Genotypic differences in plant growth responses and ion accumulations to salt stress conditions of sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata)
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Abstract
The sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poir) is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, especially high carotenoids. Due to climate change and intensive water use, soil salinization is increasing day by day. Salt stress decreases the growth and quality of many crops. Thus, the objective of the present study was to monitor the growth and ion accumulation of fourteen sweet gourd inbred. The study was conducted in 2018 with 14 sweet gourd inbreds (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13 and P14) and to identify superior genotypes. Electrical conductivity (EC) based salt was applied at 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS/m NaCl salinity levels for all inbred. Tap water was used as a control. Treatments were imposed at the four to five-leaf stage. Salt stress resulted in significantly decreased growth and essential ion in sweet gourd inbred. Vine length (P11=164.9 to149.5cm, control to 16 dS/m), the number of leaves (P11=31 to 24.33, control to 16 dS/m), internode length (P12=9.67 to 9.83cm, control to 16 dS/m), stem girth (16.38 to 15.87mm, control to 16 dS/m) and K+ ion accumulations were decreased (P6=2.09 to 1.44, control to 16 dS/m) compared to the control. But Na+ ion was increased (P13=0.17 to 1.25, control to 16 dS/m) in all inbred under salt conditions. Sweet gourd inbred showed wide variation in their response to salt tolerance. However, six sweet gourd inbred (P6, P8, P9, P11, P12 and P14) were found as promising as salt-tolerant in respect of growth and ion accumulation. These selected promising salt-tolerant sweet gourd genotypes will be used for breeding programmes to develop high yielding varieties for better production in the near future in saline areas of Bangladesh.
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Keywords
Growth, Inbred, Ion accumulation, Salinity, Sweet gourd, Tolerant
References
Abdelsalam, Z. K.M., Ezzat, A S., Tantawy, I. A. A., Youssef, N.S. & Gad EL- Hak, S. H. (2021). Effect of NaCl salinity stress on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets grown and development under in vitro conditions. Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3 (2), 1-12. DOI: 10.21608/sjas.2021.84222.1125.
Ahmad H. (2019). Bangladesh coastal zone management status and future trends. Journal of Coastal Zone Management, 22(1), 2-7.
Ahmed, H. A. A., Şahin, N. K., Akdoğan, G., Yaman, C., Köm, D. & Uranbey, S. (2020). Variability in salinity stress tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties using in vitro screening. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 44. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044004220.
Akter, S., Hossain, M.J. & Begum, F. (2008). Response of some potato cultivars to NaCl salinity in pot culture. Eco‒friendly Agricultural Journal, 1(4), 180‒184.
Alfocea, P. F., Balibrea, M.E., Santa, C.A. & Estan M.T. (1996). Agronomical and physiological characterization of salinity tolerance in a commercial tomato hybrid. Plant and Soil, 180, 251-257.
Almeida, D.M., Oliveira, M.M. & Saibo, N. J.M. (2017). Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: Towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 40(1), 326-345. DOI:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0106
Ashraf, M., Sarway, Y., Afaf, R. & Sattar, A. (2002). Salinity induced changes in alpha amylase activity during germination and early cotton seedling growth. Biologia Plantarum, 45, 589-591.
Balkaya, A. & Kandemir, D. (2015). An overview of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) growing in Turkey. Azarian Journal of Agriculture, 2(3), 57-64.
Balkaya, A., Yıldız, S., Horuz, A. & Doğru M. S. (2016). Effects of salt stress on vegetative growth parameters and ion accumulations in Cucurbit rootstock genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 2(2),11-24.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh. Dhaka. P142.
Botia, P., Carvajal, M., Cerda, A. & Martinez, V. (1998). Response of eight Cucumis melo cultivars to salinity during germination and early vegetative growth. Agronomie. 18, 503-513.
Chartzoulakis, K., & Klapaki, G. (2000). Response of two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity during different growth stages. Scientia Horticulturae, 86, 247-260. DOI:10.1016/S0304-4238(00)00151-5.
Cramer, G.R., Epstein, E. & Lauch, A. (1991). Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium on salt-stressed barley. Elemental analysis. Physiologia Plantarum, 81, 197-202. DOI:10.1034/j.1399-3054.1991.810208.x.
Dasgan, H.Y., & Koc, S. (2009). Evaluation of salt tolerance in common bean genotypes by ion regulation and searching for screening performance. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 7, 363-372.
Dash, M., & Panda, S.K. (2001). Salt stress induced changes in growth and enzyme activities in germinating Phaseolus muingo seeds. Biologia Plantarum, 4, 587-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013750905746.
Del Amor, F.M., Martinez, V. & Cerda, A. (2001). Salt tolerance of tomato plants as affected by stage of plant development. Horticultural Science, 36, 1260-1263. doi: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00388-5.
Franco, J.A., Esteban, C. & Rodriguez, C. (1993). Effect of salinity on various growth stages of muskmelon cv. Revigal. Journal of Horticultural Science, 68, 899-904. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1993.11516429
Grattan, S.R., & Grieve, C.M. (1999). Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plant growth in saline environments. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment, 38, 275-300. DOI:10.1016/0167-8809(92)90151-Z
Greenway, H. & Munns, R. (1980). Mechanisms of salt tolerance in non-hallophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 31, 149-190. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev. pp.31.060180.001053
Habib, E., Rahaman, M. S., Hossain, M. & Mahmud, A.A. (2018). Screening of CIP Potato clones for salinity tolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 8(6), 573-580. DOI:10.15406/apar.2018.08.00388
Hnilickova, H., Hnilicka, F., Orsak, M. & Hejnak, V. (2019). Effect of salt stress on growth, electrolyte leakage, Na+ and K+ content in selected plant species. Plant, Soil and Environment, 65(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.17 221/620/2018-PSE
Jahan, I., Hossain M.M. & Karim, M.R. (2019). Effect of salinity stress on plant growth and root yield of carrot. Progressive Agriculture, 30(3), 263-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/pa.v30i3.45151
James, R.A., Blake, C., Byrt, C.S., Munns, R. (2011). Major genes for Na+ exclusion, Nax1 and Nax2 (wheat HKT1;4 and HKT1;5), decrease Na+ accumulation in bread wheat leaves under saline and waterlogged conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(8), 2939–2947. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err003.
Jamil, M., & Rha, E.S. (2004). The effect of salinity (NaCl) on the germination and seedling of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Korean Journal of Plant Research, 7(3), 226- 232.
Jouyban, Z. (2012). The effects of salt stress on plant growth. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(1), 7-10.
Kachout, S.S., Bouraoui, N.K., Jaffel, K., Rajeb, M.N., Leclere. J.C. & Ouerghi. Z. (2012). Water deficit induced oxidative stress in leaves of garden orach (Atriplex hortensis). Research Journal of Biotechnology, 7(4), 45-52.
Karmoker, J.L., Farhana, S. & Rashid, P. (2008). Effects of salinity on ion accumulation in maize (Zea mays L. Cv. Bari-7). Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(2), 203-205.
Kurtar, E.S., Balkaya, A. & Kandemir, D. (2016). Screening for salinity tolerance in developed winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) lines. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26(2), 183-195. URL:http://dergipark.gov.tr/.../222904
Kusvuran, S., Dasgan, H.Y. & Abak, K. (2011). Responses of different melon genotypes to drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(3), 209-219.
Kusvuran, S., Ellialtioglu, S. & Polat, Z. (2013). Applications of salt and drought stress on the antioxidative enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content in callus tissues of 24 bitki ıslahçıları alt birliği pumpkin genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 11(2), 496-500.
Lauchli, A., & Grattan, S.R. (2007). Plant growth and development under salinity stress advances, 1-32 p. In: Jenks MA et al. (Eds.). Advances in Molecular Breeding Towards Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-5578-2_1.
Machado, R.M.A. & Serralheiro, R.P. (2017). Soil Salinity: Effect on Vegetable Crop Growth. Management Practices to Prevent and Mitigate Soil Salinization. Horticulturae, 3(30), 2-13. doi:10.3390/horticulturae3020030
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
Ors, S., & Suarez, D.L. 2016. Salt tolerance of spinach as related to seasonal climate. Horticultural Science, 1, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.17221/114/2015-HORTSCI
Peterson, L. (2002). Analytical Methods Soil, Water Plant Material Fertilizer. Soil Research Division Institute. pp. 21-24.
Rahaman, E.H M. S., Hossain, M. &. Mahmud, A.A. (2018). Screening of CIP Potato clones for salinity tolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 8(6), 573-580. DOI: 10.15406/apar.2018.08.00388
Romero, L., Belakbir, A., Ragala, L.& Ruiz, J.M. (1997). Response of plant yield and leaf pigments to saline conditions: effectiveness of different rootstocks in melon plants (Cucumis melo L.). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 43, 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.19 97.104146 52
Romero-Aranda, R., Soria, T. & Cuartero, J. (2001). Tomato plant water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Science, 126, 265-272. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00388-5
Sagor, M. S., Hossain, M. M. & Haque, T. (2021). Evaluation of growth, yield and quality of turmeric genotypes (Curcuma longa L.) Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 8(1), 8-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.01.8-15
Sevengor, S., Yasar, F., Kusvuran, S. & Ellialtioglu, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes of pumpkin seedling. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(21), 4920-4924.
Soubeih, K.A., Hafez, M.R. and Abd El Baset A. (2018). Effect of grafting on cucumber Cucumis sativus L.) productivity under saline conditions. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(4), 1071-1079.
Talhouni, M., Sonmez, K., Kiran, S., Beyaz, R., Yildiz, M., Kuşvuran, S. & Ellialtıoglu, S.S. (2019). Comparison of salinity effects on grafted and non-grafted eggplants in terms of ion accumulation, MDA content and antioxidative enzyme activities. Advances in Horticultural Science, 33(1), 87-95. doi: 10.13128/ahs-23794
Ulas, A., Aydın, A., Ulas, F. & Yetisir, H. (2020). Cucurbita Rootstocks Improve Salt Tolerance of Melon Scions by Inducing Physiological, Biochemical and Nutritional Responses. Horticulturae, 6(4), 2-13. DOI:10.3390/horticult urae6040066
Usanmaz, S. & Abak, K. (2019). Plant growth and yield of cucumber plants grafted on different commercial and local rootstocks grown under salinity stress. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(6), 1134-1139. DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.010
Wahome, P.K. (2001). Mechanisms of salt stress tolerance in two rose rootstocks, Rosa chinensis 'Major' and Rosa rubiginosa. Scientia Horticulturae, 87, 207-216.
Wilson, C., Lesch, S.M. & Grieve, C.M. (2000). Growth stage modulates salinity tolerance of Newealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides, Pall.) and red orach (Atriplex hortensis L.). Annals of Botany, 85, 501-509. DOI:10.100 6/anbo.1999.1086
Yetisir, H. & Uygur, V. (2009). Plant growth and mineral element content of different gourd species and watermelon under salinity stress. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Forestry 33, 65-77. DOI:10.3906/tar-0805-23
Zhu, J.K. (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53, 247-273. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329
Ahmad H. (2019). Bangladesh coastal zone management status and future trends. Journal of Coastal Zone Management, 22(1), 2-7.
Ahmed, H. A. A., Şahin, N. K., Akdoğan, G., Yaman, C., Köm, D. & Uranbey, S. (2020). Variability in salinity stress tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties using in vitro screening. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 44. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044004220.
Akter, S., Hossain, M.J. & Begum, F. (2008). Response of some potato cultivars to NaCl salinity in pot culture. Eco‒friendly Agricultural Journal, 1(4), 180‒184.
Alfocea, P. F., Balibrea, M.E., Santa, C.A. & Estan M.T. (1996). Agronomical and physiological characterization of salinity tolerance in a commercial tomato hybrid. Plant and Soil, 180, 251-257.
Almeida, D.M., Oliveira, M.M. & Saibo, N. J.M. (2017). Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: Towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 40(1), 326-345. DOI:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0106
Ashraf, M., Sarway, Y., Afaf, R. & Sattar, A. (2002). Salinity induced changes in alpha amylase activity during germination and early cotton seedling growth. Biologia Plantarum, 45, 589-591.
Balkaya, A. & Kandemir, D. (2015). An overview of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) growing in Turkey. Azarian Journal of Agriculture, 2(3), 57-64.
Balkaya, A., Yıldız, S., Horuz, A. & Doğru M. S. (2016). Effects of salt stress on vegetative growth parameters and ion accumulations in Cucurbit rootstock genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 2(2),11-24.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh. Dhaka. P142.
Botia, P., Carvajal, M., Cerda, A. & Martinez, V. (1998). Response of eight Cucumis melo cultivars to salinity during germination and early vegetative growth. Agronomie. 18, 503-513.
Chartzoulakis, K., & Klapaki, G. (2000). Response of two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity during different growth stages. Scientia Horticulturae, 86, 247-260. DOI:10.1016/S0304-4238(00)00151-5.
Cramer, G.R., Epstein, E. & Lauch, A. (1991). Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium on salt-stressed barley. Elemental analysis. Physiologia Plantarum, 81, 197-202. DOI:10.1034/j.1399-3054.1991.810208.x.
Dasgan, H.Y., & Koc, S. (2009). Evaluation of salt tolerance in common bean genotypes by ion regulation and searching for screening performance. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 7, 363-372.
Dash, M., & Panda, S.K. (2001). Salt stress induced changes in growth and enzyme activities in germinating Phaseolus muingo seeds. Biologia Plantarum, 4, 587-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013750905746.
Del Amor, F.M., Martinez, V. & Cerda, A. (2001). Salt tolerance of tomato plants as affected by stage of plant development. Horticultural Science, 36, 1260-1263. doi: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00388-5.
Franco, J.A., Esteban, C. & Rodriguez, C. (1993). Effect of salinity on various growth stages of muskmelon cv. Revigal. Journal of Horticultural Science, 68, 899-904. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1993.11516429
Grattan, S.R., & Grieve, C.M. (1999). Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plant growth in saline environments. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment, 38, 275-300. DOI:10.1016/0167-8809(92)90151-Z
Greenway, H. & Munns, R. (1980). Mechanisms of salt tolerance in non-hallophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 31, 149-190. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev. pp.31.060180.001053
Habib, E., Rahaman, M. S., Hossain, M. & Mahmud, A.A. (2018). Screening of CIP Potato clones for salinity tolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 8(6), 573-580. DOI:10.15406/apar.2018.08.00388
Hnilickova, H., Hnilicka, F., Orsak, M. & Hejnak, V. (2019). Effect of salt stress on growth, electrolyte leakage, Na+ and K+ content in selected plant species. Plant, Soil and Environment, 65(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.17 221/620/2018-PSE
Jahan, I., Hossain M.M. & Karim, M.R. (2019). Effect of salinity stress on plant growth and root yield of carrot. Progressive Agriculture, 30(3), 263-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/pa.v30i3.45151
James, R.A., Blake, C., Byrt, C.S., Munns, R. (2011). Major genes for Na+ exclusion, Nax1 and Nax2 (wheat HKT1;4 and HKT1;5), decrease Na+ accumulation in bread wheat leaves under saline and waterlogged conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(8), 2939–2947. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err003.
Jamil, M., & Rha, E.S. (2004). The effect of salinity (NaCl) on the germination and seedling of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Korean Journal of Plant Research, 7(3), 226- 232.
Jouyban, Z. (2012). The effects of salt stress on plant growth. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(1), 7-10.
Kachout, S.S., Bouraoui, N.K., Jaffel, K., Rajeb, M.N., Leclere. J.C. & Ouerghi. Z. (2012). Water deficit induced oxidative stress in leaves of garden orach (Atriplex hortensis). Research Journal of Biotechnology, 7(4), 45-52.
Karmoker, J.L., Farhana, S. & Rashid, P. (2008). Effects of salinity on ion accumulation in maize (Zea mays L. Cv. Bari-7). Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(2), 203-205.
Kurtar, E.S., Balkaya, A. & Kandemir, D. (2016). Screening for salinity tolerance in developed winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) lines. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26(2), 183-195. URL:http://dergipark.gov.tr/.../222904
Kusvuran, S., Dasgan, H.Y. & Abak, K. (2011). Responses of different melon genotypes to drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(3), 209-219.
Kusvuran, S., Ellialtioglu, S. & Polat, Z. (2013). Applications of salt and drought stress on the antioxidative enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content in callus tissues of 24 bitki ıslahçıları alt birliği pumpkin genotypes. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 11(2), 496-500.
Lauchli, A., & Grattan, S.R. (2007). Plant growth and development under salinity stress advances, 1-32 p. In: Jenks MA et al. (Eds.). Advances in Molecular Breeding Towards Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-5578-2_1.
Machado, R.M.A. & Serralheiro, R.P. (2017). Soil Salinity: Effect on Vegetable Crop Growth. Management Practices to Prevent and Mitigate Soil Salinization. Horticulturae, 3(30), 2-13. doi:10.3390/horticulturae3020030
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
Ors, S., & Suarez, D.L. 2016. Salt tolerance of spinach as related to seasonal climate. Horticultural Science, 1, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.17221/114/2015-HORTSCI
Peterson, L. (2002). Analytical Methods Soil, Water Plant Material Fertilizer. Soil Research Division Institute. pp. 21-24.
Rahaman, E.H M. S., Hossain, M. &. Mahmud, A.A. (2018). Screening of CIP Potato clones for salinity tolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 8(6), 573-580. DOI: 10.15406/apar.2018.08.00388
Romero, L., Belakbir, A., Ragala, L.& Ruiz, J.M. (1997). Response of plant yield and leaf pigments to saline conditions: effectiveness of different rootstocks in melon plants (Cucumis melo L.). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 43, 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.19 97.104146 52
Romero-Aranda, R., Soria, T. & Cuartero, J. (2001). Tomato plant water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Science, 126, 265-272. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00388-5
Sagor, M. S., Hossain, M. M. & Haque, T. (2021). Evaluation of growth, yield and quality of turmeric genotypes (Curcuma longa L.) Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 8(1), 8-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.01.8-15
Sevengor, S., Yasar, F., Kusvuran, S. & Ellialtioglu, S. (2011). The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes of pumpkin seedling. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(21), 4920-4924.
Soubeih, K.A., Hafez, M.R. and Abd El Baset A. (2018). Effect of grafting on cucumber Cucumis sativus L.) productivity under saline conditions. Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(4), 1071-1079.
Talhouni, M., Sonmez, K., Kiran, S., Beyaz, R., Yildiz, M., Kuşvuran, S. & Ellialtıoglu, S.S. (2019). Comparison of salinity effects on grafted and non-grafted eggplants in terms of ion accumulation, MDA content and antioxidative enzyme activities. Advances in Horticultural Science, 33(1), 87-95. doi: 10.13128/ahs-23794
Ulas, A., Aydın, A., Ulas, F. & Yetisir, H. (2020). Cucurbita Rootstocks Improve Salt Tolerance of Melon Scions by Inducing Physiological, Biochemical and Nutritional Responses. Horticulturae, 6(4), 2-13. DOI:10.3390/horticult urae6040066
Usanmaz, S. & Abak, K. (2019). Plant growth and yield of cucumber plants grafted on different commercial and local rootstocks grown under salinity stress. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(6), 1134-1139. DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.010
Wahome, P.K. (2001). Mechanisms of salt stress tolerance in two rose rootstocks, Rosa chinensis 'Major' and Rosa rubiginosa. Scientia Horticulturae, 87, 207-216.
Wilson, C., Lesch, S.M. & Grieve, C.M. (2000). Growth stage modulates salinity tolerance of Newealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides, Pall.) and red orach (Atriplex hortensis L.). Annals of Botany, 85, 501-509. DOI:10.100 6/anbo.1999.1086
Yetisir, H. & Uygur, V. (2009). Plant growth and mineral element content of different gourd species and watermelon under salinity stress. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Forestry 33, 65-77. DOI:10.3906/tar-0805-23
Zhu, J.K. (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53, 247-273. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329
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Genotypic differences in plant growth responses and ion accumulations to salt stress conditions of sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata) . (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(2), 373-384. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3386
