Evaluation of relationship between microbial load and drug efficacy of Andrographis paniculata during storage
Article Main
Abstract
Three different extracts of Andrographis paniculata obtained by using three different solvents i.e. acetone, ethanol and water, were used to find out correlation of antimicrobial potency of the drug among them and with storage period of six months. Antibacterial activities were assessed by well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi and antifungal activity by food poisoning technique against Candida albicans. No definite pattern of antimicrobial nature in acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract could be observed. Acetone extract showed maximum inhibitory (18.3mm) effect among all extract in general. Ethanol extract could attain second position and aqueous extract failed to inhibit growth of any organism even at 100% concentration. A declined trend of inhibitory effect of extract with increased number of storage days has been found showing a negative relation between inhibitory effect of the drug and storage duration. But positive correlation between inhibitory effect and concentration has been recorded. No inhibition was recorded against E. coli by any of the extract Bacterial load in term of CFU/g was found tremendously enhanced with increase of storage period. Negative correlation between microbial load and drug efficacy had been established while positive correlation between microbial load and storage period had been recorded.
Article Details
Article Details
Andrographis paniculata, Antimicrobial activity, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, Microbial contamination, Storage
Barreto, M., Critchely, A.T. and Straker, C.J. (2002). Extracts from seaweeds can promote fungal growth. J. Basic Microbiol., 42(5): 302-310.
Bonjar, G.H.S. (2004). Anti yeast activity of some plants used in traditional herbal medicine of Iran. Journal of Biological Sciences. 4:212-215.
Bruynzeel, D.P. (1999). Contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 4(9): 630.
Caceres, A., Lopez, B.R., Giron, M.A., Logemann, H. (1991). Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. Journal of Ethanopharmacology. 31:263-276.
Calabrese, C., Berman, S.H., Babish, J.G., Ma. X., Shinto, L., Dorr, M., Wells, K., Wenner, G.A., and Standish, L.J. (2000). A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytother Res., 14:333-338.
Dua, V.K., Ojha, V.P., Biswas, S., Valecha, N., Singh, N., and Sharma, V.P. (1999). Antimalarial activity of different fractions isolated from the leaves of A. paniculata. J. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science. 21:1069-1073.
Elwin-Lewis, M. (2001). Should we be concerned about herbal remedies. Journal of Ethanopharmacol., 75: 141-164.
Idu, Mac-D., Solomon, E.O., Joseph, O.E., and Harret, M.E. (2010). Microbial load of some medicinal plants sold in some local markets in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 9(3): 251-256.
Khurana, N., Sharma, R.K., and Bhaduria, S. (2011). Microbiological quality assessment of some commericial herbal drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 3(4): 15-17.
Khanzadi, F.K. (2012). Microbiological quality assessment of commercially available medicinal plants in Peshawar city, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 44(4): 1203-1208.
Kieren, A.M., Lyons, C.N., Rustad, T., Bowden, R.A., White, T.C. (1998). Rapid, transient flucanazole resistance in Candida albicans is associated with increased mRNA levels of CDR. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 42:2584-2589.
Kulyal, P., Tiwari, U.K., Shukla, A., and Gaur, A.K. (2010). Chemical constituents isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Indian Journal of Chemistry. 49B: 356-359.
Limsong, J., Benjavongkulchai, E., and Kuvatanasuchati, J. (2004). Inhibitory effect of some herbal extracts on adherence of Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Ethnopharmacol., 92: 281-289.
Michael, E.K., and Pharm, D. (2001). Antifungal resistance among Candida species. Pharmacotherapy. 21:124-132.
Niranjan, A., Tewari, S.K., and Lehri, A. (2010). Biological activities of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and its active principles- A review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 1(2): 125-135.
Oyetayo, V.O. (2008). Microbial load and antimicrobial property of two Nigerian herbal remedies. Afr J Traditional, Compl and Altr Med., 5(1): 74-78.
Ocasio, N.A., Salomowitz, B.H., Sher, M.R. (1999). Natural remedies recommended for the management of oral health. New York State Dental Journal. 65: 22–24.
Oluyege, J.O.,and Adelabu, D.M. (2010). Microbial contamination of some hawked herbal products in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Continental. J. Microbiology. 4(8): 8-14.
Paulsen, E., Andersen, K.E., Carlsen, L., Egsgaard, H. (1993). Carvone: an overlooked contact allergen cross-reacting with sesquiterpene lactones? Contact Dermatitis. 29: 138–143.
Prasad, G., Sharma, P., Gupta, K.K. and Chopra, A.K. (2007). Effect of microbial contaminants on Triphala drug efficacy during storage and enhancement of therapeutic spectrum of the drug In Vitro. Hamdard Medicus. 50(1): 55-62.
Qureshi, S., Rai, M.K. and Agrawal, S.C. (1997). In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18 plant species of Chhindwara against 3-keratinophilic fungi. Hindustan Antibiol Bull. 39: 56-60.
Radha, R., Sermakkani, M. and Thangapandian, V. (2011). Evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata nees (Acanthaceae) aerial parts. International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences. 2(2):562-567.
Rao, Y.K., Vimalamma, G., Rao, C.V., and Tzeng, Y. (2004). Flavonoids and andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry, 65:2317-2321.
Roy, S., Rao, K., Bhuvaneswari, Giri, A. and Mangamoori, L.N. (2010). Phytochemical analysis of Andrographis paniculata extract and its antimicrobial activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol., 26: 85-91.
Sheeja, K. and Kuttan, G. (2007). Activation of cytotoxic T Lymphocyte response and attenuation of tumor growth in vivo by Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol., 29:81-93.
Singha, P.K., Roy, S., and Dey, S. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata. Fitoterapia. 74: 692-694.
Sharma, A., Verma, R., and Ramkete, P. (2009). Antibacterial activity of Medicinal Plants used by tribals against uti causing pathogens. World Applied Science Journal. 7(3): 332-339.
Stevic, T., Pavlovic, S., Stankovic, S., and Savikin, K. (2012). Pathogenic microorganism of medicinal herbal drugs. Arch. Biol. Sci. Belgrade., 64(1): 49-58.
Trivedi, N.P., Rawal, U.M. and Patel, B.P. (2007). Hepatoprotective effect of andrographolide against hexachlorocyclohexane induced oxidative injury. Integr Cancer Ther., 6:271-280.
Varma, S., Blackford, S., Statham, B.N. and Blackwell, A. (2000). Combined contact allergy to tea tree oil and lavender oil complicating chronic vulvovaginitis. Contact Dermatitis. 42: 309–310.
Wen-Wan Chao and Bi-Fong Lin. (2010). Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian). Chinese Medicine. 5: 1-15.
Wolfgang, K., Erich, C. and Brigitte, K. (2001). Microbial contamination of medicinal plants- A review. Planta Medica. 68: 5-15.
Yoopan, N., Thisoda, P., Rangkadilok, N., Sahasitiwat, S., Pholphana, N., Ruchirawat, S., and Satayavivad, J. (2007). Cardiovascular effects of 14-deoxy-11, 12 didehydroandrographolide and Andrographis paniculata extracts. Planta Med., 73:503-511.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
