Ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against ultraviolet B radiation-induced thyroid toxicity in female Wistar rats: A haematological and biochemical study
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Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against ultraviolet (UVB)-induced thyroid toxicity and to study the haemtological and biochemical parameters. Twenty-four female Wistar rats, aged 3-4 months and weighing 130-150 g, were used, and the rats were divided into four Groups (Groups I to IV). Group I received standard food and water ad libitum and was treated as a control; Group II received a dose of 280 nm of UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day. Group III received 280 nm UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day and received curcumin 25 mg/kg body weight given orally. Group IV received 280 nm of UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day and received ascorbic acid 250 mg/kg body weight given orally. All the treatments were consequently performed for 15 days. The results showed that haemtological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb) (p<0.05), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), MCV, MCH, and MCHC decreased significantly. Biochemical parameters included lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p<0.05), H2O2 (p<0.01), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p< 0.01), catalase (p<0.01), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01), and glutathione reductase. NO increased, and glutathione (GSH) (p<0.01) decreased significantly. However, cotreatment with curcumin and ascorbic acid significantly increased the haemtological parameters. In addition, oxidative parameters such as LPO (p<0.01), SOD (p< 0.01), CAT (p<0.01), GST (p<0.01), and NO (p<0.01) significantly increased, and GSH (p<0.01) significantly decreased upon cotreatment with curcumin and ascorbic acid. The results indicated the ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against UVB-induced thyroid toxicity in female Wistar rats.
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Keywords
Ascorbic acid, Curcumin, Hematology, Oxidative stress, UVB radiation
References
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Ahmed, S. S. & Mohammed, A. A. (2020). Effects of thyroid dysfunction on haematological parameters:Case-controlled study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 57, 52-55. doi/org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.07.008.
Andrady, A., Aucamp, P., Bais, A., Ballare, C., Bjorn, L., Bornman, J.R., Caldwell, M., Callaghan, T., Cullen, A.P., Erickson, D.J. & de Gruijl, F.R. (2005). Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2004. Photochemical and photobiological science., 4, 2, 177-184. doi/org/10.1039/B418650H.
Araujo, A. S. R., Seibel, F. E. R., Oliveira, U. O., Fernandes, T., Llesuy, S., Kucharski, L. & Bello‐Klein, A. (2011). Thyroid hormone-induced haemoglobin changes and antioxidant enzymes response in erythrocytes. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 29(5), 408-413. doi/org/10.1002/cbf.1765.
Axelrod, A. R. & Berman, L. A. W. R. E. N. C. E. (1951). The bone marrow in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Blood, Journal of Hematology, 6, 436-453. DOI: 10.1182/blood.V6.5.436.436.
Beauchamp, C. & Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44(1), 276-287. doi/org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8.
Bergmeyer, H. U., Bergmeyer, J. & Grassl, M. (1983). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis; Volume 3: Enzymes 1: Oxidoreductases, Transferases. Deerfield Beach, Florida, Verlag Chemie.
Carlberg, I. N. C. E. R. & Mannervik, B. E. N. G. T. (1975). Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. Journal of biological chemistry, 250(14), 5475-5480. doi/org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41206-4.
Chattopadhyay, S., Zaidi, G., Das, K. & Chainy, G. B. N. (2003). Effects of hypothyroidism induced by 6-n-propylthiouracil and its reversal by T 3 on rat heart superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 14, 846-849.
Chen, Y. M., Lin, S. L., Chiang, W. C., Wu, K. D. & Tsai, T. J. (2006). Pentoxifylline ameliorates proteinuria through suppression of renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with proteinuric primary glomerular diseases. Kidney International, 69(8), 1410-1415. doi/org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000302.
Craps, J., Wilvers, C., Joris, V., De Jongh, B., Vanderstraeten, J., Lobysheva, I. & Colin, I. M. (2015). Involvement of nitric oxide in iodine deficiency-induced microvascular remodelling in the thyroid gland: role of nitric oxide synthase 3 and ryanodine receptors. Endocrinology, 156(2), 707-720. doi/org/10.1210/en.2014-1729.
Dacie, S. & Lewis, S. (1991) Practical Haematology, seventh ed., Churchill Livingstone, London.
De Mar Montesinos, M., Nicola, J. P., Nazar, M., Peyret, V., Lucero, A. M., Pellizas, C. G. & Masini-Repiso, A. M. (2016). Nitric oxide-repressed Forkhead factor FoxE1 expression is involved in the inhibition of TSH-induced thyroid peroxidase levels. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 420, 105-115. doi/org/10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.020.
Golde, D. W., Bersch, N., Chopra, I. J., & Cline, M. J. (1977). Thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis in vitro. British Journal of Haematology, 37(2), 173-177.
Griess, J. P., and ZAHH, Bemerkungen.: Ueber Einige Azoverbindungen. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft., 12, 426–428. doi/org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1977.tb06833.x.
Fein, H. G. & Rivlin, R. S. (1975). Anemia in thyroid diseases. Medical Clinics of North America, 59(5), 1133-1145. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31963-0.
Iddah, M. A., Macharia, B. N., Ngwena, A. G., Keter, A. & Ofulla, A. V. O. (2013). Thyroid hormones and haematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya. International Scholarly Research Notices, 1-6 doi/org/10.1155/2013/385940.
Joshi, B., Singh, S., Saini, A., Gupta, S. & Vanishree, B. J. (2018). A study of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in hyperthyroid & hypothyroid female subjects. Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 3(4), 1-8.
Jp, G., & Srikrishna, R. (2012). Role of red blood cell distribution width (rdw) in thyroid dysfunction. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research, 3(2), 1476-1478.
Kerr, M. G. (2008). Veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical biochemistry and hematology. John Wiley & Sons.
Lima, C. S., Wittmann, D. E. Z., Castro, V., Tambascia, M. A., Lorand-Metze, I., Saad, S. T. & Costa, F. F. (2006). Pancytopenia in untreated patients with Graves' disease. Thyroid, 16(4), 403-409. doi/org/10.1089/thy.200 6.16.403.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275. doi/org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6.
Maggio, M., De Vita, F., Fisichella, A., Lauretani, F., Ticinesi, A., Ceresini, G. & Ceda, G. P. (2015). The role of the multiple hormonal dysregulations in the onset of “anemia of aging”: focus on testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2015, 1-22. doi/org/10.1155/2015/292574.
Mahobiya, P. (2020). Protection against Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage by antioxidants on liver of female wistar rat. International Journal Of Scientific Study, 7(12), 95-98.
Makhlouf, R. & Makhlouf, I. (2012). Evaluation of the effect of Spirulina against Gamma irradiation-induced oxidative stress and tissue injury in rats. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research, 1(2), 152-164.
Mancini, A., Raimondo, S., Di Segni, C., Persano, M., Gadotti, G., Silvestrini, A. & Meucci, E. (2013). Thyroid hormones and antioxidant systems: focus on oxidative stress in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(12), 23893-23909. doi/org/10.3390/ijms141223893.
Mikkelsen, R. B., & Wardman, P. (2003). Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen and radiation-induced signal transduction mechanisms. Oncogene, 22(37), 5734-5754.
Mishima, S., Saito, K., Maruyama, H., Inoue, M., Yamashita, T., Ishida, T. & Gu, Y. (2004). Antioxidant and immuno-enhancing effects of Echinacea purpurea. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(7), 1004-1009. doi/org/10.1248/bpb.27.1004.
Miyamoto, H., Tao, X., Kohzuma, T. & Ohnishi, A. (2018). Influences of anemia, kidney disease, thyroid dysfunction, and liver disease on the ratio of glycated albumin to haemoglobin A1c. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 12(5), 1082-1083. doi/org/10.1177%2F1932296818 767452.
Nadolnik, L. I., & Valentyukevich, O. I. (2007). Peculiarities of the antioxidant status of the thyroid gland. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 144(4), 529-531.
Neugart, S., & Schreiner, M. (2018). UVB and UVA aseustressors in horticultural and crops. Scientia Horticulturae, 234, 370-381. doi/org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.0 2.02 1.
Nicola, J. P., Peyret, V., Nazar, M., Romero, J. M., Lucero, A. M., Montesinos, M. D. M. & Masini-Repiso, A. M. (2015). S-Nitrosylation of NF-κB p65 inhibits TSH-induced Na+/I− symporter expression. Endocrinology, 156(12), 4741-4754. doi/org/10.1210/en.2015-1192.
Osman, A. G., Koutb, M. & Sayed, A. E. D. H. (2010). Use of haematological parameters to assess the efficiency of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) leaf extract in the alleviation of the effect of ultraviolet–A radiation on African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 99(1), 1-8. doi/org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.002.
Placer, Z. A., Cushman, L. L. & Johnson, B. C. (1966). Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Analytical Biochemistry, 16(2), 359-364. doi/org/10.1016/0003-2697(66)90167-9.
Programme, U. N. E. (2017). Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 16(2), 107-145. doi/org/10.1039/C7PP90001E.
Provan, D. & Semple, J. W. (2019). Autoimmune haematological disorders. Molecular Hematology, 297-318. doi/org/10.1002/9781119252863.ch22.
Rai, G., Kumar, A. & Mahobiya, P. (2018). The effect of radiation on the thyroid gland. International Journal of Biology Research, 3(1), 217-222.
Rai, G. & Mahobiya, P. (2020). UVB induced hyperthyroidism: Alteration on the ovarian weight of female Wistar rat. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology, and Life Sciences, 9, 160-164.
Rai, G., Namdev, N., & Mahobiya, P. (2020). Ascorbic acid and curcumin alleviate abnormal estrous cycle and morphological changes in cells induced by repeated ultraviolet B radiations in female Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 9(3), 142-147. doi/org/10.410 3/2305-0500.284276.
Rani, V. & Yadav, U. C. S. (2015). Free Radicals in Human Health and. New Delhi: Springer,1–430.
Raukar, J. & Simpraga, M. (2005). Haematological parameters in the blood of one-day-old ostriches. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 60(4), 112.
Romdhane, S. B., Romdane, M. N., Mhiri, S., Miled, M. B. & Kortas, M. (2000). Biochemical and haematological blood parameters of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) in Tunisian breeding. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 151(3), 231-238.
Rong, S., Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Shao, H., Okekunle, A. P., Lv, C. & Sun, D. (2018). Nitric oxide is involved in hypothyroidism with significant morphology changes in female Wistar rats induced by chronic exposure to high water iodine from potassium iodate. Chemosphere, 206, 320-329. doi/org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.015.
Sedlak, J. & Lindsay, R. H. (1968). Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl Groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 25, 192-205.
Seyyedi, M. A., Farahnak, A., Jalali, M. & Rokni, M. B. (2005). Study on glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition assay by triclabendazole. І: Protoscoleces (hydatid cyst; Echinococcus granulosus) and sheep liver tissue. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 34(1), 38-46.
Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47(2), 389- 394. doi/org/1 0.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7.
Suntres, Z. E. (2011). Liposomal antioxidants for protection against oxidant-induced damage. Journal of toxicology, 2011. doi/org/10.1155/2011/152474.
United Nations Environment Programme, E. E., & Assessment, P. (2004). Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress Report 2003. Photochemical & photobiological sciences: Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 3(1), 1.
Verma, P., Sharma, P., Parmar, J., Sharma, P., Agrawal, A. & Goyal, P. K. (2011). Amelioration of radiation-induced haematological and biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice by Panax ginseng extract. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 10(1), 77-84. doi/org/10.1177%2F1534735410 375098.
Zahediasl, S., Habibi, G., Ghasemi, A., Pashaei, R. S. & Shiva, N. (2010). Haematological parameters and osmotic fragility of red blood cells in experimentally induced hyperthyroidism in rats. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 8(2), 74-78.
Abojassim, A. A., Jaffat, H. S. & Hassan, A. B. (2015). Effects of gamma radiation on some haematological parameters in female rats. Theoretical & Applied Science, (5), 101-109.
Ahmed, S. S. & Mohammed, A. A. (2020). Effects of thyroid dysfunction on haematological parameters:Case-controlled study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 57, 52-55. doi/org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.07.008.
Andrady, A., Aucamp, P., Bais, A., Ballare, C., Bjorn, L., Bornman, J.R., Caldwell, M., Callaghan, T., Cullen, A.P., Erickson, D.J. & de Gruijl, F.R. (2005). Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2004. Photochemical and photobiological science., 4, 2, 177-184. doi/org/10.1039/B418650H.
Araujo, A. S. R., Seibel, F. E. R., Oliveira, U. O., Fernandes, T., Llesuy, S., Kucharski, L. & Bello‐Klein, A. (2011). Thyroid hormone-induced haemoglobin changes and antioxidant enzymes response in erythrocytes. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 29(5), 408-413. doi/org/10.1002/cbf.1765.
Axelrod, A. R. & Berman, L. A. W. R. E. N. C. E. (1951). The bone marrow in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Blood, Journal of Hematology, 6, 436-453. DOI: 10.1182/blood.V6.5.436.436.
Beauchamp, C. & Fridovich, I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44(1), 276-287. doi/org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8.
Bergmeyer, H. U., Bergmeyer, J. & Grassl, M. (1983). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis; Volume 3: Enzymes 1: Oxidoreductases, Transferases. Deerfield Beach, Florida, Verlag Chemie.
Carlberg, I. N. C. E. R. & Mannervik, B. E. N. G. T. (1975). Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. Journal of biological chemistry, 250(14), 5475-5480. doi/org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41206-4.
Chattopadhyay, S., Zaidi, G., Das, K. & Chainy, G. B. N. (2003). Effects of hypothyroidism induced by 6-n-propylthiouracil and its reversal by T 3 on rat heart superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 14, 846-849.
Chen, Y. M., Lin, S. L., Chiang, W. C., Wu, K. D. & Tsai, T. J. (2006). Pentoxifylline ameliorates proteinuria through suppression of renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with proteinuric primary glomerular diseases. Kidney International, 69(8), 1410-1415. doi/org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000302.
Craps, J., Wilvers, C., Joris, V., De Jongh, B., Vanderstraeten, J., Lobysheva, I. & Colin, I. M. (2015). Involvement of nitric oxide in iodine deficiency-induced microvascular remodelling in the thyroid gland: role of nitric oxide synthase 3 and ryanodine receptors. Endocrinology, 156(2), 707-720. doi/org/10.1210/en.2014-1729.
Dacie, S. & Lewis, S. (1991) Practical Haematology, seventh ed., Churchill Livingstone, London.
De Mar Montesinos, M., Nicola, J. P., Nazar, M., Peyret, V., Lucero, A. M., Pellizas, C. G. & Masini-Repiso, A. M. (2016). Nitric oxide-repressed Forkhead factor FoxE1 expression is involved in the inhibition of TSH-induced thyroid peroxidase levels. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 420, 105-115. doi/org/10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.020.
Golde, D. W., Bersch, N., Chopra, I. J., & Cline, M. J. (1977). Thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis in vitro. British Journal of Haematology, 37(2), 173-177.
Griess, J. P., and ZAHH, Bemerkungen.: Ueber Einige Azoverbindungen. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft., 12, 426–428. doi/org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1977.tb06833.x.
Fein, H. G. & Rivlin, R. S. (1975). Anemia in thyroid diseases. Medical Clinics of North America, 59(5), 1133-1145. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31963-0.
Iddah, M. A., Macharia, B. N., Ngwena, A. G., Keter, A. & Ofulla, A. V. O. (2013). Thyroid hormones and haematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya. International Scholarly Research Notices, 1-6 doi/org/10.1155/2013/385940.
Joshi, B., Singh, S., Saini, A., Gupta, S. & Vanishree, B. J. (2018). A study of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in hyperthyroid & hypothyroid female subjects. Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 3(4), 1-8.
Jp, G., & Srikrishna, R. (2012). Role of red blood cell distribution width (rdw) in thyroid dysfunction. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research, 3(2), 1476-1478.
Kerr, M. G. (2008). Veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical biochemistry and hematology. John Wiley & Sons.
Lima, C. S., Wittmann, D. E. Z., Castro, V., Tambascia, M. A., Lorand-Metze, I., Saad, S. T. & Costa, F. F. (2006). Pancytopenia in untreated patients with Graves' disease. Thyroid, 16(4), 403-409. doi/org/10.1089/thy.200 6.16.403.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275. doi/org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6.
Maggio, M., De Vita, F., Fisichella, A., Lauretani, F., Ticinesi, A., Ceresini, G. & Ceda, G. P. (2015). The role of the multiple hormonal dysregulations in the onset of “anemia of aging”: focus on testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2015, 1-22. doi/org/10.1155/2015/292574.
Mahobiya, P. (2020). Protection against Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage by antioxidants on liver of female wistar rat. International Journal Of Scientific Study, 7(12), 95-98.
Makhlouf, R. & Makhlouf, I. (2012). Evaluation of the effect of Spirulina against Gamma irradiation-induced oxidative stress and tissue injury in rats. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research, 1(2), 152-164.
Mancini, A., Raimondo, S., Di Segni, C., Persano, M., Gadotti, G., Silvestrini, A. & Meucci, E. (2013). Thyroid hormones and antioxidant systems: focus on oxidative stress in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(12), 23893-23909. doi/org/10.3390/ijms141223893.
Mikkelsen, R. B., & Wardman, P. (2003). Biological chemistry of reactive oxygen and nitrogen and radiation-induced signal transduction mechanisms. Oncogene, 22(37), 5734-5754.
Mishima, S., Saito, K., Maruyama, H., Inoue, M., Yamashita, T., Ishida, T. & Gu, Y. (2004). Antioxidant and immuno-enhancing effects of Echinacea purpurea. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(7), 1004-1009. doi/org/10.1248/bpb.27.1004.
Miyamoto, H., Tao, X., Kohzuma, T. & Ohnishi, A. (2018). Influences of anemia, kidney disease, thyroid dysfunction, and liver disease on the ratio of glycated albumin to haemoglobin A1c. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 12(5), 1082-1083. doi/org/10.1177%2F1932296818 767452.
Nadolnik, L. I., & Valentyukevich, O. I. (2007). Peculiarities of the antioxidant status of the thyroid gland. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 144(4), 529-531.
Neugart, S., & Schreiner, M. (2018). UVB and UVA aseustressors in horticultural and crops. Scientia Horticulturae, 234, 370-381. doi/org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.0 2.02 1.
Nicola, J. P., Peyret, V., Nazar, M., Romero, J. M., Lucero, A. M., Montesinos, M. D. M. & Masini-Repiso, A. M. (2015). S-Nitrosylation of NF-κB p65 inhibits TSH-induced Na+/I− symporter expression. Endocrinology, 156(12), 4741-4754. doi/org/10.1210/en.2015-1192.
Osman, A. G., Koutb, M. & Sayed, A. E. D. H. (2010). Use of haematological parameters to assess the efficiency of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) leaf extract in the alleviation of the effect of ultraviolet–A radiation on African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 99(1), 1-8. doi/org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.002.
Placer, Z. A., Cushman, L. L. & Johnson, B. C. (1966). Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Analytical Biochemistry, 16(2), 359-364. doi/org/10.1016/0003-2697(66)90167-9.
Programme, U. N. E. (2017). Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 16(2), 107-145. doi/org/10.1039/C7PP90001E.
Provan, D. & Semple, J. W. (2019). Autoimmune haematological disorders. Molecular Hematology, 297-318. doi/org/10.1002/9781119252863.ch22.
Rai, G., Kumar, A. & Mahobiya, P. (2018). The effect of radiation on the thyroid gland. International Journal of Biology Research, 3(1), 217-222.
Rai, G. & Mahobiya, P. (2020). UVB induced hyperthyroidism: Alteration on the ovarian weight of female Wistar rat. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology, and Life Sciences, 9, 160-164.
Rai, G., Namdev, N., & Mahobiya, P. (2020). Ascorbic acid and curcumin alleviate abnormal estrous cycle and morphological changes in cells induced by repeated ultraviolet B radiations in female Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 9(3), 142-147. doi/org/10.410 3/2305-0500.284276.
Rani, V. & Yadav, U. C. S. (2015). Free Radicals in Human Health and. New Delhi: Springer,1–430.
Raukar, J. & Simpraga, M. (2005). Haematological parameters in the blood of one-day-old ostriches. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 60(4), 112.
Romdhane, S. B., Romdane, M. N., Mhiri, S., Miled, M. B. & Kortas, M. (2000). Biochemical and haematological blood parameters of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) in Tunisian breeding. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 151(3), 231-238.
Rong, S., Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Shao, H., Okekunle, A. P., Lv, C. & Sun, D. (2018). Nitric oxide is involved in hypothyroidism with significant morphology changes in female Wistar rats induced by chronic exposure to high water iodine from potassium iodate. Chemosphere, 206, 320-329. doi/org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.015.
Sedlak, J. & Lindsay, R. H. (1968). Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl Groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 25, 192-205.
Seyyedi, M. A., Farahnak, A., Jalali, M. & Rokni, M. B. (2005). Study on glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition assay by triclabendazole. І: Protoscoleces (hydatid cyst; Echinococcus granulosus) and sheep liver tissue. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 34(1), 38-46.
Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47(2), 389- 394. doi/org/1 0.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7.
Suntres, Z. E. (2011). Liposomal antioxidants for protection against oxidant-induced damage. Journal of toxicology, 2011. doi/org/10.1155/2011/152474.
United Nations Environment Programme, E. E., & Assessment, P. (2004). Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress Report 2003. Photochemical & photobiological sciences: Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 3(1), 1.
Verma, P., Sharma, P., Parmar, J., Sharma, P., Agrawal, A. & Goyal, P. K. (2011). Amelioration of radiation-induced haematological and biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice by Panax ginseng extract. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 10(1), 77-84. doi/org/10.1177%2F1534735410 375098.
Zahediasl, S., Habibi, G., Ghasemi, A., Pashaei, R. S. & Shiva, N. (2010). Haematological parameters and osmotic fragility of red blood cells in experimentally induced hyperthyroidism in rats. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 8(2), 74-78.
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Ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against ultraviolet B radiation-induced thyroid toxicity in female Wistar rats: A haematological and biochemical study. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(1), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3321
