Effect of ageing on in vitro true seed and in vivo drupe germination and its dormancy mechanism in teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f)
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Abstract
The germination percentage of teak seed is generally very poor due to its higher percentage of empty seed and poor seed
viability. The viable seeds exhibit protracted germination behaviour due to their inherent seed dormancy and other physiochemical characteristics. Hence establishing a teak nursery for largescale plantation activities is a challenging task. This study was undertaken to study the effect of ageing on in vitro true seed and in vivo drupe germination and its dormancy mechanism in teak. Fresh, one-year and two-year stored drupes were used to represent different levels of ageing. Under in vivo conditions, poor drupe germination was observed in fresh drupes (3%) and germination percentage was increased when the drupes were subjected to ageing for one year (17%) or two years (32%). When true seeds separated from fresh drupes and germinated under in vitro conditions, enhanced germination (58.3%) was observed. Biochemical analysis showed that indole-3- acetic acid, indole butyric acid, abscisic acid and coumarin are not present in fresh, one year and two-year-old true seeds. The gibberellic acid was increased with an increase in ageing, but the GA3 did not influence the germination percent under in vitro conditions. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of fresh teak true seed showed that embryo tip was shrivelled, whereas one and two-year-old true seed embryo tip bulged; this was confirmed that one and two-year-old true seed embryos were matured and satisfied the after-ripening requirement. Nursery studies revealed that one and two-year-old drupes recorded the highest germination compared to fresh drupes.
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Keywords
Teak, Drupes, True seed, SEM, Growth regulators, Germination, Seedling vigour
References
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Akram, M. & Aftab, F. (2016). Fruit size and sampling sites effect on dormancy, viability and germination of teak (Tectona grandis L.) seeds. Pakistan Journal of Botany., 48, 511-518.
Anandalakshmi, R., Singh, BG., Sivakumar, V., Warrier, R.R. and Chevanan, G. (2005). Effect of duration of accelerated ageing on physiological dormancy in Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds: Preliminary Observations. Seed Research., 33, 70-75.
Barrera, G.N., Calderon-Dominguez, G., Chanona-Perez, J., Gutierrez-Lopez, G.F., Leon, A.E. & Ribotta, P.D. (2013). Evaluation of the mechanical damage on wheat starch granules by SEM, ESEM, AFM and texture image analysis. Carbohydrate Polymers., 98,1449-1457.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.056
Butola, J.S. &Badola, H.K. (2004). Effect of pre-sowing treatment on seed germination and seedling vigour in Angelica glauca, a threatened medicinal herb. Current Science., 87, 796–799.https://www.jstor.org/stable/241 093 59
Chen, S.Y., Kuo, S.R. & Chien, C.T. (2007). Storage behaviour of seeds of Cinnamomumos mophloeum and Neolitsea aciculata var. variabillima (Lauraceae). Seed Science and Technology., 35, 237–243.https://doi.org/10.1 5258/sst.2007.35.1.22
Cornea-Cipcigan, M., Pamfil, D., Sisea, C.R., &Margaoan, R. (2020). Gibberellic acid can improve seed germination and ornamental quality of selected cyclamen species grown under short and long days. Agron omy., 10,516.https://doi.org/10.3390/agronom y10040516
Dah, U.S. & Baw, U.S. (2001). Regional teak marketing and trade, Proceedings of the third regional seminar on teak, Indonesia. pp.1-14.
De Sousa Soares., Octavio, G., da Costa Leite, R., da Silva Junior, G.D., da Silva Reis, A., de Sousa Soares, J.L. & Pereira Leite, M.R. (2017). Methods for overcoming dormancy in teak diaspores. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical., 47, 384-389.
Dhaka, R.K. & Jha, S.K. (2017). Evaluation of Provenances for Drupe, Seed and Germination Traits in Teak (Tectona grandis L.F). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences., 6, 1721-1727. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.208
Dharmalingam, C. &Masilamani, P. (1997). Radiography technique for testing the quality of teak (TectonagrandisLinn.f) seeds. Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science., 26,51-55.
Emmanuel, C.J.S.K. & Dharmaswamy, S.S. (1991). Seed source variation in storage life of teak seed. SilvaeGenetica.,40,249-250.
Gunaga, R.P., Vasudeva, R. & Kanfade, A.M., (2008). Germination of Fresh and One Year Stored Fruits of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) Collected from Several Seed Production Areas in Karnataka, South India. Seed Technology., 30, 70-75.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23433372
Gupta, B.N. & Pattanath, P.G. (1975). Factors affecting germination behaviour of teak seeds of eighteen Indian origins, Indian Forester., 101, 584-588.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T. & Geneve, R. L. (1997). Plant propagation: principles and practices. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
International Seed Testing Association. (1985). International rules for seed testing.Seed Science Technology.,13,229-355.
Joshi, M. D. & Kelkar, S. P. (1971). Germination of seed in dry teak(Tectona grandis L.)Preliminary studies in fruit development and seed dormancy. Indian Forester.,97,210 - 216.
Keiding, H. (1985). Seed leaflet No 4 Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f). Danida. Humlebeak, Denmark.
Keiding, H. (1993). Tectona grandis. Seed Leaflet No. 4. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Denmark. PP. 23.
Masilamani, P., Alex Albert, V., Baskar, M., Govindaraj, M., Vinothini, R. &Benaseer, S. (2018). Effect of different organic addition on seedling growth and stump quality of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn f). Indian Journal of Forester., 41,363-367.
Masilamani, P., Dharmalingam, C. & Annadurai. K. (2002). Effect of natural ageing on germination and seedling Vigour of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) drupes. Indian Journal of Forestry.,25,122-126.
Masilamani, P., Rajanbabu, V. and Venkatesan, S. (2020). Effect of Drupe size Grading on in Vivo and in Vitro Germination and its Dormancy Mechanism of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F). Bioscience Biotechnological Research Asia., 17,673-683.http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2871
Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962). A Revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures, Physiological Plantarum.,15, 473-497.
Onyekwelua, J.C. & Fayose, O.J. (2007). Effect of storage methods on the germination and proximate composition of Treculia africana seeds. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Agricultural Research for Development, University of Kassel Witzenhausen and University of Gottingen, Tropentag.
Panse, V.G. &Sukhatme, P.V. (1995). Statistical methods for agricultural workers. Indian Council of Agricultural Research Publications, New Delhi. 330.
Pradhan, B.K. &Badola, H.K. (2008). Seed germination response of populations of Swertiachirayita following periodical storage, Seed Technology., 30, 63–69.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23433371
Rajput, A. & Tiwari, K. P. (2001). Effect of alternate chilling/heating on germination of fresh teak (Tectona grandis L.f) drupes, without scarification of felty mesocarp. Seed science and technology., 29, 57-64.
Ravichand, A. & Gunaga, R.P. (2021). Seed Biology and Seed Orchard Dynamics in Teak. In The Teak Genome, 139-153. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79311-1_9
Slator, N.J., Callister, A.N. & Nichols, J.D. (2013). Mechanical but not physical dormancy is a cause of poor germination in teak (Tectona grandis L. f). New Forests., 44,39-49.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9298-0
Solaiman, R. & Al-Zehouri, J. (2017). Determination of coumarin in methanol extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Blume) using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry., 6, 726-729.
Solberg, S. O., Yndgaard, F., Andreasen, C., Von Bothmer, R., Loskutov, I. G., & Asdal, Å. (2020). Long-term storage and longevity of orthodox seeds: A systematic review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 1007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01007
Suangtho, V. (1980). Factors Controlling Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. F.) Seed Germination and Their Importance to Thailand. The Australian National University, Australia.
Tiwari, S.K., Tiwari, K.P. Siril, E.A. (2002). An improved micropropagation protocol for teak. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.,71, 1-6.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101657 0000846
Troup, R.S. (1921). The Silviculture of Indian trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford. PP. 1184.
Venkatesan, S., Masilamani, P., Eevera, T., Janaki, P., Sundareswaran, S., & Rajkumar, P. (2022). Effect of presowing seed treatments on teak (Tectona grandis L. F) drupes dormancy and germination. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14, 172-179.https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3316
Vernon-Parry, K.D. (2000). Scanning electron microscopy: an introduction, III-Vs Review.,13, 40-44.
Vichien, S., Hedegart, T. &Lauridsen, E.B.(1974). Compendium and manual for Teak improvement centre staff. Teak improvement centre, Internal paper.
Yahya, M.F., Hassan, N.H., Abdullah, N. & Wahid, M.S.A. (2020). Direct shoot regenaration of Tectona grandis (teak) for production of planting material. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation., 10,398-403.
Yasodha, R, R Sumathi, R. & Gurumurthi, K. (2005). Improved micropropagation methods for teak. Journal of tropical forest science., 63-75.
Zhou, W., Apkarian, R., Wang, Z.L. and Joy, D. (2006). Fundamentals of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In Scanning microscopy for nanotechnology. Springer, New York, NY. pp.1-40.
Zinsmeister, J., Leprince, O. & Buitink, J. (2020). Molecular and environmental factors regulating seed longevity. Biochemical Journal, 477, 305-323. https://doi.org/1 0.1042/BCJ20190165
Akram, M. & Aftab, F. (2016). Fruit size and sampling sites effect on dormancy, viability and germination of teak (Tectona grandis L.) seeds. Pakistan Journal of Botany., 48, 511-518.
Anandalakshmi, R., Singh, BG., Sivakumar, V., Warrier, R.R. and Chevanan, G. (2005). Effect of duration of accelerated ageing on physiological dormancy in Teak (Tectona grandis) Seeds: Preliminary Observations. Seed Research., 33, 70-75.
Barrera, G.N., Calderon-Dominguez, G., Chanona-Perez, J., Gutierrez-Lopez, G.F., Leon, A.E. & Ribotta, P.D. (2013). Evaluation of the mechanical damage on wheat starch granules by SEM, ESEM, AFM and texture image analysis. Carbohydrate Polymers., 98,1449-1457.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.056
Butola, J.S. &Badola, H.K. (2004). Effect of pre-sowing treatment on seed germination and seedling vigour in Angelica glauca, a threatened medicinal herb. Current Science., 87, 796–799.https://www.jstor.org/stable/241 093 59
Chen, S.Y., Kuo, S.R. & Chien, C.T. (2007). Storage behaviour of seeds of Cinnamomumos mophloeum and Neolitsea aciculata var. variabillima (Lauraceae). Seed Science and Technology., 35, 237–243.https://doi.org/10.1 5258/sst.2007.35.1.22
Cornea-Cipcigan, M., Pamfil, D., Sisea, C.R., &Margaoan, R. (2020). Gibberellic acid can improve seed germination and ornamental quality of selected cyclamen species grown under short and long days. Agron omy., 10,516.https://doi.org/10.3390/agronom y10040516
Dah, U.S. & Baw, U.S. (2001). Regional teak marketing and trade, Proceedings of the third regional seminar on teak, Indonesia. pp.1-14.
De Sousa Soares., Octavio, G., da Costa Leite, R., da Silva Junior, G.D., da Silva Reis, A., de Sousa Soares, J.L. & Pereira Leite, M.R. (2017). Methods for overcoming dormancy in teak diaspores. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical., 47, 384-389.
Dhaka, R.K. & Jha, S.K. (2017). Evaluation of Provenances for Drupe, Seed and Germination Traits in Teak (Tectona grandis L.F). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences., 6, 1721-1727. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.208
Dharmalingam, C. &Masilamani, P. (1997). Radiography technique for testing the quality of teak (TectonagrandisLinn.f) seeds. Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science., 26,51-55.
Emmanuel, C.J.S.K. & Dharmaswamy, S.S. (1991). Seed source variation in storage life of teak seed. SilvaeGenetica.,40,249-250.
Gunaga, R.P., Vasudeva, R. & Kanfade, A.M., (2008). Germination of Fresh and One Year Stored Fruits of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) Collected from Several Seed Production Areas in Karnataka, South India. Seed Technology., 30, 70-75.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23433372
Gupta, B.N. & Pattanath, P.G. (1975). Factors affecting germination behaviour of teak seeds of eighteen Indian origins, Indian Forester., 101, 584-588.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T. & Geneve, R. L. (1997). Plant propagation: principles and practices. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
International Seed Testing Association. (1985). International rules for seed testing.Seed Science Technology.,13,229-355.
Joshi, M. D. & Kelkar, S. P. (1971). Germination of seed in dry teak(Tectona grandis L.)Preliminary studies in fruit development and seed dormancy. Indian Forester.,97,210 - 216.
Keiding, H. (1985). Seed leaflet No 4 Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f). Danida. Humlebeak, Denmark.
Keiding, H. (1993). Tectona grandis. Seed Leaflet No. 4. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Denmark. PP. 23.
Masilamani, P., Alex Albert, V., Baskar, M., Govindaraj, M., Vinothini, R. &Benaseer, S. (2018). Effect of different organic addition on seedling growth and stump quality of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn f). Indian Journal of Forester., 41,363-367.
Masilamani, P., Dharmalingam, C. & Annadurai. K. (2002). Effect of natural ageing on germination and seedling Vigour of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) drupes. Indian Journal of Forestry.,25,122-126.
Masilamani, P., Rajanbabu, V. and Venkatesan, S. (2020). Effect of Drupe size Grading on in Vivo and in Vitro Germination and its Dormancy Mechanism of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F). Bioscience Biotechnological Research Asia., 17,673-683.http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2871
Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962). A Revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures, Physiological Plantarum.,15, 473-497.
Onyekwelua, J.C. & Fayose, O.J. (2007). Effect of storage methods on the germination and proximate composition of Treculia africana seeds. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Agricultural Research for Development, University of Kassel Witzenhausen and University of Gottingen, Tropentag.
Panse, V.G. &Sukhatme, P.V. (1995). Statistical methods for agricultural workers. Indian Council of Agricultural Research Publications, New Delhi. 330.
Pradhan, B.K. &Badola, H.K. (2008). Seed germination response of populations of Swertiachirayita following periodical storage, Seed Technology., 30, 63–69.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23433371
Rajput, A. & Tiwari, K. P. (2001). Effect of alternate chilling/heating on germination of fresh teak (Tectona grandis L.f) drupes, without scarification of felty mesocarp. Seed science and technology., 29, 57-64.
Ravichand, A. & Gunaga, R.P. (2021). Seed Biology and Seed Orchard Dynamics in Teak. In The Teak Genome, 139-153. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79311-1_9
Slator, N.J., Callister, A.N. & Nichols, J.D. (2013). Mechanical but not physical dormancy is a cause of poor germination in teak (Tectona grandis L. f). New Forests., 44,39-49.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9298-0
Solaiman, R. & Al-Zehouri, J. (2017). Determination of coumarin in methanol extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Blume) using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry., 6, 726-729.
Solberg, S. O., Yndgaard, F., Andreasen, C., Von Bothmer, R., Loskutov, I. G., & Asdal, Å. (2020). Long-term storage and longevity of orthodox seeds: A systematic review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 1007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01007
Suangtho, V. (1980). Factors Controlling Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. F.) Seed Germination and Their Importance to Thailand. The Australian National University, Australia.
Tiwari, S.K., Tiwari, K.P. Siril, E.A. (2002). An improved micropropagation protocol for teak. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.,71, 1-6.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101657 0000846
Troup, R.S. (1921). The Silviculture of Indian trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford. PP. 1184.
Venkatesan, S., Masilamani, P., Eevera, T., Janaki, P., Sundareswaran, S., & Rajkumar, P. (2022). Effect of presowing seed treatments on teak (Tectona grandis L. F) drupes dormancy and germination. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14, 172-179.https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3316
Vernon-Parry, K.D. (2000). Scanning electron microscopy: an introduction, III-Vs Review.,13, 40-44.
Vichien, S., Hedegart, T. &Lauridsen, E.B.(1974). Compendium and manual for Teak improvement centre staff. Teak improvement centre, Internal paper.
Yahya, M.F., Hassan, N.H., Abdullah, N. & Wahid, M.S.A. (2020). Direct shoot regenaration of Tectona grandis (teak) for production of planting material. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation., 10,398-403.
Yasodha, R, R Sumathi, R. & Gurumurthi, K. (2005). Improved micropropagation methods for teak. Journal of tropical forest science., 63-75.
Zhou, W., Apkarian, R., Wang, Z.L. and Joy, D. (2006). Fundamentals of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In Scanning microscopy for nanotechnology. Springer, New York, NY. pp.1-40.
Zinsmeister, J., Leprince, O. & Buitink, J. (2020). Molecular and environmental factors regulating seed longevity. Biochemical Journal, 477, 305-323. https://doi.org/1 0.1042/BCJ20190165
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How to Cite
Effect of ageing on in vitro true seed and in vivo drupe germination and its dormancy mechanism in teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f) . (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 720-728. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3501
