Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in some endemically afflicted villages of district Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of three villages of Doda district, J&K. A total of 391 individuals (202 males and 189 females) were examined from 60 households by house to house survey for recording the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis by using Dean’s Index (1942) along with WHO health assessment form (1997b) and Community fluorosis Index. Of the total studied population 299 (76.47%) have found to be affected with various grades of dental fluorosis with moderate (33.5%) level of fluorosis to be the most frequent category observed. Prevalence of dental fluorosis was more in males (86.61%) than females (63.49%). No significant relation (P>0.05) between prevalence of dental fluorosis to the socioeconomic status was found. Community fluorosis Index was found to be 2.05 which denotes “marked” category of public health significance. High prevalence and high community fluorosis Index suggest that fluorosis is a major public health problem in the area.
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Keywords
Dean fluorosis Index, Dental fluorosis, Doda district, Fluoride, Prevalence
References
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Baruah, B.K., Haque, A., Dass, B., Misra, K., Medhi, C. and Misra, A.K. (2011). Fluoride ion in drinking water and prevalence of dental fluorosis among the population in some tea garden belt villages in Golaghat district of Assam, India. Archives of Applied Science Research, 3(1): 175-179.
Baskaradoss, J.K., Roger, C. and Narayanan, A. (2008). Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in 11-15 year old school children of Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India. J. Indian Dent. Res., 19(4): 297-303.
Bhat, P.K. and Kumar, A. (2011). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in an endemically afflicted district of Karnataka, South India. International Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 2(2): 96-100.
Central Ground Water Board (2010). Ministry of water resources; Ground water quality report of Jammu and Kashmir State. North western Himalayan Region.
Choubisa, S.L. (2001). Endemic fluorosis in Southern Rajasthan, India. Fluoride, 34(1): 61-70.
Crosato, M.E, Biazevic, M.G. and Crosato, E. (2005). Relationship between dental fluorosis and quality of life: a population based study. Braz Oral Res., 19(2): 150-155.
Dean, H.T. (1942). The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. In: “Fluoride and dental health,” Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science Publication No.19. pp. 23-32.
Dean, H.T. and Elvove, E. (1935). Studies on the minimal threshold of the dental sign of chronic endemic dental fluorosis (mottled enamel). Pub Health Report, Washington, 50: 1719–1729.
Gazal, S. and Raina, A.K. (2012). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in children and associated fluoride levels in drinking water sources of District Doda, J&K, India. Environment Conservation Journal, 13(1&2): 17-21.
Gupta, I. (1995). Endemic fluorosis and non-ulcer Dyspepsia in Jammu & Kashmir State. Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Jammu, (J&K).
Gupta, I., Parihar, A. and Gupta, V.P. (1991). Endemic fluorosis in Doda (J&K). The Indian Practioner, 10: 783-85.
Hussain, J., Shrama, K.C., Arif, M. and Hussain, I. (2007). Fluoride distribution and modeling using best subset procedure in Nagour District of Central Rajasthan, India. In The XXVIITH conference of the international society for fluoride research (ISFR XXVII), 9–12 October, 2007. Beijing, China.
Karthikeyan, K., Nanthakumar, K., Velmurugan, P., Tamilarasi, S. and Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2010). Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160(1-4): 141-155.
Kotoky, P., Barooah, P.K., Baruah, M.K., Goswami, A., Borah, G.C., Gogoi, H.M., Ahmed, F., Gogoi, A., Paul, A.B. (2008). Fluoride and Endemic Fluorosis in the Karbianglong District, Assam, India. Research report. Fluoride, 41(1): 42–45.
Manji, F., Baelum, V. and Fejerskov, O. (1986). Dental Fluorosis in an area of Kenya with 2ppm fluoride in the drinking water. J. Dent Res, 65: 659-62.
Na’ang’a, P.M. and Valderhaug, J. (1993). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in primary school children in Nairobi, Kenya. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 21:15-8.
Park, K. (2005). Park textbook of preventive and social medicine Banarasi Das Bhanot Publishers, 18th Edition, Jabalpur.
Raina, A.K. and Kant, S. (1995). Dental Fluorosis - A case study in three villages of District Rajouri (J& K). Proc. Accad. Environ. Biol., 4(2): 143-146.
Ramezani, GH. H., Valaei, N. and Eikani, H. (2004). Prevalence of DMFT and Fluorosis in the students of Dayer city (Iran). J. Indian Pedo Prev Dent., 22(2): 49-53.
Sarala, K. and Rao, P.R. (1993). Endemic fluorosis in the village Ralla Anantpuram in Andhra Pradesh- An epidemiological study. Fluoride, 26(3):177-180.
Saravanan, S., Kalyani, C., Vijayarani, M.P., Jayakodi, P., Felix, A.J.W., Nagarajan, S., Arunmozhi, P. and Krishnan, V. (2008). Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in rural areas of Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(3): 146- 150.
Susheela, A.K. (1987). Fluorosis in India, the magnitude and severity of the problem. Sci. Dev. Env., 147-57.
Susheela, A.K. (1993). Prevention and control of the fluorosis in India, Rajiv Gandhi National drinking water mission, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi. Health Aspect, l: 1-89.
Susheela, A.K., Kumar, A., Betnagar, M. and Bahadur, M. (1993). Prevalence of endemic fluorosis with gastrointestinal manifestations in people living in some north- Indian villages. Fluoride, 26(2): 97-104.
Umeshi Koleoso, D.C. (2004). Dental fluorosis and other enamel disorders in 12 years old Nigerian children. J. Community Medicine and Primary health Care, 16(1): 25-28.
WHO (2004). Guideline for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: volume 1 3rd ed. World health Organization.
WHO (1994). Fluorides and oral health. WHO technical report series 846. World Health Organization: Geneva.
WHO (1997a). Guideline for Drinking Water Quality Health Criteria and other Supporting Information, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Geneva.
WHO (1997b). Oral health surveys: Basic methods, 4thed. World Health Organization: Geneva.
Baruah, B.K., Haque, A., Dass, B., Misra, K., Medhi, C. and Misra, A.K. (2011). Fluoride ion in drinking water and prevalence of dental fluorosis among the population in some tea garden belt villages in Golaghat district of Assam, India. Archives of Applied Science Research, 3(1): 175-179.
Baskaradoss, J.K., Roger, C. and Narayanan, A. (2008). Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in 11-15 year old school children of Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India. J. Indian Dent. Res., 19(4): 297-303.
Bhat, P.K. and Kumar, A. (2011). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in an endemically afflicted district of Karnataka, South India. International Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 2(2): 96-100.
Central Ground Water Board (2010). Ministry of water resources; Ground water quality report of Jammu and Kashmir State. North western Himalayan Region.
Choubisa, S.L. (2001). Endemic fluorosis in Southern Rajasthan, India. Fluoride, 34(1): 61-70.
Crosato, M.E, Biazevic, M.G. and Crosato, E. (2005). Relationship between dental fluorosis and quality of life: a population based study. Braz Oral Res., 19(2): 150-155.
Dean, H.T. (1942). The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. In: “Fluoride and dental health,” Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science Publication No.19. pp. 23-32.
Dean, H.T. and Elvove, E. (1935). Studies on the minimal threshold of the dental sign of chronic endemic dental fluorosis (mottled enamel). Pub Health Report, Washington, 50: 1719–1729.
Gazal, S. and Raina, A.K. (2012). Prevalence of dental fluorosis in children and associated fluoride levels in drinking water sources of District Doda, J&K, India. Environment Conservation Journal, 13(1&2): 17-21.
Gupta, I. (1995). Endemic fluorosis and non-ulcer Dyspepsia in Jammu & Kashmir State. Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Jammu, (J&K).
Gupta, I., Parihar, A. and Gupta, V.P. (1991). Endemic fluorosis in Doda (J&K). The Indian Practioner, 10: 783-85.
Hussain, J., Shrama, K.C., Arif, M. and Hussain, I. (2007). Fluoride distribution and modeling using best subset procedure in Nagour District of Central Rajasthan, India. In The XXVIITH conference of the international society for fluoride research (ISFR XXVII), 9–12 October, 2007. Beijing, China.
Karthikeyan, K., Nanthakumar, K., Velmurugan, P., Tamilarasi, S. and Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2010). Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu, India, with special emphasis on fluoride, fluorosis and its remedial measures. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160(1-4): 141-155.
Kotoky, P., Barooah, P.K., Baruah, M.K., Goswami, A., Borah, G.C., Gogoi, H.M., Ahmed, F., Gogoi, A., Paul, A.B. (2008). Fluoride and Endemic Fluorosis in the Karbianglong District, Assam, India. Research report. Fluoride, 41(1): 42–45.
Manji, F., Baelum, V. and Fejerskov, O. (1986). Dental Fluorosis in an area of Kenya with 2ppm fluoride in the drinking water. J. Dent Res, 65: 659-62.
Na’ang’a, P.M. and Valderhaug, J. (1993). Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in primary school children in Nairobi, Kenya. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 21:15-8.
Park, K. (2005). Park textbook of preventive and social medicine Banarasi Das Bhanot Publishers, 18th Edition, Jabalpur.
Raina, A.K. and Kant, S. (1995). Dental Fluorosis - A case study in three villages of District Rajouri (J& K). Proc. Accad. Environ. Biol., 4(2): 143-146.
Ramezani, GH. H., Valaei, N. and Eikani, H. (2004). Prevalence of DMFT and Fluorosis in the students of Dayer city (Iran). J. Indian Pedo Prev Dent., 22(2): 49-53.
Sarala, K. and Rao, P.R. (1993). Endemic fluorosis in the village Ralla Anantpuram in Andhra Pradesh- An epidemiological study. Fluoride, 26(3):177-180.
Saravanan, S., Kalyani, C., Vijayarani, M.P., Jayakodi, P., Felix, A.J.W., Nagarajan, S., Arunmozhi, P. and Krishnan, V. (2008). Prevalence of dental fluorosis among primary school children in rural areas of Chidambaram Taluk, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(3): 146- 150.
Susheela, A.K. (1987). Fluorosis in India, the magnitude and severity of the problem. Sci. Dev. Env., 147-57.
Susheela, A.K. (1993). Prevention and control of the fluorosis in India, Rajiv Gandhi National drinking water mission, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi. Health Aspect, l: 1-89.
Susheela, A.K., Kumar, A., Betnagar, M. and Bahadur, M. (1993). Prevalence of endemic fluorosis with gastrointestinal manifestations in people living in some north- Indian villages. Fluoride, 26(2): 97-104.
Umeshi Koleoso, D.C. (2004). Dental fluorosis and other enamel disorders in 12 years old Nigerian children. J. Community Medicine and Primary health Care, 16(1): 25-28.
WHO (2004). Guideline for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: volume 1 3rd ed. World health Organization.
WHO (1994). Fluorides and oral health. WHO technical report series 846. World Health Organization: Geneva.
WHO (1997a). Guideline for Drinking Water Quality Health Criteria and other Supporting Information, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Geneva.
WHO (1997b). Oral health surveys: Basic methods, 4thed. World Health Organization: Geneva.
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Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in some endemically afflicted villages of district Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India. (2013). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(2), 406-410. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.342
