Effects of heavy metals on seed protein fractions in chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.)
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Abstract
Worldwide, different abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and heavy metals, harm crop productivity. Legumes, compared to cereals, are more susceptible to these stresses. The current work aimed to provide more insights into the effects of Cd and Pb on various seed protein characteristics of two cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), HC1 and HC5. At the highest concentrations of Cd, the total seed proteins decreased from 25.2% (control) to 7.1% (30 mg/kg soil), while in the case of the maximum concentration of Pb, 300 mg/kg soil, the protein content decreased to 16.1% from 25.2%. The content of each of the four seed protein fractions viz. albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins decreased with an increase in the concentration levels of both heavy metals. The dominating protein fraction, globulins, was reduced by 21.7% in HC1 under Cd stress, while it was reduced by 11.9% in Pb-treated genotype HC5. Electrophoretic analysis of four seed protein fractions on SDS-gels showed only quantitative changes in the polypeptide patterns under varying concentrations of Pb with few qualitative alterations under Cd treatment. The contents of the amino acids tryptophan, cysteine and methionine also decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. Compared to Pb, Cd was found to be more detrimental concerning its influence on seed protein quality. Thus, our analysis revealed how heavy metals impact the quality of chickpea seed proteins by decreasing the content of essential amino acids.
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Keywords
Abiotic stresses, Cicer arietinum, Heavy metals, Protein fraction
References
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Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-254.
Chaoui, A., & El Ferjani, E. (2013). β-Estradiol protects embryo growth from heavy-metal toxicity in germinating lentil seeds. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 32, 636-645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-013-9332-x
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Baxter, G., Zhao, J. and Blanchard, C. (2011). Salinity alters the protein composition of rice endosperm and the physicochemical properties of rice flour. The Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91, 2292-2297. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4458
Bhardwaj, P., Chaturvedi, A. K., & Prasad, P. (2009). Effect of enhanced lead and cadmium in soil on physiological and biochemical attributes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Nature and science, 7, 63-75.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-254.
Chaoui, A., & El Ferjani, E. (2013). β-Estradiol protects embryo growth from heavy-metal toxicity in germinating lentil seeds. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 32, 636-645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-013-9332-x
Considine, M. J., Siddique, K. H. & Foyer, C. H. (2017). Nature’s pulse power: Legumes, food security and climate change. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68, 1815-1818. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx099
Croy, R. R. D., Houque, M., Gatehouse, J. A. & Boulter, D. (1984). The major albumin proteins from pea (Pisum sativum L.) Purification and some properties. Biochemical Journal, 218, 795-803. 10.1042/bj2180795
Davis, B.J.B. (1964). Disk electrophoresis. II. Method and application to human serum proteins. The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 12, 404-427. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14213.x
Duranti, M. (2006). Grain legume proteins and nutraceutical properties. Fitoterapia, 77, 67-82. 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.11.008
FAO.(2020).http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/126972 1/icode/. Retrieved 15 Sept 2020
Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Usman, M., Farooq, S., Alghamdi, S.S., Siddique & K.H.M. (2018). Impact of abiotic stresses on grain composition and quality in food legumes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 8887-8897. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02924
Farooq, M., Hussain, M.,Wakeel, A., Siddique, K.H.M. (2015). Salt stress in maize: Effects, resistance mechanisms and management. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 35, 461–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0287-0
Fei, M., Guanjun, N., Meng, C., Yuqiong, G., Liying, G., Xianxin, M. & Guangde, Y. (2018) The metal distribution and the change of physiological and biochemical process in soybean and mung bean plants under heavy metal stress. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 20, 1113-1120. 10.1080/15226514.2017.1365346
Foyer, C. H., Lam, H. M., Nguyen, H. T., Siddique, K. H., Varshney, R. K. & Colmer, T. D. (2016). Neglecting legumes has compromised human health and sustainable food production. Nature Plants, 2, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.112
Gadd, G.M. & Griffith, A.J. (1978). Microorganisms and heavy metal toxicity. Microbial Ecology, 4, 303-317
Garcia, J.S., Gratao, P.L., Azevedo, R.A. & Arruda, M.A.Z. (2006) Metal contamination effects on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth and protein expression in leaves during development. The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 8623-8630. 10.1021/jf061593l
Gianazza, E., Wait, R., Sozzi, A., Regondi, S., Saco, D. & Labra, M. (2007). Growth and protein profile changes in Lepidium sativum L. plantlets exposed to cadmium. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59, 179-187. 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.005
Goa, J. (1961). Micro determination of cysteine plus cystine in proteins. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 15, 853-855
Goldberg, A. L. (2003). Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins. Nature, 426, 895–899. 10.1038/nature02263
Hadi, P., Gao, P., Barford, J. P. & McKay, G. (2013). Novel application of the nonmetallic fraction of the recycled printed circuit boards as a toxic heavy metal adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 252, 166-170. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.037
Haider, F.U., Liqun, C., Coulter, J.A., Cheema, S.A., Wu, J., Zhang, R., Wenjun, M. & Farooq, M. (2021). Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 211, 111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111887
Hasan, M., Cheng, Y., Kanwar, M. K., Chu, X. Y., Ahammed, G. J., & Qi, Z. Y. (2017). Responses of plant proteins to heavy metal stress—a review. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01492
Iqbal A, Khalil I. A., Ateeq, N. & Khan, M.S. (2006). Nutritional quality of important food legumes. Food Chemistry, 97, 331-335 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.011
Jacobsen, J.V. & Shaw, D.C. (1989). Heat-stable proteins and abscisic acid action in barley aleurone cells. Plant Physiology, 91, 1520-1526. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.91.4.1520
Jaouani, K., Karmous, I., Ostrowski, M., El Ferjani, E., Jakubowska, A., & Chaoui, A. (2018). Cadmium effects on embryo growth of pea seeds during germination: investigation of the mechanisms of interference of the heavy metal with protein mobilization-related factors. Journal of plant physiology, 226, 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.009
Kudapa, H., Ramalingam, A., Nayakoti, S., Chen, X., Zhuang, W., Liang, X., Kahl, G., Edwards, D. & Varshney, R.K. (2013) Functional genomics to study stress responses in crop legumes: progress and prospects. Functional Plant Biology, 40, 1221–1233. 10.1071/FP13191
Kumar, Y., Singh, A., & Matta, N. K. (2017). Proteomics of barley grains under varying salinity levels. Journal of Proteins and Proteomics, 8, 49-63.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680-685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0
Lebrazi, S. & Fikri-Benbrahim, K. (2018). Rhizobium-Legume symbioses: Heavy metal effects and principal approaches for bioremediation of contaminated soil. In: Legumes Soil Health Sustainable Managent (pp. 205–233). Springer, Singapore
Lee, K.C., B.A. Cunningham, K.H. Chung, G.M. Baulsen, G.H. Liang and R.B. Moore. (1976b). Lead effects on several enzymes and nitrogenous compounds in soybean leaf. Journal of Environmental Quality, 5, 357-359.
Lee, K.C., Cunningham, B.A., Chung, K.H., Baulsen, G.M., Liang, G.H. & Moore, R.B. (1976a). Effects of cadmium on respiration rate and activities of several enzymes in soybean seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 36, 4-6
Liu, J. X., & Howell, S. H. (2016). Managing the protein folding demands in the endoplasmic reticulum of plants. New Phytologist, 211, 418-428. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13915
Liu, W., Min, X., & Wang, Y. (2019). Genome-wide development of microRNA-based SSR markers in Medicago truncatula with their transferability analysis and utilization in related legume species. The Model Legume Medicago truncatula, 936-945. 10.3390/ijms18112440
McCarthy, T. E., & Sullivan, M. X. (1941). A new and highly specific colorimetric test for methionine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 141, 871-876. 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)72759-2
Meena, R.S., Meena, V.S., Meena, S.K. & Verma, J.P. (2015) The needs of healthy soils for a healthy world. Journal of Cleaner Production, 102, 560-561. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.045
Mishra, S., Srivastava, S., Tripathi, R.D., Kumar, R., Seth, C.S. & Gupta, D.K. (2006). Lead detoxification by coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) involves induction of phytochelatins and antioxidant system in response to its accumulation. Chemosphere, 65, 1027-1039. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.033
Murumkar, C.V. & Chavan, P.D. (1986). Influence of salt stress on biochemical processes in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. Plant Soil, 96, 439-443.
Naveedullah, N., Hashmi, M. Z., Yu, Ch., Shen, H., Duan, D. & Shen, Ch. (2013). Risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in agricultural soils of siling reservoir watershed in Zhejiang province, China. Journal of Biomedical and Biotechnology, 2013, 1-10. 10.1155/2013/590306
Ornstein, L. (1964). Disc electrophoresis. I. Background and Theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 121, 321-349. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x.
Peach, K., Tracey, M.V. (1956). Modern methods of plant analysis, vol. 1, (pp. 468-502). Springer Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heldelberg
Rai, P. K., Lee, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Kim, K. H. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.0 1.067
Sarkar, S., Khatun, M., Era, F.M., Islam, A.K.M., Anwar, M., Danish, S., Datta, R. & Islam, A.K.M. (2021). Abiotic stresses: Alteration of composition and grain quality in food legumes. Agronomy, 11, 2238. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112238
Sita, K., Sehgal, A., HanumanthaRao, B., Nair, R. M., VaraPrasad, P. V., Kumar, S., Gaur, P.M., Farooq, M., Siddique, K.H., Varshney, R.K. & Nayyar, H. (2017). Food legumes and rising temperatures: Effects, adaptive functional mechanisms specific to reproductive growth stage and strategies to improve heat tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01658
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Effects of heavy metals on seed protein fractions in chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.). (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(1), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3332
