Standardized method to extract phenolic compounds from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Jarul) for enhanced antioxidant activity
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Abstract
Phenolic compounds contribute to the antioxidant property of plants and the efficient extraction of plant phenolics could enhance its antioxidant potential. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. has been investigated for its pharmacological activities, but comparing its antioxidant activities of phenolics derived from its various parts has a key role in developing natural antioxidants. This study was conducted to standardize the extraction of phenolics from leaves, pods and branches of L. speciosa plant, followed by determination of antioxidant activities of their solvent fractions. Phenolic compounds were extracted from the leaves, pods and branches under different parameters such as temperature, pH, type of solvent and volume of the solvent. The extracted phenolic compounds were subjected to solvent fractions and antioxidant assays were performed. Among the various extraction methods tested, the best method was 50% ethanol +1% HCl, refluxing temperature, 100 ml of solvent and 1 hour extraction time. The best solvent fractions were determined as NaHCO3 + ethyl acetate for pods and ethyl acetate alone for leaves and branches with extracted phenolics content of 150.2 mg/g, 136.2 mg/g and 82.9 mg/g, respectively. The chloroform fraction was best among the fractions with maximum ascorbic acid equivalent (ASE) in all the parts of L. speciosa tested. Ferrous ion chelating capacity indicated that butanol fraction had the highest chelation and the same was recorded in ferric ion chelating assay with an EC50 value of 28.2. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the fractions indicated that NaHCO3 + EtOAc fraction of pods had potential activity. Thus, the phenolic compounds from L. speciosa are excellent sources for future investigation on potent natural antioxidant compounds.
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Keywords
Banaba, Jarul, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Phenolics, Polyphenols, Antioxidant
References
Bai, N., He, K., Roller, M., Zheng, B., Chen, X., Shao, Z., Peng, T., & Zheng, Q. (2008). Active compounds from Lagerstroemia speciosa, insulin-like glucose uptake-stimulatory/inhibitory and adipocyte differentiation-inhibitory activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56: 11668–11674. DOI: 10.1021/jf802152z
Bravo, L. (1998). Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition Reviews. 56: 317-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x
Chan, E.W.C., Tan, L.N. & Wong, S.K. (2014). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Lagerstroemia speciosa: a natural remedy for diabetes. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2: 100-105.
Choi, J., Cho, J.Y., Choi, S.J., Jeon, H., Kim, Y.D., Htwe, K.M., Chin, Y.W., Lee, W.S., Kim, J., & Yoon, K.D. (2015). Two new phenolic glucosides from Lagerstroemia speciosa. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 20: 4483–4491. DOI:10.3390/molecules20034483
Decker, E.A., Welch, B. (1990). Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 38: 674-677. DOI: 10.1021/jf00093a019
Dina, A., Nassima, C., Meriem, B., Karima, A., Hakima, L., & Hania, B. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenol content of selected Algerian medicinal plants. Food Chemistry. 112: 303–309. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.077
Emmons, C.L., & Peterson, D.M. (1999). Antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of oats, groats and hulls. Cereal Chemistry. 76: 902-906. DOI: 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.902
Guo, S., Ren, X., He, K., Chen, X., Zhang, S., Roller, M., Zheng, B., Zheng, Q., Ho, C.T., & Bai, N. (2020). The anti-diabetic effect of eight Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf extracts based on the contents of ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives. Food and Function. 11: 1560–1571. DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03091c
Gupta, A., Agrawal, V.K., & Rao, C.V. (2017). Exploration of analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lagerstroemia speciosa. Journal of Applied and Pharmaceutical Science. 7: 156-161. DOI:10.7324/JAPS.2017.70221
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., & Aruoma, O.I. (1987). The deoxyribose method: a simple 'test tube' assay for determination of rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals. Analytical Biochemistry. 165: 215–219. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90222-3
Janggyoo, C., Jae, C., Soo, C., Heejin, J., Young, K., Khin, H., Young, C., Woo, L., Jinwoong, K., & Kee, Y. (2015). Two new phenolic glucosides from Lagerstroemia speciosa, Molecules. 20: 4483–4491. DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034483
Junaid, S., Rakesh, K.N., Dileep, N., Poornima, G., Kekuda, P.T.R., & Mukunda, S. (2013). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of seed extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa. L. Chemical Science Transactions. 2: 75-80. doi: 10.7598/cst2012.310
Kaisoona, O., Siriamornpuna, S., Weerapreeyakulb, N., & Meesoc, N. (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand. Journal of Functional Foods. 3: 88–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.002
Kroyer, G.T. (2004). Red clover extract as antioxidant active and functional food ingredient. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 5: 101-105. DOI: 10.1016/S1466-8564(03)00040-7
Krygier, K., Sosulski, F., & Hodge, L. (1982). Free, esterified, and insoluble bound phenolic acids. 1. Extraction and purification procedure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 30:330-334. DOI: 10.1021/jf00110a028
Mousa, A.M., El-Sammad, N.M., Abdel-Halim, A.H., Anwar, N., Khalil, W.K.B., Nawwar, M., Hashim, A.N., Elsayed, E.A., & Hassan, S.K. (2019). Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers leaf extract attenuates lung tumorigenesis via alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Biomolecules. 9: 871. DOI: 10.3390/biom9120871
Nurcahyanti A.D.R., Arieselia Z., Kurniawan S.V., Sofyan F., & Wink M. (2018). Revisiting bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) from Indonesia as an antidiabetic agent, its mode of action, and phylogenetic position. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 12: 40-45. DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_20_17
Pareek, A., Suthar, M., Rathore, G. S., Bansal, V., & Kumawat, T. (2010). In vitro antioxidant studies of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2: 357-360. DOI: 10.1016/s0975-3575(10)80109-9
Pavithra, G.M., Siddiqua, S., Naik, A.S., Prashith, K.T.R., & Vinayaka, K.S. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of flowers of Wendlandia thyrsoidea, Olea dioica, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Bombax malabaricum. Journal of Applied and Pharmaceutical Science. 3:114–120. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3619
Prabhu, V.V., Chidambaranathan N., Nalini G., Venkataraman, S., Jayaprakash, S., & nagarajan, M. (2010). Evaluation of anti-fibrotic effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa L pers. on carbon tetra chloride induced liver fibrosis. Current Pharma Research. 1: 56–68. DOI: 10.33786/JCPR.2010.V01I01.003
Priya, T.T., Sabu, M.C., & Jolly, C.I. (2008). Free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L). Inflammopharmacology, 16: 182–187. DOI: 10.1007/s10787-008-7002-6
Ragazzi, E., & Veronese, G. (1973). Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds after thin layer chromatographic separation. Journal of Chromatography. 77: 369-375. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)92204-0
Saumya, S.M., & Basha, P.M. (2011). Antioxidant effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers (banaba) leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 49: 125-131.
Sharmin, T., Rahman, M. S., & Mohammadi, H. (2018). Investigation of biological activities of the flowers of Lagerstroemia speciosa, the Jarul flower of Bangladesh. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 18: 231. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2286-6
Song, J.H., Park, K.S., Kwon, D.H., & Choi, H.J. (2013a). Antihuman rhinovirus 2 activity and mode of action of quercetin-7-glucoside from Lagerstroemia speciosa, Journal of Medicinal Food. 16: 274-279. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2290
Song, J.L., Zhao, X., Wang, Q., & Zhang, T. (2013b). Protective effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa on 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)-induced oxidative stress in HIT-T15 pancreatic ? cells. Molecular Medicine Reports. 7: 1607-1612. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1396
Stohs, S.J., Miller, H., & Kaats, G.R. (2012). A review of the efficacy and safety of Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and corosolic acid. Phytotherapy Research. 26: 317-324. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3664
Tiwary, B.K., Dutta, S., Dey, P., Hossain, M., Kumar, A., Bihani, S., Nanda, A.K., Chaudhuri, T.K., & Chakraborty, R. (2017). Radical scavenging activities of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. petal extracts and its hepato-protection in CCl4-intoxicated mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 17: 55. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1495-0
Tsuda, T., Osawa, T., Nakayama, T., Kawakishi, S., & Ohshima, K. (1993). Antioxidant activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 70: 909-913. DOI: 10.1007/BF02545353
Unno, T., Sakane, I., Masumizu, T., Kohno, M., & Kakuda, T. (1997). Antioxidative activity of water extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 61: 1772-1774. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.61.1772
Yen, G.C., & Duh, P.D. (1994). Scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls on free radical and active oxygen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 42: 629-632. DOI: 10.1021/jf00039a005
Bravo, L. (1998). Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition Reviews. 56: 317-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01670.x
Chan, E.W.C., Tan, L.N. & Wong, S.K. (2014). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Lagerstroemia speciosa: a natural remedy for diabetes. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2: 100-105.
Choi, J., Cho, J.Y., Choi, S.J., Jeon, H., Kim, Y.D., Htwe, K.M., Chin, Y.W., Lee, W.S., Kim, J., & Yoon, K.D. (2015). Two new phenolic glucosides from Lagerstroemia speciosa. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 20: 4483–4491. DOI:10.3390/molecules20034483
Decker, E.A., Welch, B. (1990). Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 38: 674-677. DOI: 10.1021/jf00093a019
Dina, A., Nassima, C., Meriem, B., Karima, A., Hakima, L., & Hania, B. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenol content of selected Algerian medicinal plants. Food Chemistry. 112: 303–309. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.077
Emmons, C.L., & Peterson, D.M. (1999). Antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of oats, groats and hulls. Cereal Chemistry. 76: 902-906. DOI: 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.6.902
Guo, S., Ren, X., He, K., Chen, X., Zhang, S., Roller, M., Zheng, B., Zheng, Q., Ho, C.T., & Bai, N. (2020). The anti-diabetic effect of eight Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf extracts based on the contents of ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives. Food and Function. 11: 1560–1571. DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03091c
Gupta, A., Agrawal, V.K., & Rao, C.V. (2017). Exploration of analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lagerstroemia speciosa. Journal of Applied and Pharmaceutical Science. 7: 156-161. DOI:10.7324/JAPS.2017.70221
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., & Aruoma, O.I. (1987). The deoxyribose method: a simple 'test tube' assay for determination of rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals. Analytical Biochemistry. 165: 215–219. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90222-3
Janggyoo, C., Jae, C., Soo, C., Heejin, J., Young, K., Khin, H., Young, C., Woo, L., Jinwoong, K., & Kee, Y. (2015). Two new phenolic glucosides from Lagerstroemia speciosa, Molecules. 20: 4483–4491. DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034483
Junaid, S., Rakesh, K.N., Dileep, N., Poornima, G., Kekuda, P.T.R., & Mukunda, S. (2013). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of seed extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa. L. Chemical Science Transactions. 2: 75-80. doi: 10.7598/cst2012.310
Kaisoona, O., Siriamornpuna, S., Weerapreeyakulb, N., & Meesoc, N. (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand. Journal of Functional Foods. 3: 88–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.002
Kroyer, G.T. (2004). Red clover extract as antioxidant active and functional food ingredient. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 5: 101-105. DOI: 10.1016/S1466-8564(03)00040-7
Krygier, K., Sosulski, F., & Hodge, L. (1982). Free, esterified, and insoluble bound phenolic acids. 1. Extraction and purification procedure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 30:330-334. DOI: 10.1021/jf00110a028
Mousa, A.M., El-Sammad, N.M., Abdel-Halim, A.H., Anwar, N., Khalil, W.K.B., Nawwar, M., Hashim, A.N., Elsayed, E.A., & Hassan, S.K. (2019). Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers leaf extract attenuates lung tumorigenesis via alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Biomolecules. 9: 871. DOI: 10.3390/biom9120871
Nurcahyanti A.D.R., Arieselia Z., Kurniawan S.V., Sofyan F., & Wink M. (2018). Revisiting bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) from Indonesia as an antidiabetic agent, its mode of action, and phylogenetic position. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 12: 40-45. DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_20_17
Pareek, A., Suthar, M., Rathore, G. S., Bansal, V., & Kumawat, T. (2010). In vitro antioxidant studies of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2: 357-360. DOI: 10.1016/s0975-3575(10)80109-9
Pavithra, G.M., Siddiqua, S., Naik, A.S., Prashith, K.T.R., & Vinayaka, K.S. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of flowers of Wendlandia thyrsoidea, Olea dioica, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Bombax malabaricum. Journal of Applied and Pharmaceutical Science. 3:114–120. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3619
Prabhu, V.V., Chidambaranathan N., Nalini G., Venkataraman, S., Jayaprakash, S., & nagarajan, M. (2010). Evaluation of anti-fibrotic effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa L pers. on carbon tetra chloride induced liver fibrosis. Current Pharma Research. 1: 56–68. DOI: 10.33786/JCPR.2010.V01I01.003
Priya, T.T., Sabu, M.C., & Jolly, C.I. (2008). Free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L). Inflammopharmacology, 16: 182–187. DOI: 10.1007/s10787-008-7002-6
Ragazzi, E., & Veronese, G. (1973). Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds after thin layer chromatographic separation. Journal of Chromatography. 77: 369-375. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)92204-0
Saumya, S.M., & Basha, P.M. (2011). Antioxidant effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers (banaba) leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 49: 125-131.
Sharmin, T., Rahman, M. S., & Mohammadi, H. (2018). Investigation of biological activities of the flowers of Lagerstroemia speciosa, the Jarul flower of Bangladesh. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 18: 231. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2286-6
Song, J.H., Park, K.S., Kwon, D.H., & Choi, H.J. (2013a). Antihuman rhinovirus 2 activity and mode of action of quercetin-7-glucoside from Lagerstroemia speciosa, Journal of Medicinal Food. 16: 274-279. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2290
Song, J.L., Zhao, X., Wang, Q., & Zhang, T. (2013b). Protective effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa on 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)-induced oxidative stress in HIT-T15 pancreatic ? cells. Molecular Medicine Reports. 7: 1607-1612. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1396
Stohs, S.J., Miller, H., & Kaats, G.R. (2012). A review of the efficacy and safety of Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and corosolic acid. Phytotherapy Research. 26: 317-324. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3664
Tiwary, B.K., Dutta, S., Dey, P., Hossain, M., Kumar, A., Bihani, S., Nanda, A.K., Chaudhuri, T.K., & Chakraborty, R. (2017). Radical scavenging activities of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. petal extracts and its hepato-protection in CCl4-intoxicated mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 17: 55. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1495-0
Tsuda, T., Osawa, T., Nakayama, T., Kawakishi, S., & Ohshima, K. (1993). Antioxidant activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 70: 909-913. DOI: 10.1007/BF02545353
Unno, T., Sakane, I., Masumizu, T., Kohno, M., & Kakuda, T. (1997). Antioxidative activity of water extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 61: 1772-1774. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.61.1772
Yen, G.C., & Duh, P.D. (1994). Scavenging effect of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls on free radical and active oxygen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 42: 629-632. DOI: 10.1021/jf00039a005
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Standardized method to extract phenolic compounds from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Jarul) for enhanced antioxidant activity. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 1041-1047. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2870
