Effect of organic and inorganic nutrients on rice (Oryza sativa var. CO 51) productivity and soil fertility in the Western zone of Tamil Nadu, India
Article Main
Abstract
In sustainable agriculture, to ensure high-quality food production, a combination of organic and inorganic nutrient sources are required. During the winter season of 2020, a field experiment was undertaken in the western zone of Tamil Nadu to assess the effects of organics and inorganics on the growth, yield, and soil properties of rice, Oryza sativa var. CO 51. The experiment was framed in Random Block Design (RBD) comprising of 8 treatments viz., Recommended dose of fertilizer Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) approach (T1), RDF 75 % + Farm yard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 (T2), T2 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T3), RDF 75 % + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 (T4), T4 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T5), FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T6), Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1+ Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T7) and absolute control (T8) , replicated thrice. Among the integrated nutrient management practices, T5 proved its superiority over other treatments with respect to growth and physiological parameters followed by T3. This would have been because of the solubilization of phosphorus in the soil by AM organisms which is made accessible for crop growth. Utilization of biofertilizer enhanced the N availability and solubilized the inaccessible phosphorus, which thus recorded higher N accessibility and better phosphorus uptake when applied along with a recommended dose of fertilizer for rice.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Arbuscular mycorrhizae, Farmyard manure, Nutrient uptake, Rice, Soil fertility, Vermicompost
References
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Amanullah, M. M., A. Alagesan, K. Vaiyapuri, S. Pazhanivelan & K. Sathyamoorthi (2006). Intercropping and organic manures on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculentus Crantz.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(5), 183-189.
Annual Report (2021). Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India.
Aruna, E. & Shaik, M. (2005). Influence of conjunctive use of organic and inorganic source of nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa) on crop growth, yield components, yield and soil fertility in rice sunflower (Helianthus annuus) sequence. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 50 (4), 265-268.
Barik TK, Sahu B & Swain V (2008) Nano silica-from medicine to pest control. Journal of Parasitology Research, 103, 253–258.
Becker, M., Ladha, J. K., & Ottow, J. C. G. (1994). Nitrogen losses and lowland rice yield as affected by residue nitrogen release. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58(6), 1660-1665.
Bezbaruha, R., R. Sharma & P. Banik. (2011). Effect of nutrient management and planting geometry on productivity of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(3), 297-302. DOI:10.4236/ajps.2011.23033.
Bi, J., Z. Liu, Z. Lin, M. A. Alim, M. I. A. Rehmani, G. Li, Q. Wang, S. Wang & Y. Ding. (2012). Phosphorus accumulation in grains of japonica rice as affected by nitrogen fertilizer. Plant Soil, 11104 (12),1561-1564. https,//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-012-1561-4.
Canellas, L. P., Olivares, F. L., Okorokova-Façanha, A. L., & Façanha, A. R. (2002). Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence, and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize roots. Plant Physiology, 130(4), 1951-1957. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.007088.
Chen, Y. & Aviad, T. (1990). Effects of humic substances on plant growth. In Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences: Selected Readings, Ed. P MacCarthy, CE Clapp, RL Malcolm, and PR Bloom, p. 161-186, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison. https://doi.org/10.2136/1990.humicsubstances.c 7.
Datta, M. & Singh, N.P. (2010). Nutrient management in Rice – based cropping systems as influenced by applying cattle manure alone or in combination with fertilizers in upland acid soils of Tripura. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 58 1, 94–98. https,//www.indian journals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jisss &volume=58&issue=1&article=013.
Debouba, M., Gouia, H., Suzuki, A., & Ghorbel, M. H. (2006). NaCl stress effects on enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway in tomato “Lycopersicon esculentum” seedlings. Journal of plant physiology, 163(12), 1247-1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.09.012.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2018). Food and Agricultural data. Food and Agriculture Organization Retrieved from . http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E.
Goswami, B. (1996). Biowaste as source of vermicompost. Thesis M.Sc. (Ag). Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India.
Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare (2020-2021). Annual report. Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Government of India. https://www.india.gov.in/website-ministry-agriculture-farmers-welfare.
Crop Production Guide (2020). Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Chennai and Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ., Coimbatore.
Guerrero, (2010). Vermicompost production and its use for crop production in the Philippines. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 10(3), 378-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037278.
Ilag L.L., Rosales A.M., Elazegvi F.V & Mew T.W. (1987). Changes in the population of infective endomycorrhizal fungi in a rice based cropping system. Plant and Soil, 103, 67-73. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02370 669.
Jackson. M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
Jia, L., Chen, X., Zhang, F., Buerkert, A. & Römheld, V., (2004). Use of digital camera to assess nitrogen status of winter wheat in the Northern China plain. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27 (3), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120028872.
Kalam, M. A., Hossain, M. B., Sarmin, T., Moslehuddin, A. Z. M., & Khan, M. M. K. (2011). Different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus with or absence of VAM fungal inoculum on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 5(2), 7-10.
Kate, D.M., Solanke, A.M., Tiwari, T.K. & Nemade, S.M. (2005). Growth and yield of potato cultivars as affected by integrated nutrient management system. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 30, 236-237.
Kenchaiah K. (1997). Organic farming studies in rice. Ph. D. thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Koumeleh, A. S., P. Sharmila, C. D. Uprety, & P. P. Saradhi. (2007). Impact of elevated CO2 on nutrient uptake of rice cultivars. (Oryza sativa L.). Indian Journal of Crop Sciences, 2,87–90.
Levy, Y. & Krikun, J. (1980). Effect of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza on Citrus jambhiri water relations. New Phytologist, 85(1), 25-31.
M. Thirunavukkarasu & R. Vinoth (2013). Influence of Vermicompost application along with Nitrogen on Growth, Nutrients uptake, Yield Attributes and Economics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment & Biotechnology, 6(4), 599-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2230-732X.6.4.037.
Mahajan, A., Bhagat, R.M. & Gupta, R.D. (2008). Integrated nutrient management in sustainable rice-wheat cropping system for food security in India. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 6(2),149-163.
Manivannan, R. & Sriramachandrasekharan, M.V. (2018). Differential response of rice to organics and mineral nitrogen on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield in an ustifluvents soil. International Journal of Development Research, 8(8), 22075-22079. https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/13948.pdf
Myint, A., Yamakawa, T., Kajihara, Y. & , T. (2010). Application of different organic and mineral fertilizers on the growth, yield and nutrient accumulation of rice in a Japanese ordinary paddy field Science. World Journal, 5, 47-54.https://www.ajol.info/index.php/swj/article/view/6 1513/49644.
Nishi, K. N., S. Rahman, K. Nakamura & M. K. Rahman. (2019). Influence of vermicompost and NPK on the growth and protein content of boro rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bio resource Management, 5(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm. v5i2.44916.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe & L.A. Dean. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S.D.A Circ., No.939, Washington, D.C.
Paramesh, V., Sridhara, C. J., & Shashidhar, K. S. (2013). Effect of integrated nutrient management and planting geometry on root parameter and nutrient uptake of aerobic rice. Agricultural Update, 8(1&2), 217-220.
R. Kamaleshwaran & D. Elayaraja. (2021). Influence of vermicompost and FYM on soil fertility, rice productivity and its nutrient uptake. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 7(4), 575-583. https://doi.org/10.51193/IJAER.2021.7402.
Ramasamy, K., Joe, M.M., Lee, S., Shagol, C., Rangasamy, A. & Chung, J. (2011). Synergistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizo bacteria for sustainable agricultural production. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 44,637-649. https://doi.org/10.7 745/KJSSF.2011.44.4.637.
Ramesh, K. & Chandrasekaran, B. (2004). Soil Organic Carbon Build‐up and Dynamics in Rice–Rice Cropping Systems. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 190(1), 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0931-2250.2003.00 06 9.x.
Ravi, R. & Srivastava, O.P. (1997). Vermicompost as a potential supplement to nitrogenous fertilizers in rice cultivars. IRRN. 22,30-31.
Ravichandran, M. & M. V. Sriramachandrasekharan. (2011). Optimizing timing of potassium application in productivity enhancement of crops. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24 (1): 75-80.
Senthilkumar, P.K. & Sivagurunathan, P. (2012). Comparative effect on bacterial biofertilizers on growth and yield of green gram (Phaseolus radiata L.) and cow pea (Vigna siensis Edhl.) International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 1(1),34-39. https://www.ijcmas.com/Archives/vol1/PDF/P.K.Senthilkumar%20and%20%20P.Sivagurunathan.pdf.
Siavoshi, M, & Nasiri, A. (2011). Effect of organic fertilizer on growth and yield components in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Journal of Agriculture Science, 3,217-224. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v3n3p217.
Sims, J. T. (1987). Agronomic evaluation of poultry manure as nitrogen source for conventional and no tillage corn. Agronomy Journal, 79, 563-570.
Sowarnalisha, S., P. Panneerselvam, C. Tapas, K. Anjani & K. Upendra. (2017). Understanding the AM fungal association in flooded rice under elevated CO2 condition. Oryza, 54, 290-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5266.201 7.00040.6.
Stanford, S & L. English. (1949). Use of flame photometer in rapid soil tests of K and Ca. Journal of Agronomy, 41, 446-447.
Subbiah, B.V & G.L. Asija. (1956). A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
Sudha, B. & Chandini, S. (2005). Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice yield and soil nutrient status in Karamana, Kerala. Oryza, 42(3), 225.
Teajada, M. & Gonzalez, J. L. (2009). Application of two vermicomposts on a rice crop: Effects on soil biological properties and rice quality and yield. Agronomy Journal, 101(2),336-344. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0211.
Toljander JF. (2006). Interaction between soil bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Uppsala. Final thesis pdf.
Vasanthi, D. & Kumaraswamy, K. (1999). Efficacy of vermicompost to improve soil fertility and rice yield. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 47(2), 268-272.
Walkley, A & I. A. Black. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37,29-37.
Yadav, M. P., Aslam, M. & Kushwaha, S. P. (2005). Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in Central Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 50(2), 89-93.
Zandonadi D.B., Canellas L.P. & Facxanha A.R. (2007). Indole-acetic and humic acids induce lateral root development through a concerted plasma lemma and tonoplast H+ pumps activation. Planta, 225, 1583–1595. https,//www.academia.edu/4363649/Indolacetic_and_humic_ acids_induce_lateral_root_development_through_a_ concerted plasmalemma_and_tonoplast_H_pumps_ activation ?from =cover _page.
Amanullah, M. M., A. Alagesan, K. Vaiyapuri, S. Pazhanivelan & K. Sathyamoorthi (2006). Intercropping and organic manures on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculentus Crantz.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(5), 183-189.
Annual Report (2021). Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India.
Aruna, E. & Shaik, M. (2005). Influence of conjunctive use of organic and inorganic source of nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa) on crop growth, yield components, yield and soil fertility in rice sunflower (Helianthus annuus) sequence. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 50 (4), 265-268.
Barik TK, Sahu B & Swain V (2008) Nano silica-from medicine to pest control. Journal of Parasitology Research, 103, 253–258.
Becker, M., Ladha, J. K., & Ottow, J. C. G. (1994). Nitrogen losses and lowland rice yield as affected by residue nitrogen release. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58(6), 1660-1665.
Bezbaruha, R., R. Sharma & P. Banik. (2011). Effect of nutrient management and planting geometry on productivity of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(3), 297-302. DOI:10.4236/ajps.2011.23033.
Bi, J., Z. Liu, Z. Lin, M. A. Alim, M. I. A. Rehmani, G. Li, Q. Wang, S. Wang & Y. Ding. (2012). Phosphorus accumulation in grains of japonica rice as affected by nitrogen fertilizer. Plant Soil, 11104 (12),1561-1564. https,//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-012-1561-4.
Canellas, L. P., Olivares, F. L., Okorokova-Façanha, A. L., & Façanha, A. R. (2002). Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence, and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize roots. Plant Physiology, 130(4), 1951-1957. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.007088.
Chen, Y. & Aviad, T. (1990). Effects of humic substances on plant growth. In Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences: Selected Readings, Ed. P MacCarthy, CE Clapp, RL Malcolm, and PR Bloom, p. 161-186, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison. https://doi.org/10.2136/1990.humicsubstances.c 7.
Datta, M. & Singh, N.P. (2010). Nutrient management in Rice – based cropping systems as influenced by applying cattle manure alone or in combination with fertilizers in upland acid soils of Tripura. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 58 1, 94–98. https,//www.indian journals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jisss &volume=58&issue=1&article=013.
Debouba, M., Gouia, H., Suzuki, A., & Ghorbel, M. H. (2006). NaCl stress effects on enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway in tomato “Lycopersicon esculentum” seedlings. Journal of plant physiology, 163(12), 1247-1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.09.012.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2018). Food and Agricultural data. Food and Agriculture Organization Retrieved from . http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E.
Goswami, B. (1996). Biowaste as source of vermicompost. Thesis M.Sc. (Ag). Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India.
Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare (2020-2021). Annual report. Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers’ Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Government of India. https://www.india.gov.in/website-ministry-agriculture-farmers-welfare.
Crop Production Guide (2020). Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Chennai and Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ., Coimbatore.
Guerrero, (2010). Vermicompost production and its use for crop production in the Philippines. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 10(3), 378-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037278.
Ilag L.L., Rosales A.M., Elazegvi F.V & Mew T.W. (1987). Changes in the population of infective endomycorrhizal fungi in a rice based cropping system. Plant and Soil, 103, 67-73. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02370 669.
Jackson. M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
Jia, L., Chen, X., Zhang, F., Buerkert, A. & Römheld, V., (2004). Use of digital camera to assess nitrogen status of winter wheat in the Northern China plain. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27 (3), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120028872.
Kalam, M. A., Hossain, M. B., Sarmin, T., Moslehuddin, A. Z. M., & Khan, M. M. K. (2011). Different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus with or absence of VAM fungal inoculum on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agroforestry and Environment, 5(2), 7-10.
Kate, D.M., Solanke, A.M., Tiwari, T.K. & Nemade, S.M. (2005). Growth and yield of potato cultivars as affected by integrated nutrient management system. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 30, 236-237.
Kenchaiah K. (1997). Organic farming studies in rice. Ph. D. thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Koumeleh, A. S., P. Sharmila, C. D. Uprety, & P. P. Saradhi. (2007). Impact of elevated CO2 on nutrient uptake of rice cultivars. (Oryza sativa L.). Indian Journal of Crop Sciences, 2,87–90.
Levy, Y. & Krikun, J. (1980). Effect of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza on Citrus jambhiri water relations. New Phytologist, 85(1), 25-31.
M. Thirunavukkarasu & R. Vinoth (2013). Influence of Vermicompost application along with Nitrogen on Growth, Nutrients uptake, Yield Attributes and Economics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment & Biotechnology, 6(4), 599-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2230-732X.6.4.037.
Mahajan, A., Bhagat, R.M. & Gupta, R.D. (2008). Integrated nutrient management in sustainable rice-wheat cropping system for food security in India. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 6(2),149-163.
Manivannan, R. & Sriramachandrasekharan, M.V. (2018). Differential response of rice to organics and mineral nitrogen on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield in an ustifluvents soil. International Journal of Development Research, 8(8), 22075-22079. https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/13948.pdf
Myint, A., Yamakawa, T., Kajihara, Y. & , T. (2010). Application of different organic and mineral fertilizers on the growth, yield and nutrient accumulation of rice in a Japanese ordinary paddy field Science. World Journal, 5, 47-54.https://www.ajol.info/index.php/swj/article/view/6 1513/49644.
Nishi, K. N., S. Rahman, K. Nakamura & M. K. Rahman. (2019). Influence of vermicompost and NPK on the growth and protein content of boro rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bio resource Management, 5(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm. v5i2.44916.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe & L.A. Dean. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S.D.A Circ., No.939, Washington, D.C.
Paramesh, V., Sridhara, C. J., & Shashidhar, K. S. (2013). Effect of integrated nutrient management and planting geometry on root parameter and nutrient uptake of aerobic rice. Agricultural Update, 8(1&2), 217-220.
R. Kamaleshwaran & D. Elayaraja. (2021). Influence of vermicompost and FYM on soil fertility, rice productivity and its nutrient uptake. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 7(4), 575-583. https://doi.org/10.51193/IJAER.2021.7402.
Ramasamy, K., Joe, M.M., Lee, S., Shagol, C., Rangasamy, A. & Chung, J. (2011). Synergistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizo bacteria for sustainable agricultural production. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 44,637-649. https://doi.org/10.7 745/KJSSF.2011.44.4.637.
Ramesh, K. & Chandrasekaran, B. (2004). Soil Organic Carbon Build‐up and Dynamics in Rice–Rice Cropping Systems. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 190(1), 21-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0931-2250.2003.00 06 9.x.
Ravi, R. & Srivastava, O.P. (1997). Vermicompost as a potential supplement to nitrogenous fertilizers in rice cultivars. IRRN. 22,30-31.
Ravichandran, M. & M. V. Sriramachandrasekharan. (2011). Optimizing timing of potassium application in productivity enhancement of crops. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24 (1): 75-80.
Senthilkumar, P.K. & Sivagurunathan, P. (2012). Comparative effect on bacterial biofertilizers on growth and yield of green gram (Phaseolus radiata L.) and cow pea (Vigna siensis Edhl.) International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 1(1),34-39. https://www.ijcmas.com/Archives/vol1/PDF/P.K.Senthilkumar%20and%20%20P.Sivagurunathan.pdf.
Siavoshi, M, & Nasiri, A. (2011). Effect of organic fertilizer on growth and yield components in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Journal of Agriculture Science, 3,217-224. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v3n3p217.
Sims, J. T. (1987). Agronomic evaluation of poultry manure as nitrogen source for conventional and no tillage corn. Agronomy Journal, 79, 563-570.
Sowarnalisha, S., P. Panneerselvam, C. Tapas, K. Anjani & K. Upendra. (2017). Understanding the AM fungal association in flooded rice under elevated CO2 condition. Oryza, 54, 290-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-5266.201 7.00040.6.
Stanford, S & L. English. (1949). Use of flame photometer in rapid soil tests of K and Ca. Journal of Agronomy, 41, 446-447.
Subbiah, B.V & G.L. Asija. (1956). A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
Sudha, B. & Chandini, S. (2005). Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice yield and soil nutrient status in Karamana, Kerala. Oryza, 42(3), 225.
Teajada, M. & Gonzalez, J. L. (2009). Application of two vermicomposts on a rice crop: Effects on soil biological properties and rice quality and yield. Agronomy Journal, 101(2),336-344. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0211.
Toljander JF. (2006). Interaction between soil bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Uppsala. Final thesis pdf.
Vasanthi, D. & Kumaraswamy, K. (1999). Efficacy of vermicompost to improve soil fertility and rice yield. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 47(2), 268-272.
Walkley, A & I. A. Black. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37,29-37.
Yadav, M. P., Aslam, M. & Kushwaha, S. P. (2005). Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in Central Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 50(2), 89-93.
Zandonadi D.B., Canellas L.P. & Facxanha A.R. (2007). Indole-acetic and humic acids induce lateral root development through a concerted plasma lemma and tonoplast H+ pumps activation. Planta, 225, 1583–1595. https,//www.academia.edu/4363649/Indolacetic_and_humic_ acids_induce_lateral_root_development_through_a_ concerted plasmalemma_and_tonoplast_H_pumps_ activation ?from =cover _page.
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Effect of organic and inorganic nutrients on rice (Oryza sativa var. CO 51) productivity and soil fertility in the Western zone of Tamil Nadu, India. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(4), 1488-1498. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3118
