Pesticide residues analysis in farm gate vegetables of agricultural areas in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
The main purpose of this experiment was to understand pesticide residues persistence and their toxicity level in vegetables. In the present study pesticide residues in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and capsicum (Capsium annuum L.) vegetables cultivated in Tumakuru, Gubbi, Kunigal and Pavagada taluks in Tumkur district were analysed. In methodology, samples of 1 kg each were collected, cut into small pieces, macerated in a grinder and used for the analysis. Pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed tomato samples of Pavagada recorded acephate (0.346 mg/kg), dichlorvos (0.189 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.057 mg/kg) and Tumakuru samples recorded phorate (0.072 mg/kg) residues higher than MRLs (Maximum residue levels). Chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin-g and cypermethrin were below detection level (BDL) in all the samples. Cyfluthrin-β recorded highest in Kunigal samples (0.294 mg/kg), Tumakuru and Gubbi samples showed BDL.
Deltamethrin was highest in Pavagada (0.296 mg/kg) samples and Tumakuru and Kunigal samples revealed BDL. Pavagada samples (0.026 mg/kg) showed monocrotophos residues higher than MRLs. In capsicum samples, acephate residue was highest in Tumakuru samples (0.333 mg/kg), highest chlorpyrifos (0.153 mg/kg) in Kunigal samples, deltamethrin (0.381 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.168 mg/kg) and phorate (0.089 mg/kg) residues were higher than MRLs in Pavagada samples. Cyfluthrin-β (0.045 mg/kg) was high in Tumakuru and dichlorvos (0.042 mg/kg) high in Pavagada samples. Cyhalothrin-g, cypermethrin and monocrotophos were BDL in all the samples. An attempt has been made to assess the different pesticides usage and their adverse impacts on vegetables, which are backbone to afford assistance for an extensive array of investigators.
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Keywords
Capsicum, Farmgate vegetables, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Pesticides, Tomato
References
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Borgert, C.J., Lakind, J.S. & Witorsch, R.J. (2003). A critical review of methods for comparing estrogenic activity of endogenous and exogenous chemicals in human milk and infant formula. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(8), 1020-1036. doi:10.1289/ehp.6023
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2017). Pesticide residues in food and feed. Plant Production and Protection Division. Available online: http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/pestres/en
Damalas, C.A. & Eleftherohorinos, I.G. (2011). Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues and Risk Assessment Indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(12), 1402-1419.
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Kostik, V., Angelovska, B., Petreska, E.K. & Bauer, B. (2014). Determination of pesticide residues in plant-based foods from the Republic of Macedonia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Science, 2(4), 124-129.
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Sharma, B.M., Bharat, G.K., Tayal, S., Nizzetto, L., Cupr, P. & Larssen, T. (2014). Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: A systematic review of recent and historical data. Environmental International, 66, 48-64. doi:10.1016/j.envint.20 14.01.022
Singh, B. & Gupta, A. (2002). Monitoring of pesticide
residues in farmgate and market samples of vegetables in a semiarid, irrigated area. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 68(5), 747-751. doi:10.10 07/s001280317
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Beena Kumari., Madan, V.K., Singh, J., Singh, S. & Kathpal, T.S. (2004). Monitoring of pesticide contamination of farmgate vegetables from Hisar. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 90(1-3), 65-71. doi:10.1023/B:EM AS.0000003566.63111.f6
Bempah, C.K. & Donkor, A.K. (2011). Pesticide residues in fruits at the market level in Accra Metropolis, Ghana, a preliminary study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 175(1-4), 551-561. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1550-0
Bempah, C.K., Donkor, A.K., Yeboah, P.O. & Dubey, B. (2011). A preliminary assessment of consumer’s exposure to organochlorine pesticides in fruits and vegetables and the potential health risk in Accra Metropolis, Ghana. Food Chemistry, 128(4), 1058-1065. doi:10.1016/j.foodch em.2011.04.013
Borgert, C.J., Lakind, J.S. & Witorsch, R.J. (2003). A critical review of methods for comparing estrogenic activity of endogenous and exogenous chemicals in human milk and infant formula. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(8), 1020-1036. doi:10.1289/ehp.6023
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (2017). Pesticide residues in food and feed. Plant Production and Protection Division. Available online: http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/standards/pestres/en
Damalas, C.A. & Eleftherohorinos, I.G. (2011). Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues and Risk Assessment Indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(12), 1402-1419.
Di Muccio, A., Cicero, A.M., Ausili, A. & Di Muccio, S. (2006). Chapter-20. Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetable oils by single-step multicartridge extraction and clean up and by gas
chromatography with flame photometric detector. From, Methods in Biotechnology, Vol. 19, Pesticide Protocols. (Ed. Vidal J.L.M. & Frenich, A.G.) @ Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ. pp.263-271.
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage (2018). Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India retrieved from http:// ppqs.gov.in/divisions/pesticides-monitoring-documentation
Europian Commission (2012). EU MRLs in View of the First Establishment of Annex II to Regulation (EC) N. 396/2005. (2012). Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/pesticides/pesticide_res_annex_ii.xls
Falodun, A., Siraj, R. & Choudhary, M.I. (2009). GC-MS analysis of insecticidal leaf essential oil of Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch and Dalz (lcacinaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(2), 139-143. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v8i2.7
Fardous, Z., Islam, M.N., Hoque, S.M., Chowdhury, M.A.Z. & Rahman, M.A. (2007). Determination of some selected pesticide residues in tomato from different locations of Bangladesh. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Technology, 3, 4-7.
Food and Agriculture Organization / World Health Organization (2004). Food Standards Programme. In Proceedings of Codex Alimentarius Commission. Twenty-Seventh Session, Geneva, Switzerland. pp.1-103.
Gill, J.P.S., Bedi, J.S., Singh, R., Fairoze, M.N., Hazarika, R.A., Gaurav, A., Satpathy, S.K., Chauhan, A.S., Lindahl, J., Grace, D., Kumar, A. & Kakkar, M. (2020). Pesticide residues in peri-urban bovine milk from India and risk assessment: A multicenter study. Scientific Reports, 10:8054. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65030-z
Golge, O., Hepsang, F. & Kabak, B. (2018). Health risk assessment of selected pesticide residues in green pepper and cucumber. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 121, 51-64. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.027
Indira Devi, P., Tomas, J. & Raju, R.K. (2017). Pesticide consumption in India: A spatiotemporal analysis. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 30, 163-172.
Irani Mukherjee. (2003). Pesticide residues in vegetables in and around Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 86(3), 265-271. doi:10.1023/A:102405742 0937
Jayaraj, R., Megha, P. & Sreedev, P. (2016). Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 9(3-4), 90-100. doi:10.1515/intox-2016-0012
Kolani, L., Mawussi, G. & Sanda, K. (2016). Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetable samples from some agricultural areas in Togo. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 7, 332-341.doi:10.4236/ajac.20 16.74031
Kostik, V., Angelovska, B., Petreska, E.K. & Bauer, B. (2014). Determination of pesticide residues in plant-based foods from the Republic of Macedonia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Science, 2(4), 124-129.
Kumar, D. & Reddy, D.L. (2017). High pesticide use in India: Health implications. Health Action, pp. 7-12. http://www.pan-india.org/wpcontent /uploads/2017/08/High-pesticide-use-in-India-health-Implications_Health-Action-August-2017-1.pdf.
Li, S., Yu, P., Ceng Zhou, C., Tong, L., Li, D., Yu, Z. & Zhao, Y. (2020). Analysis of pesticide residues in commercially available chenpi using a modified QuEChERS method and GC-MS/MS determination. 10(1), 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2019.01.005
Loughlin, T.M.M., Peluso, M.L., Etchegoyen, M.A., Alonso, L.L., Castro, M.C., Percudani, M.C. & Marino, D.J.G. (2018). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables of the argentine domestic market: Occurrence and quality. Food Control, 93, 129-138. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.20 18.05.041
Mnif,W., Hassine, A.I.H., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O. & Roig, B. (2011). Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 2265-2303. doi:10.3390/ijerph8062265
Ngowi, A.V., Mbise, T.J., Ijani, A.S.M. & London, L. (2007). Pesticides use by smallholder farmers in vegetable production in Northern Tanzania. Crop Protection, 26(11), 1617-1624. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2007.01.008
Nishant, N. & Upadhyay, R. (2016). Presence of pesticide residue in vegetable crops: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 37(3), 173-185. doi: 10.18805/ag.v37i3.3533
Owago, O.J., Shihua Q.I., Li, X.X., Yuan, Z. & Sylvie, M.A. (2009). Residues of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables from Deyang and Yanting areas of the Chengdu economic region, Sichuan province, China. Journal of American Science, 5(4), 91-100. doi:10.7537/marsjas050409.13
Quintero, A., Caselles, M.J., Ettiene, J., De Colmenares, N.G., Ramirez, T. & Medina, D. (2008). Monitoring of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables of agricultural area in Venezuela. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81(4), 393-396. doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9511-9
Rahman, M.A., Chowdhury, A.Z., Moniruzzaman, M., Gan, S.H., Islam, M.N., Fardous, Z. & Alam, M.K. (2012). Pesticide residues in tobacco leaves from the Kushtia district in Bangladesh. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89, 658-663.
Rauh, V.A., .Garcia, W.E., .Whyatt, R.M., Megan K.Horton, M.K., Dana B.Barr, D.B. & Louis, E.D. (2015). Prenatal exposure to the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos and childhood tremor. Neoro Toxicology, 51, 80-86. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.09.004
Sah, S.B., Gupta, R.N., Kumar, M., Mandal, S.K., Saha, T. & Singh, S.P. (2018). Pesticide residues from farm gate vegetable samples of vegetables in Bihar. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, Sp. Issue 7, 4090-4096.
Salghi, R., Luis, G., Rubio, C., Hormatallah, A., Bazzi, L., Gutierrez, A.J. & Hardisson, A. (2012). Pesticide residues in tomatoes from green houses in Souss Massa Valley, Morocco. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88(3), 358-361. doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0503-9
Schreinemachers, P. & Tipraqsa, P. (2012). Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high, middle and low income countries. Food Policy, 37(6), 616-626. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.003
Schreinemachers, P., Sefa, V.A., Heng, C.H., Dung, P.T.M., Praneetvatakul, S. & Srinivasan, R. (2015). Safe and sustainable crop protection in Southeast Asia: Status, challenges and policy options. Environmental Science & Policy, 54, 357-366. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.07.017
Shammi, M., Sultana, A., Hasan, N., Rahman, Md. M., Islam, Md. S., Bodrud-Doza, Md. & Uddin Md. K. (2020). Pesticide exposures towards health and environmental hazard in Bangladesh: A case study on farmers’ perception. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 19, 161-173. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2018.08.005
Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Shahzad, B., Tanveer, M., Sidhu, G.P.S., Handa, N., Kohli, S.K., Yadav, P., Bali, A.S., Parihar, R.D., Dar, O,I., Singh, K., Jasrotia, S., Bakshi, P., Ramakrishnan, M., Kumar, S., Bhardwaj, R. & Thukral, A.K. (2019a). Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Applied Sciences, 1(11), Article No.1446. doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1485-1
Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Thukral, A. & Bhardwaj, R. (2019b). Responses of plants to pesticide toxicity: An overview. Planta Daninha, 37, e019184291 doi:10.1590/S0100-83582019370100065
Sharma, B.M., Bharat, G.K., Tayal, S., Nizzetto, L., Cupr, P. & Larssen, T. (2014). Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: A systematic review of recent and historical data. Environmental International, 66, 48-64. doi:10.1016/j.envint.20 14.01.022
Singh, B. & Gupta, A. (2002). Monitoring of pesticide
residues in farmgate and market samples of vegetables in a semiarid, irrigated area. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 68(5), 747-751. doi:10.10 07/s001280317
Standardization Administration of China (2008). Fresh fruits and vegetables-sampling. GB/T 8855-2008. The Standardization Administration of China: Beijing, China. pp. 1-8.
Subhash Chandra., Mahindrakar, A.N. & Shinde, L.P. (2010). Determination of Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos in Vegetables by GC-ECD. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2(2), 908-911.
Swarnam, T.P. & Velmurugan, A. (2013). Pesticide residues in vegetable samples from the Andaman Islands, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(7), 6119-6127. doi:10.1007/s10661-012-3012-3
Tekel, J. & Hatrik, S. (1996). Pesticide residue analysis in plant material by chromatographic methods: clean-up procedures and selective detectors. Journal of Chromatography A. 754(1-2), 397-410. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00489-X
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Pesticide residues analysis in farm gate vegetables of agricultural areas in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, India. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(4), 1437-1444. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.2879
