Therapeutic effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds extract against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats
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Vikas Kumar
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-175X
Vivek Akhouri
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-7195
Sushil Kumar Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-1332
Arun Kumar
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8374-175X
Vivek Akhouri
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-7195
Sushil Kumar Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-1332
Arun Kumar
Abstract
The prime objective of the present study was to establish fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds extract as an antidote against arsenic induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats. The male Charles Foster rats (weighing 160-180 g) were selected to make arsenic intoxicated model. The arsenic treated group of rats were orally treated with sodium arsenite at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. Thereafter, the arsenic pretreated rats were further administered with fenugreek ethanolic seeds extract at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. After the completion of the treatment, animals of all the groups were sacrificed for the biochemical and histopathological estimation. The arsenic treated rats showed significant (p < 0.0001) alterations at the various hepatic and renal biomarker parameters and at serum MDA levels in comparison to the control rats. Significant (p < 0.0001) arsenic accumulation was also observed in the blood, liver and kidney tissues of the arsenic treated rats. However, after the administration with fenugreek seeds extract, significant (p < 0.0001) restoration was observed in the liver and kidney biomarker parameters and at haematological variables. Fenugreek seeds extract administration also significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the serum MDA levels and arsenic concentration levels in blood, liver and kidney tissues, along with considerable restorations at the cellular architecture of liver and kidney tissues. The study concluded that fenugreek seeds possessed potential hepato-renal ameliorative effect against sodium arsenite induced toxicity in rats, and can be used for its therapeutic value against arsenic poisoning.
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Keywords
Arsenic, Charles Foster rats, Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Hepato-Renal toxicity, Lipid peroxidation
References
Adil M, Kandhare AD, Visnagri A, Bodhankar SL. Naringin ameliorates sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in rats: decisive role of KIM-1, Caspase-3, TGF-?, and TNF-?. Ren Fail. 2015;37(8):1396-1407.
Ahmed Fadel Elseed AM, Danil T, Abu ElgaimAtta Elmanan B, Hassan Ali O. Effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seeds Saponin on Digestibility, N-Retention, Hematological parameters and blood Metabolites in Rabbits. World's Vet J. 2013;3(3): 65-73.
Al-Forkan M, Islam S, Akter R, Shameen Alam S, Khaleda L, Rahman Z, Salma Chowdhury DU. A sub-chronic exposure study of arsenic on hematological parameters, liver enzyme activities, histological studies and accumulation pattern of arsenic in organs of Wistar albino rats. J Cytol Histol S. 2016;5(2).
Andrew AS, Burgess JL, Meza MM, Demidenko E, Waugh MG, Hamilton JW, Karagas MR. Arsenic exposure is associated with decreased DNA repair in vitro and in individuals exposed to drinking water arsenic. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(8):1193-1198.
Beesley, S. Chemicals, Metals and the Liver, Sarah Beesley. (n.d.). 2018. https://selfhealclinic.co.nz/chemicals-metals-and-the-liver/
Belaïd-Nouira Y, Bakhta H, Haouas Z, Flehi-Slim I, Ben Cheikh H. Fenugreek seeds reduce aluminum toxicity associated with renal failure in rats. Nutr Res Pract. 2013;7(6):466-474.
Chakraborti D, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Sengupta MK, Rahman MM, Chowdhury UK, Lodh D, Chanda CR, Chakraborti AK, Basu GK. Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger?. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(9):1194-1201
Chakraborti D, Singh SK, Rahman MM, Dutta RN, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB. Groundwater arsenic contamination in the Ganga River Basin: a future health danger. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(2):180.
De A, Nath S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Mandal TK, Das AK. Ameliorative effects of Bauhinia acuminata L stem bark powder against chronic arsenicosis in rats. Toxicol Environ Health Sci. 2016;8(3):258-262.
Draper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid Peroxidation. In Methods in enzymology 1990 Jan 1 (Vol. 186, pp. 421-431). Academic press.
Dua TK, Dewanjee S, Gangopadhyay M, Khanra R, Zia-Ul-Haq M, De Feo V. Ameliorative effect of water spinach, Ipomea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), against experimentally induced arsenic toxicity. J Transl Med. 2015 1;13(1):81
Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwald S, Ordog G, Wasserberger I. Ellenhorn's. Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997.
Genet S, Kale RK, Baquer NZ. Alterations in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rat tissues: effect of vanadate and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2002;236(1-2):7-12.
Gomez-Caminero A, Howe P, Hughes M, Kenyon E, Lewis DR, Moore M. et al Arsenic and arsenic compounds, environmental health criteria. World Health Organization, Geneva 2001, vol 224.
International Plant Names Index (IPNI). The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1753, Trigonella foenum-graecum | International Plant Names Index (ipni.org).
Kang LP, Qi LH, Zhang JP, Shi N, Zhang M, Wu TM, Chen J. Effect of genistein and quercetin on proliferation, collagen synthesis, and type I procollagen mRNA levels of rat hepatic stellate cells. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001;22(9):793-796.
Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake, and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev. 1984;36(1):1-67.
Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R. Swapnil S, Kumar H, Kumar S, Singh J, Kumar D. Withania somnifera protects the haematological alterations caused by Sodium arsenite in Charles foster rats. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm 2013;4:491-494.
Kumar A, Ali M, Rahman MS, Iqubal A, Anand G, Niraj PK, Kumar R. Antidote effects of plants of Himalayan sub-origin against arsenic induced toxicity. J Bio Chem Res. 2015b;2:99-109.
Kumar A, Ali M, Rahman SM, Iqubal AM, Anand G, Niraj PK, Shankar P, Kumar R. Ground water arsenic poisoning in “Tilak Rai Ka Hatta” village of Buxar district, Bihar, India causing severe health hazards and hormonal imbalance. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2015a;5(4):1-7.
Kumar A, Kumar R, Rahman MS, Iqubal MA, Anand G, Niraj PK, Ali M. Phytoremedial effect of Withania somnifera against arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Charles Foster rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2015c;5(4):355.
Kumar V, Akhouri V, Singh SK, Kumar A. Phytoremedial effect of Tinospora cordifolia against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats. BioMetals. 2020;33(6):379-396.
Liu SX, Athar M, Lippai I, Waldren C, Hei TK. Induction of oxyradicals by arsenic: implication for mechanism of genotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2001;98(4):1643-1648.
Majhi CR, Khan S, Leo MD, Manimaran A, Sankar P, Sarkar SN. Effects of acetaminophen on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide redox signaling in kidney of arsenic-exposed rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(4):974-982.
Mao YQ, Liu XJ, Jiang Y, Wu HB. Effect of quercetin on the signal pathway of TGFbeta1 in activated hepatic stellate cells. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University. Medi Sci Edi. 2004;35(6):802-805.
Mbarki S, Alimi H, Bouzenna H, Elfeki A, Hfaiedh N. Phytochemical study and protective effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek seeds) against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in liver and kidney of male rat. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;88:19-26.
Mershiba SD, Dassprakash MV, Saraswathy SD. Protective effect of naringenin on hepatic and renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in arsenic intoxicated rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2013;40(5):3681-3691.
Nain S, Smits JE. Pathological, immunological and biochemical markers of subchronic arsenic toxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2012;27(4):244-254.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). Elements in blood or tissue. Method: 8005. In: NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 4 Edn. O.H. Cincinnati: Department of Health and Human Service, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS publication 1994, 94–113.
Ola-Davies OE, Akinrinde AS. Acute sodium Arsenite-induced hematological and biochemical changes in wistar rats: Protective effects of ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Pharmacognosy Res. 2016;8(1):26.
Patlolla AK, Tchounwou PB. Serum acetyl cholinesterase as a biomarker of arsenic induced neurotoxicity in sprague-dawley rats. Int J Environ Res Pub Heal. 2005;2(1):80-83.
Peck-Radosavljevic M, Zacherl J, Meng YG, Pidlich J, Lipinski E, Längle F, Steininger R, Mühlbacher F, Gangl A. Is inadequate thrombopoietin production a major cause of thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis of the liver? J. Hepatol. 1997;27(1):127-131.
Peraza MA, Cromey DW, Carolus B, Carter DE, Gandolfi AJ. Morphological and functional alterations in human proximal tubular cell line induced by low level inorganic arsenic: evidence for targeting of mitochondria and initiated apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol: 2006;26(4):356-367.
Prabu SM, Muthumani M. Silibinin ameliorates arsenic induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(12):11201-11216.
Ravikumar P, Anuradha CV. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 1999;13(3):197-201.
Sayed S, Ahsan N, Kato M, Ohgami N, Rashid A, Akhand AA. Protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract on sodium arsenite-mediated adverse effects in mice. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 2015;77(1-2):145.
Shang M, Cais Han J, Li J, Zhao Y, Zheng J, Namba T, Kadota S, Tezuka Y, Fan W. Studies on flavonoids from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. Chin J mete Medi. 1998;23(10):614-639.
Sharma B, Singh S, Siddiqi NJ. Biomedical implications of heavy metals induced imbalances in redox systems. Biomed Res Int. 2014, 640754
Shi H, Shi X, Liu KJ. Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;255(1-2):67-78.
Singh N, Kumar D, Sahu AP. Arsenic in the environment: effects on human health and possible prevention. J Environ Biol. 2007;28(2):359-365
Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. Arjunolic acid attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity. Patho. 2008 Oct 1;15(3):147-156.
Tandon N, Roy M, Roy S, Gupta N. Protective effect of Psidium guajava in arsenic-induced oxidative stress and cytological damage in rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(3):245.
Uslu GA, Hamit Uslu, adali Y. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) seed extract against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats. Biomed Res Ther. 2019;6:3142-3150.
Wani SA, Kumar P. Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2018 1;17(2):97-106.
Xue W, Lei J, Li X, Zhang R. Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract protects kidney function and morphology in diabetic rats via its antioxidant activity. Nutr Res. 2011;31(7):555-562.
Ahmed Fadel Elseed AM, Danil T, Abu ElgaimAtta Elmanan B, Hassan Ali O. Effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seeds Saponin on Digestibility, N-Retention, Hematological parameters and blood Metabolites in Rabbits. World's Vet J. 2013;3(3): 65-73.
Al-Forkan M, Islam S, Akter R, Shameen Alam S, Khaleda L, Rahman Z, Salma Chowdhury DU. A sub-chronic exposure study of arsenic on hematological parameters, liver enzyme activities, histological studies and accumulation pattern of arsenic in organs of Wistar albino rats. J Cytol Histol S. 2016;5(2).
Andrew AS, Burgess JL, Meza MM, Demidenko E, Waugh MG, Hamilton JW, Karagas MR. Arsenic exposure is associated with decreased DNA repair in vitro and in individuals exposed to drinking water arsenic. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(8):1193-1198.
Beesley, S. Chemicals, Metals and the Liver, Sarah Beesley. (n.d.). 2018. https://selfhealclinic.co.nz/chemicals-metals-and-the-liver/
Belaïd-Nouira Y, Bakhta H, Haouas Z, Flehi-Slim I, Ben Cheikh H. Fenugreek seeds reduce aluminum toxicity associated with renal failure in rats. Nutr Res Pract. 2013;7(6):466-474.
Chakraborti D, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Sengupta MK, Rahman MM, Chowdhury UK, Lodh D, Chanda CR, Chakraborti AK, Basu GK. Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger?. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(9):1194-1201
Chakraborti D, Singh SK, Rahman MM, Dutta RN, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Kar PB. Groundwater arsenic contamination in the Ganga River Basin: a future health danger. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(2):180.
De A, Nath S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Mandal TK, Das AK. Ameliorative effects of Bauhinia acuminata L stem bark powder against chronic arsenicosis in rats. Toxicol Environ Health Sci. 2016;8(3):258-262.
Draper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid Peroxidation. In Methods in enzymology 1990 Jan 1 (Vol. 186, pp. 421-431). Academic press.
Dua TK, Dewanjee S, Gangopadhyay M, Khanra R, Zia-Ul-Haq M, De Feo V. Ameliorative effect of water spinach, Ipomea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), against experimentally induced arsenic toxicity. J Transl Med. 2015 1;13(1):81
Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwald S, Ordog G, Wasserberger I. Ellenhorn's. Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997.
Genet S, Kale RK, Baquer NZ. Alterations in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rat tissues: effect of vanadate and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2002;236(1-2):7-12.
Gomez-Caminero A, Howe P, Hughes M, Kenyon E, Lewis DR, Moore M. et al Arsenic and arsenic compounds, environmental health criteria. World Health Organization, Geneva 2001, vol 224.
International Plant Names Index (IPNI). The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1753, Trigonella foenum-graecum | International Plant Names Index (ipni.org).
Kang LP, Qi LH, Zhang JP, Shi N, Zhang M, Wu TM, Chen J. Effect of genistein and quercetin on proliferation, collagen synthesis, and type I procollagen mRNA levels of rat hepatic stellate cells. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001;22(9):793-796.
Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake, and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev. 1984;36(1):1-67.
Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R. Swapnil S, Kumar H, Kumar S, Singh J, Kumar D. Withania somnifera protects the haematological alterations caused by Sodium arsenite in Charles foster rats. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm 2013;4:491-494.
Kumar A, Ali M, Rahman MS, Iqubal A, Anand G, Niraj PK, Kumar R. Antidote effects of plants of Himalayan sub-origin against arsenic induced toxicity. J Bio Chem Res. 2015b;2:99-109.
Kumar A, Ali M, Rahman SM, Iqubal AM, Anand G, Niraj PK, Shankar P, Kumar R. Ground water arsenic poisoning in “Tilak Rai Ka Hatta” village of Buxar district, Bihar, India causing severe health hazards and hormonal imbalance. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2015a;5(4):1-7.
Kumar A, Kumar R, Rahman MS, Iqubal MA, Anand G, Niraj PK, Ali M. Phytoremedial effect of Withania somnifera against arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Charles Foster rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2015c;5(4):355.
Kumar V, Akhouri V, Singh SK, Kumar A. Phytoremedial effect of Tinospora cordifolia against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats. BioMetals. 2020;33(6):379-396.
Liu SX, Athar M, Lippai I, Waldren C, Hei TK. Induction of oxyradicals by arsenic: implication for mechanism of genotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2001;98(4):1643-1648.
Majhi CR, Khan S, Leo MD, Manimaran A, Sankar P, Sarkar SN. Effects of acetaminophen on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide redox signaling in kidney of arsenic-exposed rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49(4):974-982.
Mao YQ, Liu XJ, Jiang Y, Wu HB. Effect of quercetin on the signal pathway of TGFbeta1 in activated hepatic stellate cells. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University. Medi Sci Edi. 2004;35(6):802-805.
Mbarki S, Alimi H, Bouzenna H, Elfeki A, Hfaiedh N. Phytochemical study and protective effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek seeds) against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity in liver and kidney of male rat. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;88:19-26.
Mershiba SD, Dassprakash MV, Saraswathy SD. Protective effect of naringenin on hepatic and renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in arsenic intoxicated rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2013;40(5):3681-3691.
Nain S, Smits JE. Pathological, immunological and biochemical markers of subchronic arsenic toxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol. 2012;27(4):244-254.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). Elements in blood or tissue. Method: 8005. In: NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 4 Edn. O.H. Cincinnati: Department of Health and Human Service, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS publication 1994, 94–113.
Ola-Davies OE, Akinrinde AS. Acute sodium Arsenite-induced hematological and biochemical changes in wistar rats: Protective effects of ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides. Pharmacognosy Res. 2016;8(1):26.
Patlolla AK, Tchounwou PB. Serum acetyl cholinesterase as a biomarker of arsenic induced neurotoxicity in sprague-dawley rats. Int J Environ Res Pub Heal. 2005;2(1):80-83.
Peck-Radosavljevic M, Zacherl J, Meng YG, Pidlich J, Lipinski E, Längle F, Steininger R, Mühlbacher F, Gangl A. Is inadequate thrombopoietin production a major cause of thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis of the liver? J. Hepatol. 1997;27(1):127-131.
Peraza MA, Cromey DW, Carolus B, Carter DE, Gandolfi AJ. Morphological and functional alterations in human proximal tubular cell line induced by low level inorganic arsenic: evidence for targeting of mitochondria and initiated apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol: 2006;26(4):356-367.
Prabu SM, Muthumani M. Silibinin ameliorates arsenic induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(12):11201-11216.
Ravikumar P, Anuradha CV. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 1999;13(3):197-201.
Sayed S, Ahsan N, Kato M, Ohgami N, Rashid A, Akhand AA. Protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract on sodium arsenite-mediated adverse effects in mice. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 2015;77(1-2):145.
Shang M, Cais Han J, Li J, Zhao Y, Zheng J, Namba T, Kadota S, Tezuka Y, Fan W. Studies on flavonoids from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. Chin J mete Medi. 1998;23(10):614-639.
Sharma B, Singh S, Siddiqi NJ. Biomedical implications of heavy metals induced imbalances in redox systems. Biomed Res Int. 2014, 640754
Shi H, Shi X, Liu KJ. Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;255(1-2):67-78.
Singh N, Kumar D, Sahu AP. Arsenic in the environment: effects on human health and possible prevention. J Environ Biol. 2007;28(2):359-365
Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. Arjunolic acid attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity. Patho. 2008 Oct 1;15(3):147-156.
Tandon N, Roy M, Roy S, Gupta N. Protective effect of Psidium guajava in arsenic-induced oxidative stress and cytological damage in rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(3):245.
Uslu GA, Hamit Uslu, adali Y. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) seed extract against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats. Biomed Res Ther. 2019;6:3142-3150.
Wani SA, Kumar P. Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2018 1;17(2):97-106.
Xue W, Lei J, Li X, Zhang R. Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract protects kidney function and morphology in diabetic rats via its antioxidant activity. Nutr Res. 2011;31(7):555-562.
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How to Cite
Therapeutic effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds extract against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 1083-1093. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2899
