A novel phenomenon of pseudoencystment in free living ciliate Pseudourostyla levis (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from River Yamuna, Delhi
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Abstract
Free living ciliates are exposed to environmental challenges such as starvation, temperature fluctuations, high population density and salinity variations. Ciliates lower their metabolic activity and form cysts, an adaptive strategy evolved in response to environmental stress. In the present study on Pseudourostyla levis, a novel phenomenon of pseudoencystment had been noticed in which cells entered a state of dormancy but did not secrete a cyst wall. The process of pseudoencystment, which physiologically resembled true encystment, was functionally unrelated to it and was thus designated as pseudoencystment. Unlike true cysts, pseudocysts remained dormant for about 12 hours and then reverted to the active trophic state without any change in the environmental conditions. Another unique feature of pseudoencystment, was the synchronized induction of pseudocysts formation, achieved by a brief spell of starvation and the pseudocysts reverted to active trophic state without any change in environmental conditions. The state of dormancy did not provide any long-term protection to the ciliate and appeared to be a short term adaptation to the environment. The present study aimed to analyze the parameters for the induction of pseudocyst formation, cortical topological changes and to study the possible significance of this process. However, occasionally true cysts were also obtained by prolonged starvation, lasting 3-4 days but true cysts required either food or a fresh culture medium for excystation.
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Keywords
adaptive strategy, Environmental challenges, Pseudoencystment, Pseudourostyla levis
References
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Benčaťová, S., Tirjaková, E. & Vďačný, P. (2016). Resting cysts of Parentocirrus hortualis Voß, 1997 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with preliminary notes on encystation and various types of excystation. European Journal of Protistology, 53, 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.201 5.12.003
Benčaťová, S. & Tirjaková, E. (2017). A study on resting cysts of an oxytrichid soil ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), including notes on its encystation and excystation process. Acta Protozoologica, 56 (2), 77-91.
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Borror, A. C. (1972). Revision of the order Hypotrichida (Ciliophora, Protozoa). J Protozool., 19: 1-23
Burt, R. L., Kidder, G. W. & Claff, C. L. (1941). Nuclear reorganization in the family Colpodidae. Journal of Morphology, 69 (3), 537-561.
Chen, F., Xue, Y., Pan, N., Bhatti, M. Z., Niu, T. & Chen, J. (2018). New contribution to the morphology and molecular mechanism of Euplotes encysticus encystment. Scientific reports, 8 (1), 1-10.
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Chi, Y., Duan, L., Luo, X., Cheng, T., Warren, A., Huang, J. & Chen, X. (2020). A new contribution to the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of three, well-known freshwater species of the ciliate genus Spirostomum (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Heterotrichea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 189 (1),158-177. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz115
Corliss, J. O. & Esser, S. C. (1974). Comments on the role of the cyst in the life cycle and survival of free-living protozoa. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 93, 578-593.
Dieckmann, J. (1988). Infraciliature and morphogenesis of Paraholosticha sterkii (Garnjobst, 1934) n. comb. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). European Journal of Protistology, 23 (3), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0932-4739(88)80038-5
Foissner, W., Müller, H. & Agatha, S. (2007). A comparative fine structural and phylogenetic analysis of resting cysts in oligotrich and hypotrich Spirotrichea (Ciliophora). European Journal of Protistology, 43(4),295-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2007.06.001
Frenkel, M. A. (1980). Fine structure of the macronucleus of the active and encysted (dividing) forms of ciliate Colpoda steini. Protistologica, 16,339.
Gao, X., Chen, F., Niu, T., Qu, R. & Chen, J. (2015). Large-scale identification of encystment-related proteins and genes in Pseudourostyla cristata. Scientific Reports, 5(1),1-16. doi: 10.1038/srep11360
Grim, J. N. & Manganaro, C. A. (1985). Form of the extrusomes and secreted material of the ciliated protozoon Pseudourostyla cristata, with some phylogenetic interpretations: a light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopic study. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 104, 350-359.
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Gutiérrez, J. C., Callejas, S., Borniquel, S., Benítez, L. & Martín-Gonzalez, A. (2001). Ciliate cryptobiosis: a microbial strategy against environmental starvation. International Microbiology, 4 (3), 151-157. doi: 10.1007/s10123-001-0030-3
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Jareno, M. (1977). Joint encystment in a ciliate, Hypotricha. Protistologica,13 (2), 187-194.
Jiang, C., Wei, W., Yan, G., Shi, T. & Miao, W. (2019). Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of resting cyst formation in Colpoda aspera. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 66 (2), 212-220.
Jung, J. H., Omar, A., Park, M. H., Van Nguyen, T., Jung, Y. H., Yang, H. M. & Min, G. S. (2021). Anteholosticha foissneri n. sp., a marine hypotrich ciliate (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Vietnam: Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny. European Journal of Protistology, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125768
Kamra, K. & Sapra, G. R. (1991). Formation of a transient corticotype during excystment in Coniculostomum monilata (Oxytrichidae, Hypotrichida) and its modification by reorganizations. European Journal of Protistology, 27 (4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80249-X
Kaur, H., Iqbal, S., Inga, E. & Yawe, D. (2019). Encystment and excystment in ciliated protists: multidimensional approach. Curr. Sci, 117, 198-203. https://doi.org/10.185 20/cs%2Fv117%2Fi2%2F198-203
Li, Q., Sun, Q., Fan, X., Wu, N., Ni, B. & Gu, F. (2017). The differentiation of cellular structure during encystment in the soil hypotrichous ciliate Australocirrus cf. australis (Protista, Ciliophora). Animal Cells and Systems, 21(1), 45-52. 10.1080/19768354.2016.1262896
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Maurer-Alcalá, X. X. & Yan, Y. (2022). How Ciliated Protists Survive by Cysts: Some Key Points During Encystment and Excystment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 785502-785502. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.785502 [DOI-PUBMEDS]
Maeda, H., Akematsu, T., Fukui, R. & Matsuoka, T. (2005). Studies on the resting cyst of ciliated protozoan Colpoda cucullus: resistance to temperature and additional inducing factors for en-or excystment. Journal of Protozoology Research, 15, 7-13 https://doi.org/10.32268/jprotozoolres.15.1-2_7 .
Manwell, R. D. (1928). Conjugation, division, and encystment in Pleurotricha lanceolata. The Biological Bulletin,54 (5),417-463. https://doi.org/10.2307/1536888
Matsuoka, T. (2021). Early signaling pathways mediating dormant cyst formation in terrestrial unicellular eukaryote Colpoda. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 368 (5). DOI: 10.10 93/femsle/fnab019
Matsuoka, K., Funadani, R. & Matsuoka, T. (2017). Tolerance of Colpoda cucullus resting cysts to ultraviolet irradiation. The Journal of Protozoology Research, 27 (1-2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.32268/jprotozoolres.27.1-2_1
Matsuoka, T., Mamiya, R. & Taneda. K. (1990). Temperature‐sensitive responses in Blepharisma. The Journal of protozoology, 37(4), 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01153.x
Matsusaka, T. (1977). Induction of synchronous encystment in a hypotrichous ciliate, Histriculus sp. Experimental Cell Research, 110(2), 459-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/0 014-4827(77)90312-3
Matsusaka, T., Noguchi, O. & Yonezawa, F. (1989). Cortical morphogenesis during encystment in a ciliate, Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa, 1985. European journal of protistology, 24 (2), 133-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0932-4739(89)80041-0
Müller, H., Achilles-Day, U. E.& Day, J. G. (2010). Tolerance of the resting cysts of Colpoda inflata (Ciliophora, Colpodea) and Meseres corlissi (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) to desiccation and freezing. European Journal of Protistology, 46 (2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.200 9.12.004
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A novel phenomenon of pseudoencystment in free living ciliate Pseudourostyla levis (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from River Yamuna, Delhi. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 711-719. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3500
