Impact assessment of heavy metals pollution of Vartur lake, Bangalore
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Abstract
The unscientific disposal of wastes and pollution in urban water bodies has caused immense problems not only to human beings but also to the aquatic biodiversity. Assessment of heavy metals in Vartur Lake, Bangalore, revealed that Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) all exceeded drinking water standards. Nevertheless, Chromium (Cr) exceeded the CPCB’s tolerance limits for water bodies subjected to effluent discharge. In Eichornia crassipes, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni were critical. In the sediments, Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) exceeded the Probable Effect Level (PEL). Sediment Geo-accumulation Index of the lake showed moderate contamination with Mn, Cu, and Pb. Cr had the highest plant/sediments metal concentration factor even though its bioavailability in plants (71.5 ppm) was lower compared to Manganese (192.3 ppm). This calls for immediate action to be implemented to carry out necessary environmental mitigation measures for the lake.
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References
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APHA (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 19th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington.
Anglin-Brown, B., Armour-Brown, A. and Lalor, G.C. (1995). Heavy metal pollution in Jamaica 1: Survey of cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in the Kintyre and Hope Flat districts; Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17: 51-56.
Baron, G., Brun, S., Grière, A.S., Metz, S. and Boursier, B. (2004). Microwave digestion for rapid radiostrontium analyses in salmon fishbone; Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear
Chemistry, 260, (2) 283-289.
Benavides, Maria P., Susanna M. Gallego, Maria L. Tomaro (2005) Cadmium Toxicity in Plants; Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17(1):21-34.
Bergstrom, J.C. and Stoll, J.R. (1990). Economic Value of Wetlands Based Recreation; Journal of Ecological Economics, 2: 129-147.
Bifano, C, and Mogollon, J.L. (1995). Metallic contaminant profiles in sediment cores from Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17:113-118.
Burton, K.W. and John, E. (1977). A study of heavy metal contamination in the Rhondda Fawr, South Wales; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 7:45-68.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999). Part 4. Pollution Prevention.
Dalvi, Kapil M., Vikas, V. Vaidya, M.B. Kekare, , Sunita Shailajan and Ashish Pawar (2007). Effect of regional variation on heavy metal content of Mallotus philippensis using AAS technique. Nature, Environment, and Pollution Technology, 6 (4):653-656.
Darrie, Grant (2001). Commercial Extraction Technology and Process Disposal in the Manufacture of Chromium Chemicals from Ore, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 23: 187–193.
Das, J. and Acharya, B.C. (2003). Hydrology and Assessment of Lotic Water Quality In Cuttack City, India; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 150 :163–175.
El-Sammak, A. (2001). Heavy Metal Pollution in Bottom Sediment, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, 67:295-302.
Farago, M.E. and Mehra, A. (1989).A preliminary investigation of pollution in the River Yamuna, Delhi, India: metal concentrations in river bank soils and plants; Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health; July 1989.
Gopal, G.V., Rajashekar, N. and Geetha, R. (2002). Lake Biodiversity of Macrophytic Plant Groups: A Case Study (Kukkarahalli Lake), In Proceedings of Symposium on Restoration of Lakes and Wetlands (Lake 2002), Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O. and Nyavor, K. (2003) Trace Elements In Water, Fish And Sediment From Tuskegee. Lake, Southeastern USA, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 149: 51–75.
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Jose L. Mogollon, Armando J. Ramirez, Robert B. Guilen and Claudio Bifano (1989). Heavy metals and organic carbon in sediments from the Tuy River basin, Venezuela: Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 12 : 277.
Karmakar, Ashmita (2007). Conservation and restoration Adi Ganga Through Practices. (In) Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference, Jaipur-India, 28th October – 2nd November 2007, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, pp 47.
Kronfeld, J. and Navrot, J. (1975). Aspects of Trace Metal Contamination in the coastal rivers of Israel, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 4 : 127-134.
Lokeshwari, H. and Chandrappa, G.T. (2006 a). Heavy metals content in water, water hyacinth and sediments of Lalbagh tank, Bangalore (India). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 48 (3): 183-188.
Lokeshwari, H. and Chandrappa, G.T. (2006 b). Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Current Science, 91(5):622 – 627.
Maiti, S.K. (2003). Handbook of Methods in Environmental Studies – Vol.2: Air, Noise, Soil and Overburden Analysis, ABD Publishers.
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Nadkarni, R. A. (1984). Applications of microwave oven sample dissolution in analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 56:2233–2237.
Nouri M. Hassan, Pat E. Rasmussen, Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Valbona Celo and Heidi Chen (2007). Analysis of environmental samples using microwave- assisted acid digestion and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: maximizing total element recoveries, Water, Air and Soil Pollution; 178: 323–334.
Neto, Jose Antonio Baptista; Mirian Crapez, John J. McAlister, and Claudia Gutterres Vilela (2005). Concentration and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Niteroi Harbour (Guanabara Bay/S.E. Brazil), Journal of Coastal Research, 21 (4):811-817.
Nirmal Kumar, J.I Hiren Soni, and Rita N. Kumar (2006). Biomonitoring of selected freshwater macrophytes to assess lake trace element contamination: a case study of Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat, India, J. Limnol., 65(1): 9-16.
Pascual-Barrera, A., Gold-Bouchot, G., Ceja-Moreno, V. and del Rý´o-Garcý´a, M. (2004). Heavy metals and hydrocarbons in sediments from three Lakes from San Miguel, Chiapas, Mexico Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 73:762–769.
Pillotte, James O., Winchester, John W., and Glassen, Robert C. (1978). Detection of heavy metal pollution in estuarine sediments; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 9: 363-368.
Phuong, P.K., Son,C.P.N, Sauvain, J. and Tarradellas, J. (1998) Contamination by PCB’s, DDT’s, and heavy metals in sediments of Ho Chi Minh city’s canals, Viet Nam; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,60:347-354.
Sandroni, V., Smith, C. M., and Donovan, A. (2003). Microwave digestion of sediment, soils and urban particulate matter for trace metal analysis. Talanta, 60: 715 –723.
Satyasiba Bedamatta (2007). Ecological and Institutional Understanding of Chilika Lagoon. In : Lakes and Coastal Wetlands – Conservation, Restoration and Management; Mohanty, P.K. (eds); Capital Publishing Company; pp 358- 381.
Sharma, B.K. (2001). Environmental Chemistry – 6th Revised Edition; GOEL Publishing House.
Singh, Munendra; Müller, German; and Singh, I. B. (2002) Heavy metals in freshly Deposited Stream Sediments of Rivers Associated With Urbanisation of the Ganga Plain, India. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 141 : 35–54.
Tanja Ducic and Andrea Polle (2005). Transport and detoxification of manganese and copper in plants; Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology; 17(1): 103-112.
Vardanyan, L., Schmieder, K., Sayadyan, H., Heege, T., and Heblinski Agyemang, T. (2007). Heavy metal accumulation by certain aquatic macrophytes from Lake Sevan (Armenia). In : Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference, Jaipur-India; 28th October – 2nd November 2007; Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi; pp 6.
APHA (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 19th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington.
Anglin-Brown, B., Armour-Brown, A. and Lalor, G.C. (1995). Heavy metal pollution in Jamaica 1: Survey of cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in the Kintyre and Hope Flat districts; Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17: 51-56.
Baron, G., Brun, S., Grière, A.S., Metz, S. and Boursier, B. (2004). Microwave digestion for rapid radiostrontium analyses in salmon fishbone; Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear
Chemistry, 260, (2) 283-289.
Benavides, Maria P., Susanna M. Gallego, Maria L. Tomaro (2005) Cadmium Toxicity in Plants; Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17(1):21-34.
Bergstrom, J.C. and Stoll, J.R. (1990). Economic Value of Wetlands Based Recreation; Journal of Ecological Economics, 2: 129-147.
Bifano, C, and Mogollon, J.L. (1995). Metallic contaminant profiles in sediment cores from Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17:113-118.
Burton, K.W. and John, E. (1977). A study of heavy metal contamination in the Rhondda Fawr, South Wales; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 7:45-68.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999). Part 4. Pollution Prevention.
Dalvi, Kapil M., Vikas, V. Vaidya, M.B. Kekare, , Sunita Shailajan and Ashish Pawar (2007). Effect of regional variation on heavy metal content of Mallotus philippensis using AAS technique. Nature, Environment, and Pollution Technology, 6 (4):653-656.
Darrie, Grant (2001). Commercial Extraction Technology and Process Disposal in the Manufacture of Chromium Chemicals from Ore, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 23: 187–193.
Das, J. and Acharya, B.C. (2003). Hydrology and Assessment of Lotic Water Quality In Cuttack City, India; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 150 :163–175.
El-Sammak, A. (2001). Heavy Metal Pollution in Bottom Sediment, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, 67:295-302.
Farago, M.E. and Mehra, A. (1989).A preliminary investigation of pollution in the River Yamuna, Delhi, India: metal concentrations in river bank soils and plants; Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health; July 1989.
Gopal, G.V., Rajashekar, N. and Geetha, R. (2002). Lake Biodiversity of Macrophytic Plant Groups: A Case Study (Kukkarahalli Lake), In Proceedings of Symposium on Restoration of Lakes and Wetlands (Lake 2002), Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O. and Nyavor, K. (2003) Trace Elements In Water, Fish And Sediment From Tuskegee. Lake, Southeastern USA, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 149: 51–75.
Jafari, N. (2007). Ecological Role of Aquatic Plants in Freshwater Lakes, (In) Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference, Jaipur-India, 28th October – 2nd November 2007, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, pp 201.
Jose L. Mogollon, Armando J. Ramirez, Robert B. Guilen and Claudio Bifano (1989). Heavy metals and organic carbon in sediments from the Tuy River basin, Venezuela: Journal of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 12 : 277.
Karmakar, Ashmita (2007). Conservation and restoration Adi Ganga Through Practices. (In) Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference, Jaipur-India, 28th October – 2nd November 2007, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, pp 47.
Kronfeld, J. and Navrot, J. (1975). Aspects of Trace Metal Contamination in the coastal rivers of Israel, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 4 : 127-134.
Lokeshwari, H. and Chandrappa, G.T. (2006 a). Heavy metals content in water, water hyacinth and sediments of Lalbagh tank, Bangalore (India). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 48 (3): 183-188.
Lokeshwari, H. and Chandrappa, G.T. (2006 b). Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Current Science, 91(5):622 – 627.
Maiti, S.K. (2003). Handbook of Methods in Environmental Studies – Vol.2: Air, Noise, Soil and Overburden Analysis, ABD Publishers.
McGee, Chandra J., Fernandez, Ivan J., Norton, Stephen A., Stubbs and Constance, S. (2007). Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in forest vegetation and soils in maine, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 180: 141–15.
Nadkarni, R. A. (1984). Applications of microwave oven sample dissolution in analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 56:2233–2237.
Nouri M. Hassan, Pat E. Rasmussen, Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Valbona Celo and Heidi Chen (2007). Analysis of environmental samples using microwave- assisted acid digestion and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: maximizing total element recoveries, Water, Air and Soil Pollution; 178: 323–334.
Neto, Jose Antonio Baptista; Mirian Crapez, John J. McAlister, and Claudia Gutterres Vilela (2005). Concentration and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Niteroi Harbour (Guanabara Bay/S.E. Brazil), Journal of Coastal Research, 21 (4):811-817.
Nirmal Kumar, J.I Hiren Soni, and Rita N. Kumar (2006). Biomonitoring of selected freshwater macrophytes to assess lake trace element contamination: a case study of Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat, India, J. Limnol., 65(1): 9-16.
Pascual-Barrera, A., Gold-Bouchot, G., Ceja-Moreno, V. and del Rý´o-Garcý´a, M. (2004). Heavy metals and hydrocarbons in sediments from three Lakes from San Miguel, Chiapas, Mexico Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 73:762–769.
Pillotte, James O., Winchester, John W., and Glassen, Robert C. (1978). Detection of heavy metal pollution in estuarine sediments; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution; 9: 363-368.
Phuong, P.K., Son,C.P.N, Sauvain, J. and Tarradellas, J. (1998) Contamination by PCB’s, DDT’s, and heavy metals in sediments of Ho Chi Minh city’s canals, Viet Nam; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,60:347-354.
Sandroni, V., Smith, C. M., and Donovan, A. (2003). Microwave digestion of sediment, soils and urban particulate matter for trace metal analysis. Talanta, 60: 715 –723.
Satyasiba Bedamatta (2007). Ecological and Institutional Understanding of Chilika Lagoon. In : Lakes and Coastal Wetlands – Conservation, Restoration and Management; Mohanty, P.K. (eds); Capital Publishing Company; pp 358- 381.
Sharma, B.K. (2001). Environmental Chemistry – 6th Revised Edition; GOEL Publishing House.
Singh, Munendra; Müller, German; and Singh, I. B. (2002) Heavy metals in freshly Deposited Stream Sediments of Rivers Associated With Urbanisation of the Ganga Plain, India. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 141 : 35–54.
Tanja Ducic and Andrea Polle (2005). Transport and detoxification of manganese and copper in plants; Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology; 17(1): 103-112.
Vardanyan, L., Schmieder, K., Sayadyan, H., Heege, T., and Heblinski Agyemang, T. (2007). Heavy metal accumulation by certain aquatic macrophytes from Lake Sevan (Armenia). In : Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference, Jaipur-India; 28th October – 2nd November 2007; Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi; pp 6.
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Impact assessment of heavy metals pollution of Vartur lake, Bangalore. (2009). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 1(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i1.35
