Study of potential activity of clove oil 10 % emulsifiable concentrate formulation on Two-spotted spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Article Main
Abstract
Clove oil is reported to have a great range of biological activities against many species of pests; termites, cockroaches, aphids, weevils and moths, and many different usages such as perfume and food flavoring agent. This study aimed to determine the acaricidal activity of clove oil emulsifiable concentrate new formulation against two-spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae. Clove oil was formulated as 10 % emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The new formula passed successfully all physical and chemical tests reported for emulsifiable concentrates. It was then tested biologically on the individuals of two-spotted spider mite T. urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two host plants beans and squash under laboratory conditions. In both cases, there were a direct relationship between the increase in the concentration of the formulation and the percentage of inhibition on the individuals of the two-spotted spider mite, after 72 hours of treatment, at concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 mg/ml the new formulation showed 10.30, 44.8, and 75 percent inhibition, respectively in case of beans, while squash at the same concentrations and for the same period of treatment showed 33.3, 40.7, and 51.9 percent inhibition, but the effect in case of beans was greater than that in case of squash as its EC50 value was lower than that in case of squash. In the case of the former, it was 39.81 mg/ml, whereas in the case of the latter, it was 79.43 mg/ml. Therefore, the new clove oil formulation can be used to combat the two-spotted spider mite.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Clove oil, Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation, Spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
References
Abbott's, W. S. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide; J. Econ. Ent. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18(2), 265-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a
Abdallah, A. A., Habashi, N. H., Mahgoub, M. H. A. & El-Saiedy, E. M. A. (2009), Population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch in relation to some specific chemical constituents of four pepper cultivars leaves. Minufiya J. Agric. Res., 34 (6), 2179-2189
Adeney, d. F. B., Regiane C. O. de F. B., Paul D. N., Leon G. H. & Odair A. F. (2009). Photosynthetic response of soybean to two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychydae) injury. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 52(4), 825-834. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132009000400005
Alzoubi, S & Cobanoglu, S. (2006). Studies of determinatrion of the feeding symptoms as pects of spider mites and their damage rate. J. Agric. Fac. C.U., 21(2), 49-56
American Society of Testing Materials (2001). Standard test method for surface and interfacial tension of solution D-1331.
American Society of Testing Materials (2005). Standard test method for rheological properties of non – nwtonian materials by rotational (brookfield type) viscometer, D-2196 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19248-2959, United States.
Appel, A. C., Gehret, M. J. & Tanley, M. J. (2004). Repellency and toxicity of mint oil granules to red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Economic Entomology,97, 575-580. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.575
Archita, B., Somnath, R., Gautam, H., Foridur, R. B., Azizur, R., Dwiban, P. & Narayanannair, M. (2015) . Clove oil efficacy on the red spider mite, oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting tea plants. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 70(1). doi10.1007/s12595-015-0147-6,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279062599 , springer, research Gate.
Birah, A., Sharma, T. V. S., Singh, S. & Srivastava, R. C. (2010). Effect of aqueous leaf extract of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) on growth and development of tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)..Indian J. Agric. Sci.80, 534-537.
Bhat, S. K. & Kempraj, V. (2009). Biocidal potential of clove oils against Aedes albopictus. a comparative Study. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(24), 6933-6937.
Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Cloveessential Oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother.Res.21(6),501-506. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2124.
Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council.(1995). Physicochemical methods for technical and formulated pesticides, F, M46.1, Printed in Great Britain by the Block Boar Press LTD. Kings Hedges Cambridge CB492, England.
Corte´s-Rojas, D. F., deSouza, C. R. F. & Oliveira, W. P. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac. J.Trop.Biomed. 4(2),90-96. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X.
Dobrat, W. & Martijn, A. (1995). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limited.
El-Sisi, A. G., Abd El-Mageed, A. E. M., Tmador F. El-Asawi & Sharkawy, R. A. (2011). Improvement the physico-chemical properties and efficiency of some insecticides formulation by using adjuvants against cotton Spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.). J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 2 (8): 757 – 764.
FAO/WHO (2002). Manual on development and use of pesticides, prepared by FAO/WHO Joint meeting on pesticide specifications (JMPS),1st Ed., Rom.
FAO/WHO (2010). Manual on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Pesticides. (2010). 1st Ed. 3rd Rev. FAO Plant Production and Protection, FAO, Rome.
Faris, F. S, Habashy, N. H. & Iskandar, A. K. F. (2004). Relationship between infestation with different stages of the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on fifteen Tomato varieties and plant age with special reference to vegetative and yield physical characters. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 29 (6), 3567-3579.
Finney, D. J. (1952). Probit analysis statistical, 2nd Ed, Cambridge University
Fishel, F. M. (2010). Pesticide Formulations UF/IFAS EDIS Publication PI231. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi081.
Fouly, A. H. ; Osman, M. A. & Omnia O. H. Abdelghany (2019). Effect of nourishment and mutual interference on feeding capacity and lifetable Parameters of Phytoseius plumifer (C. & F.) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ.,10 (3) 165-169. doi: 10.21608/jppp.2019.40921
Kafle, L. & Shih, C. J. (2013). Toxicity and repellency of compounds from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) to red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J.Econ.Entomol., 106(1),131-135. doi: 10.1603/ec12230.
Kamatou, G. P., Vermaak, I., & Viljoen, A. M. (2012). Eugenol from the remote maluku islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule. Molecules .17(6), 6953-6981. doi: 10.3390/molecules17066953.
Kareem, T. A., Alsara, I. A. M. & Mahmud, N. A. L. (2012). Bioactive of five aromatic plant oils against aphids oleander Aphis nerii (Aphidae: Homoptera). Diyala. Agric. Sci. J. 4, 177-186
Kumari, S., Chauhan, U., Kumari, A. & Nadda, G., (2015), Comparative toxicities of novel and conventional acaricides against different stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). J. Saudi. Soc. Agric. Sci., 16 (2), 191 – 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.06.003
Libs, E. S., & EL Salim, R. A. (2017). Formulation of essential oil pesticides technology and their application. Agricultural Research & Technology, 9(2), 42 - 60. doi:10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.09.555759
Lynch, M. I. & Griffin, W. C. (1974). Food emulsions, In: Emulsion technology, by Lissant, K. J., Marcell, Decker, Inc., New York. Mukerjee, P. and K. J. Mysels (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, PP. 1-21.
Mann, R. S., Tiwari, S., Smoot, J. M., Rouseff, R. L. & Stelinski, L.L. (2010). Repellency & toxicity of plant-based essential oils and their constituents against Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 136: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01 592.x
Mishra, B. B., Tripathi, S. P. & Tripath, C. P. M .(2013). Bioactivity of two plant derived essential oils against Therice Weevils Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India, B.83,171-175. doi:10.1007/s40011-012-0123-0
Mohammed, A. A. S., Wahba, B. S. & Radwan, A.O.(2018) . Comparative Studies between the Locally Formulated Abamectin and Agremic Gold 8.4% SC Using Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters against Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychusurticae. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(12), 142-147.
Nelson, F. G. & Fiero, G. W. (1954). A selected aromatic fraction naturally occurring in petroleum as insecticides solvents. J. Agric. Food Chem., 4,735-737.
Osipow L. I. 1964. Surface Chemistry Theory and Application. Reinhold Publishing Crop, New York, pp. 4736-4739.
Pandey, A., Chattopadhyay, P., Banerjee, S., Pakshirajan, & Singh L. (2012). Antitermitic activity of plant essential oils and their major constituents against Termite Odontotermes assamensis Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae) of North EastIndia.Int.Biodeter.Biodegr.75,63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.09.004
Pereira, V. J., Da Cunha, J. P. A. R., De Morais, T. P., de M., Ribeiro-Oliveira, J. P. & De Morais, J. B. (2016). Physical-cemical properties of pesticides: Concepts, applications, and interactions with the Environment. Biosci. J, Uberlândia, 32(3), 627-641. doi:10.14393/BJ-v32n3a2016-31533
Phasomkusolsil, S. & Soonwera, M. (2012). The effect of herbal essential oils on oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activities of Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Tropical Biomedicine 29(1),138-150.
Pree, D. L., Cole, K. J. & Fisher, P. A. (1989). Comparison of leaf disc and petri dish assays for the assessment of dicofol resistance in populations of european red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) from southern Ontario. Can. Entomol., 12, 771-776. doi:10.4039/ENT121771-9
Sato, M. E., Veronez, B., Stocco, S. M. R., Queiroz, M. C. V. & Ggallego, R., (2016), Spiromesifen resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari : Tetranychidae) : Selection, stability and monitoring. Crop Prot., 89 , 278 – 283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.003
Shapiro, R. (2011). Prevention of vector transmitted disease with cove oil insect repellent. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 27(4),346-349. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.03.011.
Sharawi, S. E., Abd-Alla, S. M., Omara, S. M., & AlGhamdi, K. M. (2013). Surface contact toxicity of clove and rosemary oils against american cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). Afr. Entomol.21(2),324-332. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.021.0204
Soliman, N. M. T. (2005). Evaluation the Pesticidal Action of Some Formulation of Plant Extracts; 111 PP. MS.C. Thesis, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University
Spanoghe, P. M. De Schampheleire, P. Van der Meeren & W. Steurbaut. (2007). Influence of agricultural adjuvants on droplet Spectra. Pest management Science; 63(1), 4-16. doi: 10.1002/ps.1321
Van Leeuwen, T., Tirry, L. & Nauen, R., (2006), Complete maternal inheritance of bifenazate resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae) and its implications in mode of action considerations. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 36 , 869 - 877. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.20 06.08.005.
Van, Leeuwen., Vontas, T. J. & Sagkarakou, A. T. (2009). Mechanisms of acaricide resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, 347-393. In I. Ishaaya and A. R. Horowitz (eds.), Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Vassiliou, V. A. & Kitsis, P., (2013), Acaricide resistance in tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations from Cyprus. J. Econ. Entomol., 106 (4) , 1848 – 1854. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12369
World Health Organization (1979). Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva.
Abdallah, A. A., Habashi, N. H., Mahgoub, M. H. A. & El-Saiedy, E. M. A. (2009), Population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch in relation to some specific chemical constituents of four pepper cultivars leaves. Minufiya J. Agric. Res., 34 (6), 2179-2189
Adeney, d. F. B., Regiane C. O. de F. B., Paul D. N., Leon G. H. & Odair A. F. (2009). Photosynthetic response of soybean to two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychydae) injury. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 52(4), 825-834. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132009000400005
Alzoubi, S & Cobanoglu, S. (2006). Studies of determinatrion of the feeding symptoms as pects of spider mites and their damage rate. J. Agric. Fac. C.U., 21(2), 49-56
American Society of Testing Materials (2001). Standard test method for surface and interfacial tension of solution D-1331.
American Society of Testing Materials (2005). Standard test method for rheological properties of non – nwtonian materials by rotational (brookfield type) viscometer, D-2196 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19248-2959, United States.
Appel, A. C., Gehret, M. J. & Tanley, M. J. (2004). Repellency and toxicity of mint oil granules to red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Economic Entomology,97, 575-580. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.575
Archita, B., Somnath, R., Gautam, H., Foridur, R. B., Azizur, R., Dwiban, P. & Narayanannair, M. (2015) . Clove oil efficacy on the red spider mite, oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting tea plants. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 70(1). doi10.1007/s12595-015-0147-6,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279062599 , springer, research Gate.
Birah, A., Sharma, T. V. S., Singh, S. & Srivastava, R. C. (2010). Effect of aqueous leaf extract of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) on growth and development of tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)..Indian J. Agric. Sci.80, 534-537.
Bhat, S. K. & Kempraj, V. (2009). Biocidal potential of clove oils against Aedes albopictus. a comparative Study. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(24), 6933-6937.
Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Cloveessential Oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother.Res.21(6),501-506. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2124.
Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council.(1995). Physicochemical methods for technical and formulated pesticides, F, M46.1, Printed in Great Britain by the Block Boar Press LTD. Kings Hedges Cambridge CB492, England.
Corte´s-Rojas, D. F., deSouza, C. R. F. & Oliveira, W. P. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac. J.Trop.Biomed. 4(2),90-96. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X.
Dobrat, W. & Martijn, A. (1995). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limited.
El-Sisi, A. G., Abd El-Mageed, A. E. M., Tmador F. El-Asawi & Sharkawy, R. A. (2011). Improvement the physico-chemical properties and efficiency of some insecticides formulation by using adjuvants against cotton Spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.). J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 2 (8): 757 – 764.
FAO/WHO (2002). Manual on development and use of pesticides, prepared by FAO/WHO Joint meeting on pesticide specifications (JMPS),1st Ed., Rom.
FAO/WHO (2010). Manual on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Pesticides. (2010). 1st Ed. 3rd Rev. FAO Plant Production and Protection, FAO, Rome.
Faris, F. S, Habashy, N. H. & Iskandar, A. K. F. (2004). Relationship between infestation with different stages of the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on fifteen Tomato varieties and plant age with special reference to vegetative and yield physical characters. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 29 (6), 3567-3579.
Finney, D. J. (1952). Probit analysis statistical, 2nd Ed, Cambridge University
Fishel, F. M. (2010). Pesticide Formulations UF/IFAS EDIS Publication PI231. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi081.
Fouly, A. H. ; Osman, M. A. & Omnia O. H. Abdelghany (2019). Effect of nourishment and mutual interference on feeding capacity and lifetable Parameters of Phytoseius plumifer (C. & F.) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ.,10 (3) 165-169. doi: 10.21608/jppp.2019.40921
Kafle, L. & Shih, C. J. (2013). Toxicity and repellency of compounds from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) to red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J.Econ.Entomol., 106(1),131-135. doi: 10.1603/ec12230.
Kamatou, G. P., Vermaak, I., & Viljoen, A. M. (2012). Eugenol from the remote maluku islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule. Molecules .17(6), 6953-6981. doi: 10.3390/molecules17066953.
Kareem, T. A., Alsara, I. A. M. & Mahmud, N. A. L. (2012). Bioactive of five aromatic plant oils against aphids oleander Aphis nerii (Aphidae: Homoptera). Diyala. Agric. Sci. J. 4, 177-186
Kumari, S., Chauhan, U., Kumari, A. & Nadda, G., (2015), Comparative toxicities of novel and conventional acaricides against different stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). J. Saudi. Soc. Agric. Sci., 16 (2), 191 – 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.06.003
Libs, E. S., & EL Salim, R. A. (2017). Formulation of essential oil pesticides technology and their application. Agricultural Research & Technology, 9(2), 42 - 60. doi:10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.09.555759
Lynch, M. I. & Griffin, W. C. (1974). Food emulsions, In: Emulsion technology, by Lissant, K. J., Marcell, Decker, Inc., New York. Mukerjee, P. and K. J. Mysels (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, PP. 1-21.
Mann, R. S., Tiwari, S., Smoot, J. M., Rouseff, R. L. & Stelinski, L.L. (2010). Repellency & toxicity of plant-based essential oils and their constituents against Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 136: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01 592.x
Mishra, B. B., Tripathi, S. P. & Tripath, C. P. M .(2013). Bioactivity of two plant derived essential oils against Therice Weevils Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India, B.83,171-175. doi:10.1007/s40011-012-0123-0
Mohammed, A. A. S., Wahba, B. S. & Radwan, A.O.(2018) . Comparative Studies between the Locally Formulated Abamectin and Agremic Gold 8.4% SC Using Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters against Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychusurticae. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(12), 142-147.
Nelson, F. G. & Fiero, G. W. (1954). A selected aromatic fraction naturally occurring in petroleum as insecticides solvents. J. Agric. Food Chem., 4,735-737.
Osipow L. I. 1964. Surface Chemistry Theory and Application. Reinhold Publishing Crop, New York, pp. 4736-4739.
Pandey, A., Chattopadhyay, P., Banerjee, S., Pakshirajan, & Singh L. (2012). Antitermitic activity of plant essential oils and their major constituents against Termite Odontotermes assamensis Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae) of North EastIndia.Int.Biodeter.Biodegr.75,63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.09.004
Pereira, V. J., Da Cunha, J. P. A. R., De Morais, T. P., de M., Ribeiro-Oliveira, J. P. & De Morais, J. B. (2016). Physical-cemical properties of pesticides: Concepts, applications, and interactions with the Environment. Biosci. J, Uberlândia, 32(3), 627-641. doi:10.14393/BJ-v32n3a2016-31533
Phasomkusolsil, S. & Soonwera, M. (2012). The effect of herbal essential oils on oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activities of Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Tropical Biomedicine 29(1),138-150.
Pree, D. L., Cole, K. J. & Fisher, P. A. (1989). Comparison of leaf disc and petri dish assays for the assessment of dicofol resistance in populations of european red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) from southern Ontario. Can. Entomol., 12, 771-776. doi:10.4039/ENT121771-9
Sato, M. E., Veronez, B., Stocco, S. M. R., Queiroz, M. C. V. & Ggallego, R., (2016), Spiromesifen resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari : Tetranychidae) : Selection, stability and monitoring. Crop Prot., 89 , 278 – 283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.003
Shapiro, R. (2011). Prevention of vector transmitted disease with cove oil insect repellent. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 27(4),346-349. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2011.03.011.
Sharawi, S. E., Abd-Alla, S. M., Omara, S. M., & AlGhamdi, K. M. (2013). Surface contact toxicity of clove and rosemary oils against american cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). Afr. Entomol.21(2),324-332. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.021.0204
Soliman, N. M. T. (2005). Evaluation the Pesticidal Action of Some Formulation of Plant Extracts; 111 PP. MS.C. Thesis, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University
Spanoghe, P. M. De Schampheleire, P. Van der Meeren & W. Steurbaut. (2007). Influence of agricultural adjuvants on droplet Spectra. Pest management Science; 63(1), 4-16. doi: 10.1002/ps.1321
Van Leeuwen, T., Tirry, L. & Nauen, R., (2006), Complete maternal inheritance of bifenazate resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae) and its implications in mode of action considerations. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 36 , 869 - 877. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.20 06.08.005.
Van, Leeuwen., Vontas, T. J. & Sagkarakou, A. T. (2009). Mechanisms of acaricide resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, 347-393. In I. Ishaaya and A. R. Horowitz (eds.), Biorational Control of Arthropod Pests. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Vassiliou, V. A. & Kitsis, P., (2013), Acaricide resistance in tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations from Cyprus. J. Econ. Entomol., 106 (4) , 1848 – 1854. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC12369
World Health Organization (1979). Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Study of potential activity of clove oil 10 % emulsifiable concentrate formulation on Two-spotted spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(4), 1414-1419. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3124
