiotics, Virulence factors genes
References
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AL-Khikani, F. H. O. & Ayit, A. S. (2020). Prospects in Immunomodulatory activity of Amphotericin B in viral infection: Promising developing therapeutic branch. Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 6(1), 65.
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Belém-Costa, A. & Cyrino, J. E. P. (2006). Antibiotic resistence of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Scientia Agricola, 63, 281-284.
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Cascón, A., Yugueros, J., Temprano, A., Sánchez, M., Hernanz, C., Luengo, J. M. & Naharro, G. (2000). A major secreted elastase is essential for pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection and immunity, 68(6), 3233-3241.
Chacón, M., Figueras, M., Castro-Escarpulli, G., Soler, L. & Guarro, J. (2003). Distribution of virulence genes in clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 84(4), 269-278.
Chen, P.-L., Ko, W.-C. & Wu, C.-J. (2012). Complexity of β-lactamases among clinical Aeromonas isolates and its clinical implications. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 45(6), 398-403.
Cockerill, F. R., Wikler, M., Bush, K., Dudley, M., Eliopoulos, G. & Hardy, D. (2012). Clinical and laboratory standards institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement.
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Galindo, C. L., Sha, J., Fadl, A. A., Pillai, L. L. & Chopra, A. K. (2006). Host immune responses to Aeromonas virulence factors. Current Immunology Reviews, 2(1), 13-26.
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Humphries, R. M., Ambler, J., Mitchell, S. L., Castanheira, M., Dingle, T., Hindler, J. A., . . . Sei, K. (2018). CLSI methods development and standardization working group best practices for evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Journal of clinical microbiology, 56(4), e01934-01917.
Igbinosa, I. H., Igumbor, E. U., Aghdasi, F., Tom, M. & Okoh, A. I. (2012). Emerging Aeromonas species infections and their significance in public health. The Scientific World Journal, 2012.
Janda, J. M. & Abbott, S. L. (1998). Evolving concepts regarding the genus Aeromonas: an expanding panorama of species, disease presentations, and unanswered questions. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27(2), 332-344.
Kabroot AL-Fatlawy, H. N., Al-Kareem Al-Makhzoomy, T. A. & Al-Hakeem, M. A. (2021). Molecular Profile of Integrase gene intI and Carbapenem gene in Aeromonas sobria Isolates. Medico-Legal Update, 21(1).
Kapil, A. (2005). The challenge of antibiotic resistance: need to contemplate. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 121(2), 83.
Kishk, D., Moustafa, N. Y. & Kirrella, G. A. (2020). Prevalence and virulence characteristics of Aeromonas species isolated from fish farms in Egypt. Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal, 18(2), 5-8.
Kühn, I., Allestam, G., Huys, G., Janssen, P., Kersters, K., Krovacek, K., & Stenström, T. (1997). Diversity, persistence, and virulence of Aeromonas strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Sweden. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(7), 2708-2715.
Ling, T. K., Liu, Z., & Cheng, A. F. (2003). Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli from positive blood cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41(10), 4705-4707.
Ling, T. K., Tam, P., Liu, Z. & Cheng, A. F. (2001). Evaluation of VITEK 2 rapid identification and susceptibility testing system against gram-negative clinical isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(8), 2964-2966.
Matyar, F., Akkan, T., Uçak, Y. & Eraslan, B. (2010). Aeromonas and Pseudomonas: antibiotic and heavy metal resistance species from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (northeast Mediterranean Sea). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 167(1), 309-320.
Mudryk, Z. J., Perlinski, P. & Gackowska, J. (2015). Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from seawater and sand of marine recreation beach in the southern Baltic Sea. Baltic Coastal Zone. Journal of Ecology and Protection of the Coastline, 19.
Pemberton, J. M., Kidd, S. P. & Schmidt, R. (1997). Secreted enzymes of Aeromonas. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 152(1), 1-10.
Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P. & Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and Global health, 109(7), 309-318.
Roges, E. M., Gonçalves, V. D., Cardoso, M. D., Festivo, M. L., Siciliano, S., Berto, L. H., . . . Aquino, M. H. C. d. (2020). Virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from animal, food, and human sources in Brazil. BioMed Research International, 2020.
Saavedra, M. J., Guedes-Novais, S., Alves, A., Rema, P., Tacão, M., Correia, A. & Martínez-Murcia, A. (2004). Resistencia a antibióticosb-lactámicos en Aeromonas hydrophila aislados de truchas arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Microbiology, 7(3), 207-211.
Sen, K., & Rodgers, M. (2004). Distribution of six virulence factors in Aeromonas species isolated from US drinking water utilities: a PCR identification. Journal of applied microbiology, 97(5), 1077-1086.
Sha, J., Kozlova, E., Fadl, A., Olano, J., Houston, C., Peterson, J. & Chopra, A. (2004). Molecular characterization of a glucose-inhibited division gene, gidA, that regulates cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection and Immunity, 72(2), 1084-1095.
Sha, J., Pillai, L., Fadl, A. A., Galindo, C. L., Erova, T. E., & Chopra, A. K. (2005). The type III secretion system and cytotoxic enterotoxin alter the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection and Immunity, 73(10), 6446-6457.
Shope, R. E., & Oaks, S. C. (1992). Emerging infections: Microbial threats to health in the United States.
Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277.
Vila, J., Ruiz, J., Gallardo, F., Vargas, M., Soler, L., Figueras, M. J. & Gascon, J. (2003). Aeromonas spp. and traveler’s diarrhea: clinical features and antimicrobial resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(5), 552.
Zhang, W., Li, Z., Yang, H., Wang, G., Liu, G., Wang, Y., . . . Dong, J. (2021). Aeromonas sobria Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines Production in Mouse Macrophages via Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathways. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11.
Al-Fatlawy, H. N. K. & Al-Hadrawy, H. A. (2014). Isolation and characterization of A. hydrophila from the Al-Jadryia river in Baghdad (Iraq). American Journal of Educational Research, 2(8), 658-662.
Al-Khikani, F. & Al-Janabi, A. (2019). Topical amphotericin B formulas: Promising new application. International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research, 2(4), 187-196.
AL-Khikani, F. H. O. & Ayit, A. S. (2020). Prospects in Immunomodulatory activity of Amphotericin B in viral infection: Promising developing therapeutic branch. Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 6(1), 65.
Alcaide, E., Blasco, M.-D. & Esteve, C. (2010). Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Aeromonas species isolated from humans, water and eels. Research in Microbiology, 161(1), 40-45.
Araujo, R. M., Arribas, R. M. & Pares, R. (1991). Distribution of Aeromonas species in waters with different levels of pollution. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 71(2), 182-186.
Ashbolt, N., Grohmann, G. & Kueh, C. S. W. (1993). Significance of specific bacterial pathogens in the assessment of polluted receiving waters of Sydney, Australia. Water Science and Technology, 27(3-4), 449-452.
Austin, B. & Adams, C. (1996). Fish pathogens, p 197–243. The genus Aeromonas. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, West, Sussex, United Kingdom.
Belém-Costa, A. & Cyrino, J. E. P. (2006). Antibiotic resistence of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Scientia Agricola, 63, 281-284.
Borty, S. C., Rahman, F., Reza, A. A., Khatun, M. S., Kabir, M. L., Rahman, M. H. & Monir, M. S. (2016). Isolation, molecular identification and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Aeromonas hydrophila from cultured indigenous Koi (Anabus testudineus) of Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2(2), 332-340.
Cascón, A., Yugueros, J., Temprano, A., Sánchez, M., Hernanz, C., Luengo, J. M. & Naharro, G. (2000). A major secreted elastase is essential for pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection and immunity, 68(6), 3233-3241.
Chacón, M., Figueras, M., Castro-Escarpulli, G., Soler, L. & Guarro, J. (2003). Distribution of virulence genes in clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 84(4), 269-278.
Chen, P.-L., Ko, W.-C. & Wu, C.-J. (2012). Complexity of β-lactamases among clinical Aeromonas isolates and its clinical implications. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 45(6), 398-403.
Cockerill, F. R., Wikler, M., Bush, K., Dudley, M., Eliopoulos, G. & Hardy, D. (2012). Clinical and laboratory standards institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement.
Demarta, A., Tonolla, M., Caminada, A.-P., Ruggeri, N. & Peduzzi, R. (1999). Signature region within the 16S rDNA sequences of Aeromonas popoffii. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 172(2), 239-246.
Dumontet, S., Krovacek, K., Svenson, S. B., Pasquale, V., Baloda, S. B. & Figliuolo, G. (2000). Prevalence and diversity of Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. in coastal waters of Southern Italy. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases, 23(1), 53-72.
Fair, R. J. & Tor, Y. (2014). Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspectives in medicinal chemistry, 6, PMC. S14459.
Galindo, C. L., Sha, J., Fadl, A. A., Pillai, L. L. & Chopra, A. K. (2006). Host immune responses to Aeromonas virulence factors. Current Immunology Reviews, 2(1), 13-26.
Hatha, M., Vivekanandhan, A., & Joice, G. J. (2005). Antibiotic resistance pattern of motile aeromonads from farm raised fresh water fish. International journal of food microbiology, 98(2), 131-134.
Huddleston, J. R., Zak, J. C. & Jeter, R. M. (2006). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aeromonas spp. isolated from environmental sources. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(11), 7036-7042.
Humphries, R. M., Ambler, J., Mitchell, S. L., Castanheira, M., Dingle, T., Hindler, J. A., . . . Sei, K. (2018). CLSI methods development and standardization working group best practices for evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Journal of clinical microbiology, 56(4), e01934-01917.
Igbinosa, I. H., Igumbor, E. U., Aghdasi, F., Tom, M. & Okoh, A. I. (2012). Emerging Aeromonas species infections and their significance in public health. The Scientific World Journal, 2012.
Janda, J. M. & Abbott, S. L. (1998). Evolving concepts regarding the genus Aeromonas: an expanding panorama of species, disease presentations, and unanswered questions. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27(2), 332-344.
Kabroot AL-Fatlawy, H. N., Al-Kareem Al-Makhzoomy, T. A. & Al-Hakeem, M. A. (2021). Molecular Profile of Integrase gene intI and Carbapenem gene in Aeromonas sobria Isolates. Medico-Legal Update, 21(1).
Kapil, A. (2005). The challenge of antibiotic resistance: need to contemplate. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 121(2), 83.
Kishk, D., Moustafa, N. Y. & Kirrella, G. A. (2020). Prevalence and virulence characteristics of Aeromonas species isolated from fish farms in Egypt. Kafrelsheikh Veterinary Medical Journal, 18(2), 5-8.
Kühn, I., Allestam, G., Huys, G., Janssen, P., Kersters, K., Krovacek, K., & Stenström, T. (1997). Diversity, persistence, and virulence of Aeromonas strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Sweden. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(7), 2708-2715.
Ling, T. K., Liu, Z., & Cheng, A. F. (2003). Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli from positive blood cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41(10), 4705-4707.
Ling, T. K., Tam, P., Liu, Z. & Cheng, A. F. (2001). Evaluation of VITEK 2 rapid identification and susceptibility testing system against gram-negative clinical isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(8), 2964-2966.
Matyar, F., Akkan, T., Uçak, Y. & Eraslan, B. (2010). Aeromonas and Pseudomonas: antibiotic and heavy metal resistance species from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (northeast Mediterranean Sea). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 167(1), 309-320.
Mudryk, Z. J., Perlinski, P. & Gackowska, J. (2015). Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from seawater and sand of marine recreation beach in the southern Baltic Sea. Baltic Coastal Zone. Journal of Ecology and Protection of the Coastline, 19.
Pemberton, J. M., Kidd, S. P. & Schmidt, R. (1997). Secreted enzymes of Aeromonas. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 152(1), 1-10.
Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P. & Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and Global health, 109(7), 309-318.
Roges, E. M., Gonçalves, V. D., Cardoso, M. D., Festivo, M. L., Siciliano, S., Berto, L. H., . . . Aquino, M. H. C. d. (2020). Virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from animal, food, and human sources in Brazil. BioMed Research International, 2020.
Saavedra, M. J., Guedes-Novais, S., Alves, A., Rema, P., Tacão, M., Correia, A. & Martínez-Murcia, A. (2004). Resistencia a antibióticosb-lactámicos en Aeromonas hydrophila aislados de truchas arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Microbiology, 7(3), 207-211.
Sen, K., & Rodgers, M. (2004). Distribution of six virulence factors in Aeromonas species isolated from US drinking water utilities: a PCR identification. Journal of applied microbiology, 97(5), 1077-1086.
Sha, J., Kozlova, E., Fadl, A., Olano, J., Houston, C., Peterson, J. & Chopra, A. (2004). Molecular characterization of a glucose-inhibited division gene, gidA, that regulates cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection and Immunity, 72(2), 1084-1095.
Sha, J., Pillai, L., Fadl, A. A., Galindo, C. L., Erova, T. E., & Chopra, A. K. (2005). The type III secretion system and cytotoxic enterotoxin alter the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infection and Immunity, 73(10), 6446-6457.
Shope, R. E., & Oaks, S. C. (1992). Emerging infections: Microbial threats to health in the United States.
Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277.
Vila, J., Ruiz, J., Gallardo, F., Vargas, M., Soler, L., Figueras, M. J. & Gascon, J. (2003). Aeromonas spp. and traveler’s diarrhea: clinical features and antimicrobial resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(5), 552.
Zhang, W., Li, Z., Yang, H., Wang, G., Liu, G., Wang, Y., . . . Dong, J. (2021). Aeromonas sobria Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines Production in Mouse Macrophages via Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathways. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11.
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How to Cite
Antibiotic resistance profile and virulence factor genes of Aeromonas sobria isolated from AL-Hillah River in Babel (Iraq). (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 868-875. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3538
