Genotoxicity and tumor inducing potential of roadside soil samples exposed to heavy traffic emissions at Amritsar (Punjab), India
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Abstract
Noxious gases released from vehicles adversely affect the microbial population of the roadside soil as well as exerts influence on plant growth and development. Considering the increasing vehicular pollution in Amritsar, a holy city of Punjab (India) and their serious consequences in terms of health problems, the present study was planned to estimate genotoxic and tumor inducing potentials of soil samples from Golden temple (GT) and Putlighar Chowk (PG) by employing Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay (AlRCAA) and Potato disc tumor assay (PDTA), respectively. The genotoxic potential in terms of percent aberrant cells in A. cepa was found to be 29.24 % (GT) and 29.24 % (PG) during in situ treatment and 39.00 % (GT) and 39.48 % (PG) during root dip treatment. The average number of tumors was found to be 14.4 in PG sample, followed by 13.0 in GT sample. Both samples have shown high content of lead viz., 39.81 (GT) and 56.48 (PG) during physicochemical analysis of the samples.
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Keywords
Automobiles, Genotoxic, Heavy metals, Physico-chemical analysis
References
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Abu, N.E. and Mba, K.C. (2011). Mutagenecity testing of phamarceutical effluents on Allium cepa root tip meristems. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Science, 3: 44-51.
Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant diseases caused by prokaryotes: bacteria and mollicutes. Plant Physiology. Academic Press, San Diego.
Aggarwal, S.K. (2009). Heavy metal pollution. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Dehli.
Akbar, K.F., Hale, W.H.G., Headley, A.D. and Athar, M. (2006). Heavy metals contamination of roadside soils of northern England. Soil and Water Research, 1: 158-163.
Arutyunyan, R.M., Pogosyan, V.S., Simonyan, E.H., Atoyants, A.L. and Djigardjian, E.M. (1999). In situ monitoring of the ambient air around the chloroprene rubber industrial plant using the Tradescantia–stamen–hair mutation assay. Mutation Research/Fundamental Molecular Mechanism Mutatation,426: 117-120.
Aseri, G.K. and Tarafdar, J.C. (2006). Fluorescein diacetate: a potential biological indicator for arid soils. Arid Land Research Management, 20: 87-99.
Cabrera, G.L. and Rodriguez, D.M. (1999). Genotoxicity of leachates from a landfill using three bioassays. Mutation Research, 426: 207-210.
Chakraborty, R., Mukherjee, A.K. and Mukherjee, A. (2009). Evaluation of genotoxicity of coal fly ash in Allium cepa root cells combining comet assay with the Allium test. Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 153: 351-357.
Coker, P.S., Radecke, J., Guy, C. and Comper, N.D. (2003). Potato disc tumor inducing assay: A multiple mode of drug action assay. Phytomedicine, 10: 133-138.
Conder, J.M., Lanno, R.P. and Basta, N.T. (2001). Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. Journal of Environment Quality, 30: 1231-1237.
Evagelopoulos, V., Albanis, T.A., Asvesta, A. and Zoras, S. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine and coarse particles. Global NEST Journal, 12: 63-70.
Garcia, M.J.M., Moreno-Grau, S., Gracia, J.J.M., Moreno, J., Bayo, J., Perez, J.J.G. and Moreno-claved, J. (2001). Distribution of metals lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in topsoil of Cartagena, Spain. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 131: 329-347.
Garg, S.S. (2002). Seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters of soil of Nagar Panchayat, Chitrakoot. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 22: 1105-1112.
Ghosh, S.P., Maiti, S.K. and Singh, G. (2009). Heavy metals contamination in roadside soil and vegetation: A review. International Journal of Environmental Pollution, 29: 334-341.
Glori, R.L., Miren, O., Ibone, A., Iker, M. and Carlos, G. (2008). Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40: 49-60.
Gulfishan, M., Khan, A.H. and Bhat, T.A. (2010). Studies on cytotoxicity induced by DES and SA in Vicia faba var. major. Turk Journal of Botany, 34: 31-37.
Haal, M.L., Surje, P. and Rouk, H. (2008). Traffic as a source of pollution. Estonian Journal of Engineering, 14: 65-82.
Hadizadeh, F., Moradi, A., Naghibi, G., Vojdani, M., Behravan, J. and Ramezani, M. (2007). Synthesis and antitumor activity of substituted succinamides using a potato disc tumor induction assay. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 3: 60-64.
Hoshina, M.M. and Marin-Morales, M.A. (2009). Micronucleus and chromosome aberrations induced in onion (Allium cepa) by a petroleum refinery effluent and by river water that receives this effluent. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 2090–2095.
Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D. and Violente, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils in Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124: 247-256.
Jaradat, Q.M. and Momani, K.A. (1999). Contamination of roadside soil, plants and air with heavy metals in Jordan: A comparative study. Turk Journal of Chemistry, 23: 209-220.
Joshi, S.R., Kumar, R., Saikia, P., Bhagobaty, R.K. and Thokchom, S. (2010). Impact of roadside pollution on microbial activities in Sub-Tropical forests soil of North East India. Research Journal of Environmental Science, 4: 280-287.
Karakas, F.P., Yildirim, A. and Turker, A. (2012). Biological screening of various medicinal plant extracts for antibacterial and antitumor activities. Turk Journal Biology, 36: 641-652.
Katnoria, J.K., Arora, S., Bhardwaj, R. and Nagpal, A. (2011). Evaluation of genotoxic potential of industrial waste contaminated soil extracts of Amitsar, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32: 363-367.
Kontek, R., Osieck, R. and Kontek, B. (2007). Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems of Vicia faba. Journal of Applied Genetics, 48: 359-361.
Kulkarni, N.P. and Aggarwal, Y.K. (2003). Physico-chemical characterization of the topsoil of a hospital. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 23: 503-507.
Leme, D.M., Angelis, D.F. and Marin-Morales, M.A. (2008). Action mechanisms of petroleum hydrocarbons present in waters impacted by an oil spill on the genetic material of Allium cepa root cells. Aquatic Toxicology, 8: 214-219.
Liu, D., Jiang, W., Meng, Q., Zou, J., Gu, J. and Zeng, M. (2009). Cytogenetical and ultrastructural effects of copper on root meristem cells of Allium sativum L. Biocell, 33: 25-32.
Makokha, A.O., Mghweno, L.R., Magoha, H.S., Nakajugo, A. and Wekesa, J.M. (2008). Environmental lead pollution and contamination in food around Lake Victoria, Kisumu, Kenya. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2: 342–348.
Marciulioniene, D., Montvydiene, D., Kiponas, D., Luksiene, B. and Butkus, D. (2004). Toxicity to Tradescantia of technogenic radionuclides and their mixture with heavy metals. Environmental Toxicology, 19: 346-350.
Mbah, C.N. and Anikwe, M.A.N. (2010). Variation in heavy metal contents on roadside soils along a major express way in south east Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 3: 103-107.
Misik, M. and Mmicieta, K. (2002). Tradescantia micronucleus and Vicia chromosome ana-telophase assays in monitoring of genotoxicity of urban soil. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 141: 181–187.
Onder, S., Dursun, S., Gezgin, S. and Demirbas, A. (2007). Determination of Heavy Metal Pollution in Grass and Soil of City Centre Green Areas (Konya, Turkey). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16: 145-154.
Ozaki, H., Watanabe, I. and Kuno, K. (2004). As, Sb and Hg distribution and pollution sources in the roadside soil and dust around Kamikochi, Chubu Sangaku National Park, Japan. Geochemical Journal, 38: 473-484.
Plakhotnik, V.N., Onyshchenko, J.V. and Yaryshkina, L.A. (2005). The environmental impacts of railway transportationin the Ukraine. Transportion Research Part D, 10: 263-368.
Rank, J. and Nielsen, M.H. (1998). Allium cepa anaphase telophase root tip chromosome aberration assay on Nmathyle- N-nitrosourea, maleic hydrazide, sodium azide and ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutation Research, 390: 121-127.
Saxena, P.N., Gupta, S.K. and Murthy, R.C. (2010). Carbofuran induced cytogenetic effects in root meristem cells of Allium cepa and Allium sativum: A spectroscopic approach for chromosome damage. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 96: 93-100.
Silva, R.M.G., Rodrigues, D.T.M., Augustos, F.S., Valadares, F., Neto, P.O., Santos, L. and Silva, L.P. (2012). Antitumor and cytotoxic activity of Kielmeyera coriacea mart. Zucc. and Pyrostegia venusta (ker-gawl.) Miers extracts. Journal of Medical Plants Research, 6: 4142-4148.
Sujetoviene, G. and Griauslyte, L. (2008). Toxicity assessment of roadside soil using wild oat (Avena sativa L.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.) morphometric and biochemical parameters. Environmental Research and Engineering Management, 4: 29-35.
Trivedy, R.K., Goel, P.K. and Trisal, C.L. (1987). Aquatic Ecosystem In: Practical methods in ecology and environmental sciences. Enviro Media Publications. Karad, India, Pp 57-113.
Warhate, S.R., Yenkie, M.K.N., Chaudhari, M.D. and Pokale, W.K. (2006). Impacts of mining activities on water and soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 48: 81-90.
Yi, H. and Meng, Z. (2003). Genotoxicity of hydrated sulfur dioxide on root tips of Allium sativum and Vicia faba. Mutation Research, 537: 109–114.
Abu, N.E. and Mba, K.C. (2011). Mutagenecity testing of phamarceutical effluents on Allium cepa root tip meristems. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Science, 3: 44-51.
Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant diseases caused by prokaryotes: bacteria and mollicutes. Plant Physiology. Academic Press, San Diego.
Aggarwal, S.K. (2009). Heavy metal pollution. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Dehli.
Akbar, K.F., Hale, W.H.G., Headley, A.D. and Athar, M. (2006). Heavy metals contamination of roadside soils of northern England. Soil and Water Research, 1: 158-163.
Arutyunyan, R.M., Pogosyan, V.S., Simonyan, E.H., Atoyants, A.L. and Djigardjian, E.M. (1999). In situ monitoring of the ambient air around the chloroprene rubber industrial plant using the Tradescantia–stamen–hair mutation assay. Mutation Research/Fundamental Molecular Mechanism Mutatation,426: 117-120.
Aseri, G.K. and Tarafdar, J.C. (2006). Fluorescein diacetate: a potential biological indicator for arid soils. Arid Land Research Management, 20: 87-99.
Cabrera, G.L. and Rodriguez, D.M. (1999). Genotoxicity of leachates from a landfill using three bioassays. Mutation Research, 426: 207-210.
Chakraborty, R., Mukherjee, A.K. and Mukherjee, A. (2009). Evaluation of genotoxicity of coal fly ash in Allium cepa root cells combining comet assay with the Allium test. Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 153: 351-357.
Coker, P.S., Radecke, J., Guy, C. and Comper, N.D. (2003). Potato disc tumor inducing assay: A multiple mode of drug action assay. Phytomedicine, 10: 133-138.
Conder, J.M., Lanno, R.P. and Basta, N.T. (2001). Assessment of metal availability in smelter soil using earthworms and chemical extractions. Journal of Environment Quality, 30: 1231-1237.
Evagelopoulos, V., Albanis, T.A., Asvesta, A. and Zoras, S. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine and coarse particles. Global NEST Journal, 12: 63-70.
Garcia, M.J.M., Moreno-Grau, S., Gracia, J.J.M., Moreno, J., Bayo, J., Perez, J.J.G. and Moreno-claved, J. (2001). Distribution of metals lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in topsoil of Cartagena, Spain. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 131: 329-347.
Garg, S.S. (2002). Seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters of soil of Nagar Panchayat, Chitrakoot. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 22: 1105-1112.
Ghosh, S.P., Maiti, S.K. and Singh, G. (2009). Heavy metals contamination in roadside soil and vegetation: A review. International Journal of Environmental Pollution, 29: 334-341.
Glori, R.L., Miren, O., Ibone, A., Iker, M. and Carlos, G. (2008). Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40: 49-60.
Gulfishan, M., Khan, A.H. and Bhat, T.A. (2010). Studies on cytotoxicity induced by DES and SA in Vicia faba var. major. Turk Journal of Botany, 34: 31-37.
Haal, M.L., Surje, P. and Rouk, H. (2008). Traffic as a source of pollution. Estonian Journal of Engineering, 14: 65-82.
Hadizadeh, F., Moradi, A., Naghibi, G., Vojdani, M., Behravan, J. and Ramezani, M. (2007). Synthesis and antitumor activity of substituted succinamides using a potato disc tumor induction assay. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 3: 60-64.
Hoshina, M.M. and Marin-Morales, M.A. (2009). Micronucleus and chromosome aberrations induced in onion (Allium cepa) by a petroleum refinery effluent and by river water that receives this effluent. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 2090–2095.
Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D. and Violente, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils in Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124: 247-256.
Jaradat, Q.M. and Momani, K.A. (1999). Contamination of roadside soil, plants and air with heavy metals in Jordan: A comparative study. Turk Journal of Chemistry, 23: 209-220.
Joshi, S.R., Kumar, R., Saikia, P., Bhagobaty, R.K. and Thokchom, S. (2010). Impact of roadside pollution on microbial activities in Sub-Tropical forests soil of North East India. Research Journal of Environmental Science, 4: 280-287.
Karakas, F.P., Yildirim, A. and Turker, A. (2012). Biological screening of various medicinal plant extracts for antibacterial and antitumor activities. Turk Journal Biology, 36: 641-652.
Katnoria, J.K., Arora, S., Bhardwaj, R. and Nagpal, A. (2011). Evaluation of genotoxic potential of industrial waste contaminated soil extracts of Amitsar, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32: 363-367.
Kontek, R., Osieck, R. and Kontek, B. (2007). Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems of Vicia faba. Journal of Applied Genetics, 48: 359-361.
Kulkarni, N.P. and Aggarwal, Y.K. (2003). Physico-chemical characterization of the topsoil of a hospital. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 23: 503-507.
Leme, D.M., Angelis, D.F. and Marin-Morales, M.A. (2008). Action mechanisms of petroleum hydrocarbons present in waters impacted by an oil spill on the genetic material of Allium cepa root cells. Aquatic Toxicology, 8: 214-219.
Liu, D., Jiang, W., Meng, Q., Zou, J., Gu, J. and Zeng, M. (2009). Cytogenetical and ultrastructural effects of copper on root meristem cells of Allium sativum L. Biocell, 33: 25-32.
Makokha, A.O., Mghweno, L.R., Magoha, H.S., Nakajugo, A. and Wekesa, J.M. (2008). Environmental lead pollution and contamination in food around Lake Victoria, Kisumu, Kenya. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2: 342–348.
Marciulioniene, D., Montvydiene, D., Kiponas, D., Luksiene, B. and Butkus, D. (2004). Toxicity to Tradescantia of technogenic radionuclides and their mixture with heavy metals. Environmental Toxicology, 19: 346-350.
Mbah, C.N. and Anikwe, M.A.N. (2010). Variation in heavy metal contents on roadside soils along a major express way in south east Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 3: 103-107.
Misik, M. and Mmicieta, K. (2002). Tradescantia micronucleus and Vicia chromosome ana-telophase assays in monitoring of genotoxicity of urban soil. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 141: 181–187.
Onder, S., Dursun, S., Gezgin, S. and Demirbas, A. (2007). Determination of Heavy Metal Pollution in Grass and Soil of City Centre Green Areas (Konya, Turkey). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16: 145-154.
Ozaki, H., Watanabe, I. and Kuno, K. (2004). As, Sb and Hg distribution and pollution sources in the roadside soil and dust around Kamikochi, Chubu Sangaku National Park, Japan. Geochemical Journal, 38: 473-484.
Plakhotnik, V.N., Onyshchenko, J.V. and Yaryshkina, L.A. (2005). The environmental impacts of railway transportationin the Ukraine. Transportion Research Part D, 10: 263-368.
Rank, J. and Nielsen, M.H. (1998). Allium cepa anaphase telophase root tip chromosome aberration assay on Nmathyle- N-nitrosourea, maleic hydrazide, sodium azide and ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutation Research, 390: 121-127.
Saxena, P.N., Gupta, S.K. and Murthy, R.C. (2010). Carbofuran induced cytogenetic effects in root meristem cells of Allium cepa and Allium sativum: A spectroscopic approach for chromosome damage. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 96: 93-100.
Silva, R.M.G., Rodrigues, D.T.M., Augustos, F.S., Valadares, F., Neto, P.O., Santos, L. and Silva, L.P. (2012). Antitumor and cytotoxic activity of Kielmeyera coriacea mart. Zucc. and Pyrostegia venusta (ker-gawl.) Miers extracts. Journal of Medical Plants Research, 6: 4142-4148.
Sujetoviene, G. and Griauslyte, L. (2008). Toxicity assessment of roadside soil using wild oat (Avena sativa L.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.) morphometric and biochemical parameters. Environmental Research and Engineering Management, 4: 29-35.
Trivedy, R.K., Goel, P.K. and Trisal, C.L. (1987). Aquatic Ecosystem In: Practical methods in ecology and environmental sciences. Enviro Media Publications. Karad, India, Pp 57-113.
Warhate, S.R., Yenkie, M.K.N., Chaudhari, M.D. and Pokale, W.K. (2006). Impacts of mining activities on water and soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 48: 81-90.
Yi, H. and Meng, Z. (2003). Genotoxicity of hydrated sulfur dioxide on root tips of Allium sativum and Vicia faba. Mutation Research, 537: 109–114.
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Genotoxicity and tumor inducing potential of roadside soil samples exposed to heavy traffic emissions at Amritsar (Punjab), India. (2013). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(2), 382-387. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.337
