Effect of seaweed extract on rice (Oryza sativa var. ADT53) productivity and soil fertility in Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu, India
Article Main
Abstract
The monocropping of rice in the Deltaic zone deteriorates soil health and crop productivity. Seaweeds are marine resources easily available at negligible cost and also rich in bioactive compounds. A field experiment was conducted at Cauvery Delta zone of Tamil Nadu during summer season2021 to evaluate the bio-efficacy of Seaweed extract on growth, yield, and soil properties of rice, Oryza sativa var. ADT53. The experiment was framed in RBD comprising of 12 treatments viz., soil application of Seaweed extract(SWE) @ 12.5kg/ha,25kg/ha, 37.5kg/ha , foliar spraying of SWE gel & liquid @ 0.5% twice at tillering and panicle initiation stages, a combination of soil application and foliar spray and fertilizer alone. Experimental findings revealed that the soil application of SWE @ 12.5kg/ha along with a foliar spray of seaweed liquid recorded higher plant height (121.1cm),dry matter production (11390kg/ha),yield attributes viz., number of grains per panicle (166), panicle length (21.8 cm), thousand grain weight (14.7g), number of productive tillers per m2 (275), grain yield (5612 kg/ha)and straw yield (7829 kg/ha). However, The soil application of SWE @ 25kg/ha recorded higher soil available nutrients viz.,N(260 kg/ha);P(42kg/ha); K(170kg/ha);Ca(27.7meq/100g); Mg(5.5meq/100g);S(18.2mg/kg);Zn (1.17ppm); Fe (33.82ppm); Cu(1.61ppm);Mn(18.97ppm).The study will help sustain rice productivity and soil fertility in the deltaic zone of Tamil Nadu. The soil application of seaweed extract @ 12.5kg/ha along with foliar spraying (0.5% twice) could be a promising option in the rice ecosystem.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Crop productivity, Oryza sativa, Rice, Seaweed extract, Soil fertility
References
Arun, M.N., Kumar, R.M., Nori,S., Singh,A., Tuti,M.D., Srinivas, D., Venkatanna, B., Surekha, K., Padmavathi, C.h.& Prasad, M.S. (2019). Effect of seaweed extract as biostimulant on crop growth and yield in rice (oryza sativa L.) under transplanted condition. Journal of Rice Research, 12(2),45-49.
Arioli,T., Scott, W., Mattner, C., Pia, C. & Winberg. (2015). Applications of seaweed extracts in Australian agriculture: past, present and future.International Society for Applied Phycology,27,2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0574-9Anil, K., Yakadri, M. &Jayasree, G. (2014). Influence of Nitrogen Levels and time of application on growth parameters of aerobic rice. International Journal of Plant Animal and Environmental Sciences, 4(3), 231 - 234.
Arthur,G.D., Aremu,A.O., Moyo,M., Stirk,W.A. &Staden,J. (2013). Growth-promoting effects of a seaweed concentrate at various pH and water hardness conditions : research article. South African Journal of Science,109(11),1-6. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC145687
Bhattacharya,S., Baghel,R.S., Suthar,P., Gajaria,K.T., Anil,A. & Reddy, C.R.K. (2020). Seaweed biorefinery: A sustainable process for valorizing the biomass of brown seaweed.Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121359
Dilavarnaik, S., Basavaraja, P.K., Yogendra, N.D. & Ghosh, A. (2017). Influence of Seaweed Saps on Germination, Growth and Yield of Hybrid Maize under Cauvery Command of Karnataka, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(9), 1047-1056. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.126
Dwivedi,S.K., Meshram,M.K., Pal,A., Pandey,N. &Ghosh.A. (2014). Impact of natural organic fertilizer (seaweed saps) on productivity and nutrient status of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo l.).The Bioscan, 9(4), 1535-1539.
Domínguez,B.D., Carmona,H.G., Moyo,M., Stirk,W. & Staden,J .(2014). Plant growth promoting activity of seaweed liquid extracts produced from Macrocystis pyrifera under different pH and temperature conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26, 2203–2210.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0237-2
Deshmukh, P. S.& Phonde, D. B.(2013). Effect of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences,9(2), 750-753. URL : http://www.researchjournal.co.in/onli...
Dogra,B.S., & Mandradia, R.K. (2012). Effect of seaweed extract on growth and yield of onion. International Journal of Farm Sciences,2(1), 59-64.
Evenni, P.S.L., Castro,W., Allisson,J., Castro,G., Nascimento, S., Pinheiro,S.D., Florentin,Q.D.K., Luciana, G., Soriano,M.E., Araujo,M.R.&Leite,E.L. (2015). Effect of galactofucan sulfate of a brown seaweed on induced hepatotoxicity in rats, sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep, and anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28, 2005–2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0698-y
Ghosh, A., Shankar,T., Malik,G.C., Banerjee,M. & Ghosh,A. (2020). Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) in the red and lateritic belt of West Bengal. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(3), 799-802. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3j.9300
Grassinin, P., Van Bussel, L.G.J., P., Van Mart, J., Wolf, J., Claessens, L., Yang, H., Boogaard, H., De Groot, H., Van Ittersum, M.K. &Cassman, K.G. (2015). How good is good enough? Data requirements for reliable crop yield simulations and yield gap analysis. Field Crops Research, 177, 49-63.
Hussain,H.I., Kasinadhuni,N. &Arioli,T. (2021). The effect of seaweed extract on tomato plant growth, productivity and soil. Journal of Applied Phycology,33,1305–1314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02387-2
Haider,M.W., Ayyub,C.M., Pervez,M.A., Asad,H.U., Manan,A., Raza,S.A. &Ashraf,I. (2012). Impact of foliar application of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).Plant Soil and Environment, 31(2), 157-162.
Iswarya, S., Latha, K.R. & Srinivasan, K. (2019). Evaluation of seaweed extract on growth determinants, yield and biochemical parameters of greengram (Vigna radiata). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 1861-1864.
Jithesh, M.N., Owen,S.D., Wally., Manfield, I., Critchley, A.T., Hiltz,I. &Prithiviraj, B. (2012). Analysis of Seaweed Extract-induced Transcriptome Leads to Identification of a Negative Regulator of Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis. American society of Horticultural science,47(6),704-709. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.6.704
Kumar, R., Pyare,R., Singh,U.P., Kumar,Y., Singh,Y.K. & Maurya,R.N. (2020). Studies about the soil microbial populations, root development and economics of paddy as influenced by sea weed extract (Ascophyllumnodosum). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 592-594.
Layek, J., Das, A., Idapuganti, R. G., Sarkar, D., Ghosh, A., Zodape, S.T., Lal,R., Yadav,G.S., Panwar,A.S., Ngachan,S. & Meena.R.S. (2017). Seaweed extract as organic bio-stimulant improves productivity and quality of rice in eastern Himalayas. Journal of Applied Phycology,30,547–558.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1225-0
Leindah Devi, N. & Mani. S. (2015).Effect of seaweed saps Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria on Growth, Yield and Quality of Rice. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(19),1-6.
Manea,A.I.&Abbas,K.A.U (2018). Influence of Seaweed Extract, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Broccoli. International journal of vegetable science , 24(6), 550–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2 018.1 446205
Mirparsa, T., Ganjali, H. R.& Dahmardeh, M. (2016). The effect of bio fertilizers on yield and yield components of sunflower oil seed and nut. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences,5 (1),46-49. http://www.ijagbio.c om/.../46-49.pdf
Mathur,C., Rai,S., Sase,N., Krish, S. &Jayasri,M.A. (2015). Enteromorpha intestinalis Derived Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers as Prospective Biostimulant for Glycine max. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58 (6),813-82 0.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015060 304
Nayak,P., Biswas,S. & Dutta,D. (2020). Effect of seaweed extracts on growth, yield and economics of kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(3), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i3d.11269
Nabti, E., Sahnoune, M., Ghoul, M., Fischer, D., Hofmann, A., Rothballer, M.,Schmid,M. & Hartmann,A. (2010). Restoration of Growth of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum var. waha) Under Saline Conditions Due to Inoculation with the Rhizosphere Bacterium Azospirillumbrasilense NH and Extracts of the Marine Alga Ulva lactuca. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 29,6-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0034 4-009-9107-6
Olsen,S.R.,Cole,C.V.,,Watanable,F.S. & Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction wioth sodium bicarbonate . Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture. Circular, 939, 19.
Pramanick, B., Brahmachari, K., Mahapatra, B.S., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, D. & Kar, S. (2017). Growth, yield and quality improvement of potato tubers through the application of seaweed sap derived from the marine alga Kappaphycus alvarezii.Journal of Applied Phycology, 29, 3253–3260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1189-0
Pacholczak,A., Nowakowska,K.& Pietkiewicz, S. (2016). The Effects of Synthetic Auxin and a Seaweed-based Biostimulator on Physiological Aspects of Rhizogenesis in Ninebark Stem Cuttings. Notulae. Botanicae. Horti. Agrobotanici. Cluj-Napoca, 44 (1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110061
Pal, A., Dwivedi,S.K., Maurya,P.K. & Kanwar,P. (2015). Effect of seaweed saps on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economic improvement of maize (sweet corn). Journal of Applied and Natural science,7(2), 970-975https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.716
Pramanick, B., Bramachari, K., Ghosh, A. &Zodape, S.T. (2014). Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of transplanted rice in old alluvial soil of West Bengal. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 43(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i1.19746
Pramanick, B., Brahmachari, K. & Ghosh, A. (2013). Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of green gram. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(8), 1180–1186. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1894
Partani, T. (2013). Determination of effect of different rates of seaweed extract on growth and performance of corn (Sc704) in Gorgan. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences (IJACS),6(4), 219-224. URL : http://ijagcs.com/.../219-224.pdf
Rathinapriyaa, P., Satish, L., Pandiana. S., Rameshkumara, R., Balasangeethaa, M., Rakkammal, K. &Ramesh,M.(2020). Effects of liquid seaweed extracts in improving the agronomic performance of foxtail millet. Journal of plant nutrition,1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.17 99002
Raghunandan, B.L.,Vyas,R.V.,Patel,H.K. & Jhala,Y.K.(2019). Perspectives of Seaweed as Organic Fertilizer in Agriculture. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Development, 267-289. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5904-0_13
Raverkar, K.P., Navneet, P., Ramesh, C., Swati, C., Zodape, S.T. & Ghosh, A. (2016). Impact of foliar application of seaweed saps on yield, nodulation and nutritional quality in green gram (Vigna radiata L).Legume Research,39(2), 315-318. 10.18805/lr.v39i2.9535
Rathore, S.S., Chaudhary, D.R., Boricha, G.N., Ghosh, A., Bhatt, B.P., Zodape, S.T. &Patolia, J.S. (2009).Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions.
South African Journal of Botany, 75, 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.10.009
Rayorath ,P., Khan, W., Ravishankar, P., Shawna, L.M., Roumiana, S., Simon, D.H., Alan, T.C. &Balakrishan, P. (2008). Extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum induce gibberellic acid (GA3) - independent amylase activity in barley. Journal of Plant Growth Regulators, 27,370–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-008-9063-6
Shimaa, M.E., ShafaySamh,S., Mostafa, A. & Sheeekh, M.E. (2016). Antimicrobial activity of some species from Red sea, against multidrug resistant bacteria. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 42 (1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2015.11.006
Singh, S.K., Thakur, R., Singh, M. K., Singh, C.S. &Pal,S.K. (2015). Effect of fertilizer level and seaweed sap on productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 60(3), 420-425.
Sunarpi,S., JuprI,A., Kurnianingsih,R., Julisaniah,N.I. &Nikmatullah,A.(2011). Effect of seaweed extracts on growth and yield of rice plants. Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology,8(1),1-6.
Selvaraj, R., Selvi, M. &Shakila, P. (2004). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench and Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill. Seaweed Resource Utilisation, 26, 121–123.
Van Bussel, L.G.J., Grassini, P., Van Mart, J., Wolf, J., Claessens, L., Yang, H., Boogaard, H., De Groot, H., Saito, K., Cassman, K.G. & Van Ittersum, M.K. (2015). From fields to atlas: Upscaling of location specific yield gap estimates. Field Crops Research, 177, 98-108.
Whapham, C.A., Blunden, G., Jenkins, T. & Hankins, S.D. (1993). Significance of betaines in the increased chlorophyll content of plants treated with seaweed extract. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5, 231–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004023
Arioli,T., Scott, W., Mattner, C., Pia, C. & Winberg. (2015). Applications of seaweed extracts in Australian agriculture: past, present and future.International Society for Applied Phycology,27,2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0574-9Anil, K., Yakadri, M. &Jayasree, G. (2014). Influence of Nitrogen Levels and time of application on growth parameters of aerobic rice. International Journal of Plant Animal and Environmental Sciences, 4(3), 231 - 234.
Arthur,G.D., Aremu,A.O., Moyo,M., Stirk,W.A. &Staden,J. (2013). Growth-promoting effects of a seaweed concentrate at various pH and water hardness conditions : research article. South African Journal of Science,109(11),1-6. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC145687
Bhattacharya,S., Baghel,R.S., Suthar,P., Gajaria,K.T., Anil,A. & Reddy, C.R.K. (2020). Seaweed biorefinery: A sustainable process for valorizing the biomass of brown seaweed.Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121359
Dilavarnaik, S., Basavaraja, P.K., Yogendra, N.D. & Ghosh, A. (2017). Influence of Seaweed Saps on Germination, Growth and Yield of Hybrid Maize under Cauvery Command of Karnataka, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(9), 1047-1056. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.126
Dwivedi,S.K., Meshram,M.K., Pal,A., Pandey,N. &Ghosh.A. (2014). Impact of natural organic fertilizer (seaweed saps) on productivity and nutrient status of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo l.).The Bioscan, 9(4), 1535-1539.
Domínguez,B.D., Carmona,H.G., Moyo,M., Stirk,W. & Staden,J .(2014). Plant growth promoting activity of seaweed liquid extracts produced from Macrocystis pyrifera under different pH and temperature conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26, 2203–2210.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0237-2
Deshmukh, P. S.& Phonde, D. B.(2013). Effect of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences,9(2), 750-753. URL : http://www.researchjournal.co.in/onli...
Dogra,B.S., & Mandradia, R.K. (2012). Effect of seaweed extract on growth and yield of onion. International Journal of Farm Sciences,2(1), 59-64.
Evenni, P.S.L., Castro,W., Allisson,J., Castro,G., Nascimento, S., Pinheiro,S.D., Florentin,Q.D.K., Luciana, G., Soriano,M.E., Araujo,M.R.&Leite,E.L. (2015). Effect of galactofucan sulfate of a brown seaweed on induced hepatotoxicity in rats, sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep, and anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28, 2005–2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0698-y
Ghosh, A., Shankar,T., Malik,G.C., Banerjee,M. & Ghosh,A. (2020). Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) in the red and lateritic belt of West Bengal. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(3), 799-802. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3j.9300
Grassinin, P., Van Bussel, L.G.J., P., Van Mart, J., Wolf, J., Claessens, L., Yang, H., Boogaard, H., De Groot, H., Van Ittersum, M.K. &Cassman, K.G. (2015). How good is good enough? Data requirements for reliable crop yield simulations and yield gap analysis. Field Crops Research, 177, 49-63.
Hussain,H.I., Kasinadhuni,N. &Arioli,T. (2021). The effect of seaweed extract on tomato plant growth, productivity and soil. Journal of Applied Phycology,33,1305–1314.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02387-2
Haider,M.W., Ayyub,C.M., Pervez,M.A., Asad,H.U., Manan,A., Raza,S.A. &Ashraf,I. (2012). Impact of foliar application of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).Plant Soil and Environment, 31(2), 157-162.
Iswarya, S., Latha, K.R. & Srinivasan, K. (2019). Evaluation of seaweed extract on growth determinants, yield and biochemical parameters of greengram (Vigna radiata). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 1861-1864.
Jithesh, M.N., Owen,S.D., Wally., Manfield, I., Critchley, A.T., Hiltz,I. &Prithiviraj, B. (2012). Analysis of Seaweed Extract-induced Transcriptome Leads to Identification of a Negative Regulator of Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis. American society of Horticultural science,47(6),704-709. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.6.704
Kumar, R., Pyare,R., Singh,U.P., Kumar,Y., Singh,Y.K. & Maurya,R.N. (2020). Studies about the soil microbial populations, root development and economics of paddy as influenced by sea weed extract (Ascophyllumnodosum). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 592-594.
Layek, J., Das, A., Idapuganti, R. G., Sarkar, D., Ghosh, A., Zodape, S.T., Lal,R., Yadav,G.S., Panwar,A.S., Ngachan,S. & Meena.R.S. (2017). Seaweed extract as organic bio-stimulant improves productivity and quality of rice in eastern Himalayas. Journal of Applied Phycology,30,547–558.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1225-0
Leindah Devi, N. & Mani. S. (2015).Effect of seaweed saps Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria on Growth, Yield and Quality of Rice. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(19),1-6.
Manea,A.I.&Abbas,K.A.U (2018). Influence of Seaweed Extract, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Broccoli. International journal of vegetable science , 24(6), 550–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2 018.1 446205
Mirparsa, T., Ganjali, H. R.& Dahmardeh, M. (2016). The effect of bio fertilizers on yield and yield components of sunflower oil seed and nut. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences,5 (1),46-49. http://www.ijagbio.c om/.../46-49.pdf
Mathur,C., Rai,S., Sase,N., Krish, S. &Jayasri,M.A. (2015). Enteromorpha intestinalis Derived Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers as Prospective Biostimulant for Glycine max. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58 (6),813-82 0.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015060 304
Nayak,P., Biswas,S. & Dutta,D. (2020). Effect of seaweed extracts on growth, yield and economics of kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(3), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i3d.11269
Nabti, E., Sahnoune, M., Ghoul, M., Fischer, D., Hofmann, A., Rothballer, M.,Schmid,M. & Hartmann,A. (2010). Restoration of Growth of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum var. waha) Under Saline Conditions Due to Inoculation with the Rhizosphere Bacterium Azospirillumbrasilense NH and Extracts of the Marine Alga Ulva lactuca. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 29,6-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0034 4-009-9107-6
Olsen,S.R.,Cole,C.V.,,Watanable,F.S. & Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction wioth sodium bicarbonate . Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture. Circular, 939, 19.
Pramanick, B., Brahmachari, K., Mahapatra, B.S., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, D. & Kar, S. (2017). Growth, yield and quality improvement of potato tubers through the application of seaweed sap derived from the marine alga Kappaphycus alvarezii.Journal of Applied Phycology, 29, 3253–3260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1189-0
Pacholczak,A., Nowakowska,K.& Pietkiewicz, S. (2016). The Effects of Synthetic Auxin and a Seaweed-based Biostimulator on Physiological Aspects of Rhizogenesis in Ninebark Stem Cuttings. Notulae. Botanicae. Horti. Agrobotanici. Cluj-Napoca, 44 (1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110061
Pal, A., Dwivedi,S.K., Maurya,P.K. & Kanwar,P. (2015). Effect of seaweed saps on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economic improvement of maize (sweet corn). Journal of Applied and Natural science,7(2), 970-975https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.716
Pramanick, B., Bramachari, K., Ghosh, A. &Zodape, S.T. (2014). Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of transplanted rice in old alluvial soil of West Bengal. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 43(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i1.19746
Pramanick, B., Brahmachari, K. & Ghosh, A. (2013). Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of green gram. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(8), 1180–1186. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1894
Partani, T. (2013). Determination of effect of different rates of seaweed extract on growth and performance of corn (Sc704) in Gorgan. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences (IJACS),6(4), 219-224. URL : http://ijagcs.com/.../219-224.pdf
Rathinapriyaa, P., Satish, L., Pandiana. S., Rameshkumara, R., Balasangeethaa, M., Rakkammal, K. &Ramesh,M.(2020). Effects of liquid seaweed extracts in improving the agronomic performance of foxtail millet. Journal of plant nutrition,1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.17 99002
Raghunandan, B.L.,Vyas,R.V.,Patel,H.K. & Jhala,Y.K.(2019). Perspectives of Seaweed as Organic Fertilizer in Agriculture. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Development, 267-289. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5904-0_13
Raverkar, K.P., Navneet, P., Ramesh, C., Swati, C., Zodape, S.T. & Ghosh, A. (2016). Impact of foliar application of seaweed saps on yield, nodulation and nutritional quality in green gram (Vigna radiata L).Legume Research,39(2), 315-318. 10.18805/lr.v39i2.9535
Rathore, S.S., Chaudhary, D.R., Boricha, G.N., Ghosh, A., Bhatt, B.P., Zodape, S.T. &Patolia, J.S. (2009).Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions.
South African Journal of Botany, 75, 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.10.009
Rayorath ,P., Khan, W., Ravishankar, P., Shawna, L.M., Roumiana, S., Simon, D.H., Alan, T.C. &Balakrishan, P. (2008). Extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum induce gibberellic acid (GA3) - independent amylase activity in barley. Journal of Plant Growth Regulators, 27,370–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-008-9063-6
Shimaa, M.E., ShafaySamh,S., Mostafa, A. & Sheeekh, M.E. (2016). Antimicrobial activity of some species from Red sea, against multidrug resistant bacteria. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 42 (1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2015.11.006
Singh, S.K., Thakur, R., Singh, M. K., Singh, C.S. &Pal,S.K. (2015). Effect of fertilizer level and seaweed sap on productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 60(3), 420-425.
Sunarpi,S., JuprI,A., Kurnianingsih,R., Julisaniah,N.I. &Nikmatullah,A.(2011). Effect of seaweed extracts on growth and yield of rice plants. Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology,8(1),1-6.
Selvaraj, R., Selvi, M. &Shakila, P. (2004). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench and Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill. Seaweed Resource Utilisation, 26, 121–123.
Van Bussel, L.G.J., Grassini, P., Van Mart, J., Wolf, J., Claessens, L., Yang, H., Boogaard, H., De Groot, H., Saito, K., Cassman, K.G. & Van Ittersum, M.K. (2015). From fields to atlas: Upscaling of location specific yield gap estimates. Field Crops Research, 177, 98-108.
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Effect of seaweed extract on rice (Oryza sativa var. ADT53) productivity and soil fertility in Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu, India. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 1111-1120. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2906
