Response of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf aqueous extracts, on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in agri-silvi system of Uttarakhand
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Abstract
Effect of different doses of aqueous extracts of walnut leaf was studied on germinating seeds and early seedling growth of wheat variety (cv. VL-616) recommended for hills under West Himalayan agri-silvi system. Seven treatments comprised of distilled water control (0%), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% concentration of leaf extracts were treated. The effect of aqueous extracts was found inhibitive; indicate a direct proportional relationship with concentration dependent manner on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth of wheat. The wheat variety exhibited extent of phytotoxicity at 60% extracts application in comparison to untreated control. Invariably there was a decrease in first count, germination, seedling root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weight and vigour index with increasing aqueous extracts concentration on germinating wheat, however the shoot length was observed maximum at 60% concentration.
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Keywords
Germination, Leaf extract, Vigour index, Walnut, Wheat
References
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Anon (1985). International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology, 13: 365-513.
Baker, H.G. (1996). Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Eucalyptus globulus. Madrono S., Francisco, 18: 207-210.
Bertin, C., Yang, X. and Weston, L.A. (2003). The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil, 256: 67-83.
Dana, M.N. and Lerner, B.R. (1990). Black walnut toxicity. Purdue University Extension, West Laffayette, IN. pp 8.
Dua, V.K., Govindakrishnan, P.M. and Lal S.S., (2007). Evaluation of wheat - potato relay intercropping system in the mid hills of Shimla. Indian J. Agric. Res., 41(2): 142–145.
Einhelling, F.A. (1986). Mechanism and mode of action of allelochemicals. In: Putman, A.R. and Tang C.S. (eds). The Science of Allelopathy, Wiley Inter Science, New York, pp. 171-188.
Hejl, A.M., Einhelling, F.A. and Rasmussen, J.A. (1993). Effects of juglone on growth, photosynthesis and respiration. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19: 559-568.
Inderjit, Pollock, S.L. Callaway, R.M. and Holben, W. (2008). Phytotoxic effects of (±) -catechin in vitro, in soil, and in the ûeld. PLoS ONE 3, e2536.
Jose, S. (2002). Black walnut allelopathy : Current state of the science. In chemical ecology of plants: Allelopathy in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Eds. Inderjit, Malik UA pp. Birknauser- Verlag. AG, Basal.
Jose, S. and Gillespie, A. R. (1998). Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping: II. Effect of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) growth and physiology. Plant and Soil, 203: 199-205.
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Kocacaliskan, I. and Terzi, I. (2001). Allelopathic effects of walnut leaf extracts and juglone on seed germination and seedling growth. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 76: 436-440.
Kohli, R.K., Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. and Arora, V. (2000). Allelopathic interactions in some forests and plantation systems. In: Man and Forest (eds.) Kohli, R.K., Singh H.P., Vij. S.P., Dhir, K.K., Batish, D.R. and Khurana, D.K., Dept of Botany, P.U. Chandigarh: 135-154.
Neave, I.A. and Dawson, J.O. (1989). Juglone reduces growth, nitrogenase activity and root respiration of actinorhizal back older seedlings. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15: 1823-1836.
Orcutt, D.M. and Nilsen, E.T. (2000). Physiology of plants under stress. Soil and bioitic factors. Wiley, New York.
Piedrahita, O. (1984). Black walnut toxicity. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada. Factsheet 11: 7-8.
Prasad, B., Lavania S. K. and Sah, V.K. (2011). Biassay study on effect of walnut leaf extracts on seed germination and seedling vigour of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Indian Journal of Agro-Forestry. 13(1): 103-106.
Prasad, B., Prasad, R. and Sah, V.K. (2011). Effects of aqueous extracts of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf on germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in West Himalayan agri-silvi system. Journal of Non Timper Forestry Products, 18(1): 31-34.
Prasad, B., Sah, V.K. and Prasad, R. (2009). Response of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Walnut (juglans regia Linn) on Germinating Wheat in North West Himalayan Agri-silvi System, New Delhi, 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, February 4-7, 170-171.
Prataviera, A.G., Kuniyuki, A.H. and Ryogo, K. (1983). Growth inhibitors in xylem exudates of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and their possible role in graft failure. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 108: 1043-1050
Rice, E.L. (1974). Allelopathy. Academic Press, New York, pp. 422.
Rietveld, W.J. (1983). Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9: 295-308.
Singh, R. and Bawa, R. (1982). Effects of leaf leachates from E. globulus and Aesculus indica on germination of Glaucium flavum. Indian Journal of Ecology, 9(1): 21-28.
Tekintas, E., Tanrisever, A. and Mendilcioglu, K. (1988). Juglon un tohum cimlenmesine etkileri. Ege Universi tesi, Ziraat Fakultesi, Dergisi, 25: 203-213.
Terzi, I., Kocacaliskan, I., Benlioglu O. and Solak, K. (2003). Effect of juglone on growth on cucumber seedlings with respect to physiological and anatomical parameters. Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 25: 353-356.
Tharayil, N. Bhowmik, P.C. and Xing, B. (2006). Preferential sorption of phenolic phytotoxins to soil: implications for the availability of allelochemicals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 3033–3040.
Tharayil, N., Bhowmik, P.C. and Xing, B. (2008). Bioavailability of allelochemicals as affected by companion compounds in soil matrices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 3706–3713.
Tripathi, S., Tripathi, A. and Banerjee, S.K. (1996). Comparative study of chemical nature and role of leaf and root leachates on crop productivity. Advanced for Research India, 14: 183-194.
Willis, R.J. (2000). Juglans spp., Juglone and allelopathy. Allelopathy Journal, 17: 1-55.
Anon (1985). International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology, 13: 365-513.
Baker, H.G. (1996). Volatile growth inhibitors produced by Eucalyptus globulus. Madrono S., Francisco, 18: 207-210.
Bertin, C., Yang, X. and Weston, L.A. (2003). The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil, 256: 67-83.
Dana, M.N. and Lerner, B.R. (1990). Black walnut toxicity. Purdue University Extension, West Laffayette, IN. pp 8.
Dua, V.K., Govindakrishnan, P.M. and Lal S.S., (2007). Evaluation of wheat - potato relay intercropping system in the mid hills of Shimla. Indian J. Agric. Res., 41(2): 142–145.
Einhelling, F.A. (1986). Mechanism and mode of action of allelochemicals. In: Putman, A.R. and Tang C.S. (eds). The Science of Allelopathy, Wiley Inter Science, New York, pp. 171-188.
Hejl, A.M., Einhelling, F.A. and Rasmussen, J.A. (1993). Effects of juglone on growth, photosynthesis and respiration. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19: 559-568.
Inderjit, Pollock, S.L. Callaway, R.M. and Holben, W. (2008). Phytotoxic effects of (±) -catechin in vitro, in soil, and in the ûeld. PLoS ONE 3, e2536.
Jose, S. (2002). Black walnut allelopathy : Current state of the science. In chemical ecology of plants: Allelopathy in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Eds. Inderjit, Malik UA pp. Birknauser- Verlag. AG, Basal.
Jose, S. and Gillespie, A. R. (1998). Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping: II. Effect of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) growth and physiology. Plant and Soil, 203: 199-205.
Kaur, H. et al., (2009). Taking ecological function seriously: soil microbial communities can obviate allelopathic effects of released metabolites. PLoS ONE 4, e4700.
Kocacaliskan, I. and Terzi, I. (2001). Allelopathic effects of walnut leaf extracts and juglone on seed germination and seedling growth. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 76: 436-440.
Kohli, R.K., Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. and Arora, V. (2000). Allelopathic interactions in some forests and plantation systems. In: Man and Forest (eds.) Kohli, R.K., Singh H.P., Vij. S.P., Dhir, K.K., Batish, D.R. and Khurana, D.K., Dept of Botany, P.U. Chandigarh: 135-154.
Neave, I.A. and Dawson, J.O. (1989). Juglone reduces growth, nitrogenase activity and root respiration of actinorhizal back older seedlings. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15: 1823-1836.
Orcutt, D.M. and Nilsen, E.T. (2000). Physiology of plants under stress. Soil and bioitic factors. Wiley, New York.
Piedrahita, O. (1984). Black walnut toxicity. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada. Factsheet 11: 7-8.
Prasad, B., Lavania S. K. and Sah, V.K. (2011). Biassay study on effect of walnut leaf extracts on seed germination and seedling vigour of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Indian Journal of Agro-Forestry. 13(1): 103-106.
Prasad, B., Prasad, R. and Sah, V.K. (2011). Effects of aqueous extracts of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf on germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in West Himalayan agri-silvi system. Journal of Non Timper Forestry Products, 18(1): 31-34.
Prasad, B., Sah, V.K. and Prasad, R. (2009). Response of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Walnut (juglans regia Linn) on Germinating Wheat in North West Himalayan Agri-silvi System, New Delhi, 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, February 4-7, 170-171.
Prataviera, A.G., Kuniyuki, A.H. and Ryogo, K. (1983). Growth inhibitors in xylem exudates of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and their possible role in graft failure. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 108: 1043-1050
Rice, E.L. (1974). Allelopathy. Academic Press, New York, pp. 422.
Rietveld, W.J. (1983). Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9: 295-308.
Singh, R. and Bawa, R. (1982). Effects of leaf leachates from E. globulus and Aesculus indica on germination of Glaucium flavum. Indian Journal of Ecology, 9(1): 21-28.
Tekintas, E., Tanrisever, A. and Mendilcioglu, K. (1988). Juglon un tohum cimlenmesine etkileri. Ege Universi tesi, Ziraat Fakultesi, Dergisi, 25: 203-213.
Terzi, I., Kocacaliskan, I., Benlioglu O. and Solak, K. (2003). Effect of juglone on growth on cucumber seedlings with respect to physiological and anatomical parameters. Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 25: 353-356.
Tharayil, N. Bhowmik, P.C. and Xing, B. (2006). Preferential sorption of phenolic phytotoxins to soil: implications for the availability of allelochemicals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 3033–3040.
Tharayil, N., Bhowmik, P.C. and Xing, B. (2008). Bioavailability of allelochemicals as affected by companion compounds in soil matrices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 3706–3713.
Tripathi, S., Tripathi, A. and Banerjee, S.K. (1996). Comparative study of chemical nature and role of leaf and root leachates on crop productivity. Advanced for Research India, 14: 183-194.
Willis, R.J. (2000). Juglans spp., Juglone and allelopathy. Allelopathy Journal, 17: 1-55.
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How to Cite
Response of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf aqueous extracts, on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in agri-silvi system of Uttarakhand. (2013). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(2), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.343
