Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linn. (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Menoponidae, Amblycera) upon poultry birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) of selected locality of district Chamoli Garhwal (Uttarakhand), India
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Abstract
Prevalence and intensity of infestation of Menopon gallinae (Linn.) was recorded from 688 poultry birds belonging to 30 selected locality of district Chamoli (Uttarakhand) during March, 2012 to February, 2013, out of which 310 were found infested (45.06%). Prevalence rate were higher in female (46.8%) than male (42%) birds in present investigation. Higher infestation were noted in certain parameters like captivity (larger group), poor health, poor hygienic condition, poor feather condition, black feather colour, desi breed and older birds. Singly reared, good health, good hygienic condition, good feather condition, mix colour, broiler breed and younger poultry birds were found to have least infestation. Intensity of infestation was noted by coding system. Maximum poultry bird bore very light (VL) infestation (29.68%) while very few were found with very heavy (VH) infestation (4.52%). Relative monthly intensity of infestation remained more or less similar in all the categories. Lice were peaked during summer in comparison to the winter. Strong positive correlation existed between monthly lice index and temperature (+0.79); lice index and photoperiod (+0.84), while the same were found insignificant with humidity (-0.23) and rainfall (-0.17).
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Keywords
Menopon gallinae, Phthiraptera, Poultry bird, Prevalence
References
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Ahmad, A., Arya, G., Bansal, N., Sychra, O. and Saxena, A.K. (2012). A note on phthirapteran ectoparasites infesting yellow-legged green pigeon Treron phoenicoptera (Columbiformes: Columbidae). Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 36(6): 618-621.
Ahmad, A., Arya, G., Saxena, R., Bansal, N. and Saxena, A.K. (2011). Prevalence of Myrsidea salimalii (Amblycera: Phthiraptera) on striated babblers (Turdoides earlei) (Timaliidae: Passeriformes: Aves). Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 35(2): 207-209.
Arya, G., Bansal, N., Ahmad, A., Gupta, N. and Saxena, A.K. (2011). Population ecology of a phthirapteran occurring on the common Baya (Ploceus philippinus) (Ploceidae: Passeriformes: Aves). Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 35(3): 183-185.
Arya, S., Kukreti, M. and Singh, S.K. (2012). Studies on in vitro lifespan and reproductive potentials of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera). Proceedings of academica conference on recent trends in research field of science, social science, humanities and application of space technology for enhancement of quality in higher education, pp. 66-74.
Banda, Z. (2011). Ectoparasite of indigenous Malawi Chickens. Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 5(6): 1454-1460.
Beg, S., Gupta, N., Kumar, S., Khan, V., Bhatnagar, S. and Saxena, A.K. (2008). Occurrence of Phthiraptera on the house crow, Corvus splendens (Passeriformes: Corvidae). Entomon, 33: 75-78.
Begum, A. and Sehrin, S. (2011). Prevalence and Seasonal variation of ectoparasite in pigeon, Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 39(2): 223-230.
Clayton, D.H. and Drown, D.M. (2001). Critical evaluation of five methods for qualifying chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Journal of Parasitology, 87: 1291-1300.
Darolova, A., Hoi, H., Kristofik, J. and Hoi, C. (2001). Horizontal and vertical ectoparasite transmission of three species of Mallophaga and individual variation in European bee eaters (Merops apiaster). Journal of Parasitology, 87: 256-262.
Derylo, A. (1974a). Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga (I). Effect of lice infestation on health of chickens and turkeys. Medicina Weterinarie., 30: 353 - 357.
Derylo, A. (1974b). Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga (II). Influence of lice infestation on egg laying and hatching in hens. Medicina Weterinarie, 30: 406 - 410.
Enout, A.M.J., Lobato, D.N.C., Diniz, F.C. and Antonini, Y. (2012). Chewing lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) and feather mites (Acari, Astigmata) associated with birds of the Cerrado in Central Brazil. Parasitology Research, 111(4): 1731-1742.
Eveleigh, E.S. and Threlfall, W. (1976). Population dynamics of lice (Mallophaga) on auks (Alcidae) from new foundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54: 1694-1711.
Fabiyi, J.P. (1980). Survey of lice infesting domestic fowl on the Jas Plateau, Northern Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Product, 283: 215-219.
Harshbarger, J.C. and Raffensperger, E.M. (1961). An evaluation of coding system for estimating populations of the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae. Journal of Economics Entomology, 54: 74-76.
Johnson, K.P., Bush, C.E. and Clayton, D.H. (2005). Correlated evolution of host and parasite body size: tests of Harrison’s rule using birds and lice. Evolution, 59(8): 1744-1753.
Khan, V., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Ahmad, A. and Saxena, A.K. (2008). Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasites on selected poultry in the district, Rampur (U.P.). Indian Veterinary Journal, 85: 447-448.
Mukaratirwa, S. and Khumalo, M.P. (2012). Prevalence of chewing lice in free-range chickens from selected rural localities of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal of Applied Research & Veterinary Medicine, 10(1): 85-89.
Mungube, E.O., Bauni, S.M., Tenhagen, B.A., Wamae, L.W., Nzioka, S.M., Muhammed, L. and Nqinyi, J.M. (2008). Prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi arid zone of eastern Kenya. Tropical Animal Health Production, 40(2): 101-109.
Naz, S., Rizvi, S.A. and Sychra, O. (2010). The high rate of infestation of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in Rock Pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin 1789) in Pakistan. Tropical Zoology, 23: 21-28.
Orunc, O. and Bicek, K. (2009). Determination of parasite fauna of chicken in the Van region. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 33(2): 162-164.
Prelezov, P.N., Groseva, N.I. and Goundasheva, D.I. (2006). Pathomorphological changes in the tissues of chickens, experimentally infected with biting lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Vet Arhiv, 76:207-215
Ruff, M.D. (1999). Important parasites in poultry production systems. Veterinary Parasistology, 843(4): 337-347.
Salam, S.T., Mir, M.S. and Khan, A.R. (2009). Prevalence and Seasonal variation of ectoparasite load in free range chicken of Kashmir valley. Tropical Animal Health Production, 41: 1371-1376.
Saxena, A.K., Kumar, A., Singh, S.K. and Surman (1995). Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 19(1): 69-72.
Saxena, A.K., Agarwal, G.P., Chandra, S. and Singh, O.P. (1985). Pathogenic involvement of Mallophaga. Zur angewandte Entomologie, 99: 294-300.
Saxena, A.K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N. and Singh, S.K. (2004). Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasitic insects on domestic hens of Rampur (U.P.). Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 28(1):57–60
Singh, S.K., Arya, S., Kumar, S. and Khan, V. (2009a). A survey of phthirapteran ectoparasites on the Grey Francolin, Francolinus Pondicerianus (Galliformes: phasianidae) in North-India. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 33(1-2): 92-94.
Singh, S.K., Arya, S., Saxena, A.K., Maurya, N. and Chandra, S. (2009b). Prevalence of Eomenacanthus stramineus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae) on poultry birds (Gallus gallus F. domesticus) of Jaunpur. Journal of Applied & Natural Sciences, 1(2): 235-240.
Sychra, O., Harmat, P. and Literak, I. (2008). Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) on chickens (Gallus gallus) from small backyard flocks in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology, 152: 344-348.
Sychra, O., Literak, I., Podzemny, P., Harmat, P. and Hrabak, R. (2011). Insect ectoparasites on wild birds in the Czech Republic during the pre-breeding period. Parasite, 18(1): 13-19.
Trivedi, M.C., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, B.S. (1992). Incidence of mallophaga on poultry in Dehradun (India). Angewandte Parasitologie, 33: 69-78.
Ahmad, A., Arya, G., Bansal, N., Sychra, O. and Saxena, A.K. (2012). A note on phthirapteran ectoparasites infesting yellow-legged green pigeon Treron phoenicoptera (Columbiformes: Columbidae). Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 36(6): 618-621.
Ahmad, A., Arya, G., Saxena, R., Bansal, N. and Saxena, A.K. (2011). Prevalence of Myrsidea salimalii (Amblycera: Phthiraptera) on striated babblers (Turdoides earlei) (Timaliidae: Passeriformes: Aves). Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 35(2): 207-209.
Arya, G., Bansal, N., Ahmad, A., Gupta, N. and Saxena, A.K. (2011). Population ecology of a phthirapteran occurring on the common Baya (Ploceus philippinus) (Ploceidae: Passeriformes: Aves). Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 35(3): 183-185.
Arya, S., Kukreti, M. and Singh, S.K. (2012). Studies on in vitro lifespan and reproductive potentials of poultry shaft louse, Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera). Proceedings of academica conference on recent trends in research field of science, social science, humanities and application of space technology for enhancement of quality in higher education, pp. 66-74.
Banda, Z. (2011). Ectoparasite of indigenous Malawi Chickens. Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 5(6): 1454-1460.
Beg, S., Gupta, N., Kumar, S., Khan, V., Bhatnagar, S. and Saxena, A.K. (2008). Occurrence of Phthiraptera on the house crow, Corvus splendens (Passeriformes: Corvidae). Entomon, 33: 75-78.
Begum, A. and Sehrin, S. (2011). Prevalence and Seasonal variation of ectoparasite in pigeon, Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 39(2): 223-230.
Clayton, D.H. and Drown, D.M. (2001). Critical evaluation of five methods for qualifying chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Journal of Parasitology, 87: 1291-1300.
Darolova, A., Hoi, H., Kristofik, J. and Hoi, C. (2001). Horizontal and vertical ectoparasite transmission of three species of Mallophaga and individual variation in European bee eaters (Merops apiaster). Journal of Parasitology, 87: 256-262.
Derylo, A. (1974a). Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga (I). Effect of lice infestation on health of chickens and turkeys. Medicina Weterinarie., 30: 353 - 357.
Derylo, A. (1974b). Studies on economic harmfulness of Mallophaga (II). Influence of lice infestation on egg laying and hatching in hens. Medicina Weterinarie, 30: 406 - 410.
Enout, A.M.J., Lobato, D.N.C., Diniz, F.C. and Antonini, Y. (2012). Chewing lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) and feather mites (Acari, Astigmata) associated with birds of the Cerrado in Central Brazil. Parasitology Research, 111(4): 1731-1742.
Eveleigh, E.S. and Threlfall, W. (1976). Population dynamics of lice (Mallophaga) on auks (Alcidae) from new foundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54: 1694-1711.
Fabiyi, J.P. (1980). Survey of lice infesting domestic fowl on the Jas Plateau, Northern Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Product, 283: 215-219.
Harshbarger, J.C. and Raffensperger, E.M. (1961). An evaluation of coding system for estimating populations of the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae. Journal of Economics Entomology, 54: 74-76.
Johnson, K.P., Bush, C.E. and Clayton, D.H. (2005). Correlated evolution of host and parasite body size: tests of Harrison’s rule using birds and lice. Evolution, 59(8): 1744-1753.
Khan, V., Kumar, S., Gupta, N., Ahmad, A. and Saxena, A.K. (2008). Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasites on selected poultry in the district, Rampur (U.P.). Indian Veterinary Journal, 85: 447-448.
Mukaratirwa, S. and Khumalo, M.P. (2012). Prevalence of chewing lice in free-range chickens from selected rural localities of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal of Applied Research & Veterinary Medicine, 10(1): 85-89.
Mungube, E.O., Bauni, S.M., Tenhagen, B.A., Wamae, L.W., Nzioka, S.M., Muhammed, L. and Nqinyi, J.M. (2008). Prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi arid zone of eastern Kenya. Tropical Animal Health Production, 40(2): 101-109.
Naz, S., Rizvi, S.A. and Sychra, O. (2010). The high rate of infestation of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in Rock Pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin 1789) in Pakistan. Tropical Zoology, 23: 21-28.
Orunc, O. and Bicek, K. (2009). Determination of parasite fauna of chicken in the Van region. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 33(2): 162-164.
Prelezov, P.N., Groseva, N.I. and Goundasheva, D.I. (2006). Pathomorphological changes in the tissues of chickens, experimentally infected with biting lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Vet Arhiv, 76:207-215
Ruff, M.D. (1999). Important parasites in poultry production systems. Veterinary Parasistology, 843(4): 337-347.
Salam, S.T., Mir, M.S. and Khan, A.R. (2009). Prevalence and Seasonal variation of ectoparasite load in free range chicken of Kashmir valley. Tropical Animal Health Production, 41: 1371-1376.
Saxena, A.K., Kumar, A., Singh, S.K. and Surman (1995). Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linne (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) on poultry birds of Garhwal. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 19(1): 69-72.
Saxena, A.K., Agarwal, G.P., Chandra, S. and Singh, O.P. (1985). Pathogenic involvement of Mallophaga. Zur angewandte Entomologie, 99: 294-300.
Saxena, A.K., Kumar, S., Gupta, N. and Singh, S.K. (2004). Prevalence of phthirapteran ectoparasitic insects on domestic hens of Rampur (U.P.). Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 28(1):57–60
Singh, S.K., Arya, S., Kumar, S. and Khan, V. (2009a). A survey of phthirapteran ectoparasites on the Grey Francolin, Francolinus Pondicerianus (Galliformes: phasianidae) in North-India. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 33(1-2): 92-94.
Singh, S.K., Arya, S., Saxena, A.K., Maurya, N. and Chandra, S. (2009b). Prevalence of Eomenacanthus stramineus (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Menoponidae) on poultry birds (Gallus gallus F. domesticus) of Jaunpur. Journal of Applied & Natural Sciences, 1(2): 235-240.
Sychra, O., Harmat, P. and Literak, I. (2008). Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) on chickens (Gallus gallus) from small backyard flocks in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology, 152: 344-348.
Sychra, O., Literak, I., Podzemny, P., Harmat, P. and Hrabak, R. (2011). Insect ectoparasites on wild birds in the Czech Republic during the pre-breeding period. Parasite, 18(1): 13-19.
Trivedi, M.C., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, B.S. (1992). Incidence of mallophaga on poultry in Dehradun (India). Angewandte Parasitologie, 33: 69-78.
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Prevalence of Menopon gallinae Linn. (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Menoponidae, Amblycera) upon poultry birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) of selected locality of district Chamoli Garhwal (Uttarakhand), India. (2013). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(2), 400-405. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.341
