Barriers and adaptation strategies to climate change among farming households in Guinea Savanna
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Demba Aïssata Samoura
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-1975
Bolanle Wahab
Olalekan John Taiwo
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9290-379X
Alpha Issaga Pallé Diallo
Ahmed Younis Ibrahim Younis
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-7954
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-1975
Bolanle Wahab
Olalekan John Taiwo
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9290-379X
Alpha Issaga Pallé Diallo
Ahmed Younis Ibrahim Younis
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-7954
Abstract
Identifying appropriate climate policy interventions that improve the resilience of Guinea Savanna farming systems to extreme weather conditions is crucial to reducing food insecurity and poverty. This study explored rural farming households’ encountered adaptation barriers and strategies used toward climate change. Participatory research tools and methods were used to collect data, including household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations. A multistage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 1,500 respondents in nine livelihood zones prone to drought and floods. Problem confrontation index (PCI) and relative importance index (RII) estimations were used to rank small-scale farmers’ climate adaptation barriers and strategies. Results showed that key barriers to successful climate change adaptation practices included limited access to farm inputs (PCI = 3203), poor access to agricultural machinery (PCI = 3161), and shortage of farm labour and its high cost (PCI = 3026), while the most prioritized adaptation strategies were crop diversification (RII = 0.59), planting early maturing crop varieties (RII = 0.47), and changing the timing of planting (RII = 0.42). This study provides decision-makers insights into farmers’ most adaptation barriers and prioritized strategies toward climate change to design effective and context-specific policies that aim to improve farming resilience to the adverse effects of changing climate.
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Keywords
Adaptation, Barriers, Climate change, Resilient farming, Strategies
References
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Kante, I. K., Sall, S. M., Badiane, D., Diaby, I. & Diouf, I. (2019). Seasonal variability of rainfall and thunderstorm in Guinea over the period 1981 to 2010. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(9), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2019.2684
Kassem, M. A., Khoiry, M. A. & Hamzah, N. (2020). Using Relative Importance Index Method for Developing Risk Map in Oil and Gas Construction Projects. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 32(3), 441–453.https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(3)-09
Koivogui, S. K., Noella, U. K. J. & Tolno, E. (2018). Rice technology and its market value in Guinea: . Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 43(January), 11. http://www.iiste.org/
Le Dang, H., Li, E., Bruwer, J. & Nuberg, I. (2013). Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and barriers to adaptation: Lessons learned from an exploratory study in Vietnam. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19(5), 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9447-6
MacNairn (2017). Guinea : Desk Study of Extension and Advisory Services: Developing local extension capacity (Issue June). Retrieved from https://www.g-fras.org/es/knowledge/dlec-diagnostic-reports.html
Manyena, B. (2016). After Sendai: Is Africa Bouncing Back or Bouncing Forward from Disasters? International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 7(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-016-0084-7
Martínez, J. M. & Pachón, E. M. (2021). Multivariate analysis of the adoption of cacao productive technologies: Evidence from a case study in Colombia. Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 22(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.7201/EARN.2021.01.04
Mashizha, T. M. (2019). Adapting to climate change: Reflections of peasant farmers in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/JAMBA.V11I1.571
Masud, M. M., Azam, M. N., Mohiuddin, M., Banna, H., Akhtar, R., Alam, A. S. A. F. & Begum, H. (2017). Adaptation barriers and strategies towards climate change: Challenges in the agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.20 17.04.060
Ndamani, F. & Watanabe, T. (2015). Farmers’ perceptions about adaptation practices to climate change and barriers to adaptation: A micro-level study in Ghana. Water (Switzerland), 7(9), 4593–4604. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094593
Neuman, W. L. (1991). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. In Teaching Sociology (Vol. 30, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488
O’Neill, B. C., Jiang, L., Kc, S., Fuchs, R., Pachauri, S., Laidlaw, E. K., Zhang, T., Zhou, W. & Ren, X. (2020). The effect of education on determinants of climate change risks. Nature Sustainability, 3(7), 520–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0512-y
Ogada, M. J., Radeny, M. & Recha, J. (2020). Adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in Lushoto Climate-Smart Villages in north-eastern Tanzania. 325. https://ccafs.cgiar.org/donors.
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Onyeneke, R. U., Igberi, C. O., Uwadoka, C. O. & Aligbe, J. O. (2018). Status of climate-smart agriculture in southeast Nigeria. GeoJournal, 83(2), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9773-z
Ozor, N., Madukwe, M., Enete, A., Amaechina, E. & Onokala, P. (2011). Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation Among Farming Households of Southern Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 14(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v14i1.64079
Pickson, R. B., & He, G. (2021). Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions, Adaptation Constraints, and Determinants of Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Chengdu. SAGE Open, 11(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824402 11032638
Popoola, O. O., Yusuf, S. F. G. & Monde, N. (2020). South African national climate change response policy sensitization: An assessment of smallholder farmers in Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072616
Randell, H. & Gray, C. (2019). Climate change and educational attainment in the global tropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(18), 8840–8845. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817480116
Tesfahun, A. A. & Chawla, A. S. (2020). Risk perceptions and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 31(1), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-04-2019-0076
Theokritoff, E. & Lise D’haen, S. A. (2021). How is science making its way into national climate change adaptation policy? Insights from Burkina Faso. Climate and Development, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.20 21.2018985
Uduji, J. I. & Okolo-Obasi, E. N. (2018). Adoption of improved crop varieties by involving farmers in the e-wallet program in Nigeria. Journal of Crop Improvement, 32(5), 717–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2018.1496216
Umunnakwe, V. C. & Olajide-Adedamola, F. O. (2015). Socio-personal correlates of participation in livelihood activities among rural youth in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech., 5(1), 28–35. doi:10.3329/ijarit.v5i1.24584
United States Agency for International Development. (2018). Climate Risk Profile: Guinea. Retrieved from https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-guinea
Van Niekerk, D., Coetzee, C. & Nemakonde, L. (2020). Implementing the Sendai Framework in Africa: Progress Against the Targets (2015-2018). International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00266-x
World Bank. (2018). Guinea Integrated Agricultural Development Project. In World Bank financing. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/2755615313662 28735/pdf/ GUINEA-PAD-06192018.pdf
African Development Bank Group (2018). Country Strategy Paper 2018-2022 (Issue September). https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/ document/guinea-country-strategy-paper-2018-2022-107425
Antwi-Agyei, P., Abalo, E. M., Dougill, A. J. & Baffour-Ata, F. (2022). Motivations, enablers and barriers to the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices by smallholder farmers: Evidence from the transitional and savannah agroecological zones of Ghana. Regional Sustainability, 2(4), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.01.005
Antwi-Agyei, P., Wiafe, E. A., Amanor, K., Baffour-Ata F. & Codjoe, S. N. A. (2021). Determinants of choice of climate change adaptation practices by smallholder pineapple farmers in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 12, 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100140
Behlert, B., Diekjobst, R., Felgentreff, C., Manandhar, T., Mucke, P., Pries, L., Radtke, K. & Weller, D. (2020). World Risk Report. InBündnis Entwicklung Hilft. www.World RiskReport.org.
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Codjoe, S. N. A. & Atiglo, D. Y. (2020). The Implications of Extreme Weather Events for Attaining the Sustainable Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Climate, 2(December), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.592658
Dakurah, G. (2021). How do farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and change match or and mismatch climatic data? Evidence from North-West Ghana. GeoJournal, 86(5), 2387–2406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10194-4
Dara. (2013). Risk Reduction Index in West Africa: Cape Verde - Gambia - Ghana - Guinea - Niger - Senegal, Analysis of the conditions and capacities for Disaster Risk Reduction. Africa, 181–204.
Eisenack, K., Moser, S. C., Hoffmann, E., Klein, R. J. T., Oberlack, C., Pechan, A., Rotter, M. & Termeer, C. J. A. M. (2014). Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 4(10), 867–872. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2350
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2017). Strategic work of FAO to Increase the Resilience of Livelihoods. http://www.fao.org/resilience/en/
Guinea-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Republic of Guinea: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Vol. 15, Issue 2).
Guinean Government. (2018). Contribution nationale volontaire à la mise en œuvre des ODD au forum politique de haut niveau New York, Juillet 2018 (Issue Version 3).
Hawkins, L. (2013). Content Analysis: Principles and Practices. In Human Capital Office Learning Center (Issue July, pp. 1–61). https://www.ignet.gov/sites/default/files/files/02_Content_Analysis_Principles_and_Practices.pdf
Hirpha, H. H., Mpandeli, S. & Bantider, A. (2020). Determinants of adaptation strategies to climate change among the smallholder farmers in Adama District, Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(4), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2019-0002
Holt, J. (2016). Revision of the livelihoods zone map and descriptions for the republic of Guinea (Issue November). https://fews.net/sites/default/files/documents/reports/livelihood zone descriptions GN_0.pdf
Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée. (2001). Notice explicative sur le zonage de la Haute Guinée. Retrieved November 22, 2020, http://www.irag-guinee.org
Kabir, M. S., Marković, M. R. & Radulović, D. (2019). The determinants of income of rural women in Bangladesh. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205842
Kante, I. K., Sall, S. M., Badiane, D., Diaby, I. & Diouf, I. (2019). Seasonal variability of rainfall and thunderstorm in Guinea over the period 1981 to 2010. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(9), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajest2019.2684
Kassem, M. A., Khoiry, M. A. & Hamzah, N. (2020). Using Relative Importance Index Method for Developing Risk Map in Oil and Gas Construction Projects. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 32(3), 441–453.https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(3)-09
Koivogui, S. K., Noella, U. K. J. & Tolno, E. (2018). Rice technology and its market value in Guinea: . Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 43(January), 11. http://www.iiste.org/
Le Dang, H., Li, E., Bruwer, J. & Nuberg, I. (2013). Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and barriers to adaptation: Lessons learned from an exploratory study in Vietnam. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19(5), 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9447-6
MacNairn (2017). Guinea : Desk Study of Extension and Advisory Services: Developing local extension capacity (Issue June). Retrieved from https://www.g-fras.org/es/knowledge/dlec-diagnostic-reports.html
Manyena, B. (2016). After Sendai: Is Africa Bouncing Back or Bouncing Forward from Disasters? International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 7(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-016-0084-7
Martínez, J. M. & Pachón, E. M. (2021). Multivariate analysis of the adoption of cacao productive technologies: Evidence from a case study in Colombia. Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 22(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.7201/EARN.2021.01.04
Mashizha, T. M. (2019). Adapting to climate change: Reflections of peasant farmers in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/JAMBA.V11I1.571
Masud, M. M., Azam, M. N., Mohiuddin, M., Banna, H., Akhtar, R., Alam, A. S. A. F. & Begum, H. (2017). Adaptation barriers and strategies towards climate change: Challenges in the agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.20 17.04.060
Ndamani, F. & Watanabe, T. (2015). Farmers’ perceptions about adaptation practices to climate change and barriers to adaptation: A micro-level study in Ghana. Water (Switzerland), 7(9), 4593–4604. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094593
Neuman, W. L. (1991). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. In Teaching Sociology (Vol. 30, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488
O’Neill, B. C., Jiang, L., Kc, S., Fuchs, R., Pachauri, S., Laidlaw, E. K., Zhang, T., Zhou, W. & Ren, X. (2020). The effect of education on determinants of climate change risks. Nature Sustainability, 3(7), 520–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0512-y
Ogada, M. J., Radeny, M. & Recha, J. (2020). Adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies in Lushoto Climate-Smart Villages in north-eastern Tanzania. 325. https://ccafs.cgiar.org/donors.
Olsson, L., Opondo, M., Tschakert, P., Agrawal, A., Eriksen, S. H., Ma, S., Perch, L. N., Zakieldeen, S. A., Cutter, S., Piguet, E. & Kaijser, A. (2015). Livelihoods and poverty. Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, 793–832. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379.018
Onyeneke, R. U., Igberi, C. O., Uwadoka, C. O. & Aligbe, J. O. (2018). Status of climate-smart agriculture in southeast Nigeria. GeoJournal, 83(2), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9773-z
Ozor, N., Madukwe, M., Enete, A., Amaechina, E. & Onokala, P. (2011). Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation Among Farming Households of Southern Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 14(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.4314/jae.v14i1.64079
Pickson, R. B., & He, G. (2021). Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions, Adaptation Constraints, and Determinants of Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Chengdu. SAGE Open, 11(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824402 11032638
Popoola, O. O., Yusuf, S. F. G. & Monde, N. (2020). South African national climate change response policy sensitization: An assessment of smallholder farmers in Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072616
Randell, H. & Gray, C. (2019). Climate change and educational attainment in the global tropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(18), 8840–8845. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817480116
Tesfahun, A. A. & Chawla, A. S. (2020). Risk perceptions and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 31(1), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-04-2019-0076
Theokritoff, E. & Lise D’haen, S. A. (2021). How is science making its way into national climate change adaptation policy? Insights from Burkina Faso. Climate and Development, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.20 21.2018985
Uduji, J. I. & Okolo-Obasi, E. N. (2018). Adoption of improved crop varieties by involving farmers in the e-wallet program in Nigeria. Journal of Crop Improvement, 32(5), 717–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2018.1496216
Umunnakwe, V. C. & Olajide-Adedamola, F. O. (2015). Socio-personal correlates of participation in livelihood activities among rural youth in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech., 5(1), 28–35. doi:10.3329/ijarit.v5i1.24584
United States Agency for International Development. (2018). Climate Risk Profile: Guinea. Retrieved from https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-guinea
Van Niekerk, D., Coetzee, C. & Nemakonde, L. (2020). Implementing the Sendai Framework in Africa: Progress Against the Targets (2015-2018). International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00266-x
World Bank. (2018). Guinea Integrated Agricultural Development Project. In World Bank financing. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/2755615313662 28735/pdf/ GUINEA-PAD-06192018.pdf
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Barriers and adaptation strategies to climate change among farming households in Guinea Savanna. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 702-710. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3493
