Assessment of Anwai river water quality using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) in Delta State, Nigeria
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The weighted arithmetic water quality index method was used to assess the water quality of anthropogenically-laden Anwai-river within the Asaba-capital territory of Delta State, Nigeria, in Stations 1(Otulu), 2(Isele- asagba) and 3(Anwai-Asaba) using pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, total hardness (TH) and coliforms, to determine its water quality status and its suitability for humans and aquatic biota. Aside from TDS, turbidity, and TH, other parameters such as pH (5.3-8.2), DO (2.0-2.8 mg/L), BOD (1.02-2.4 mg/L), EC (110-113 µS/cm), turbidity(2.3-5.2 NTU), TDS (8.0-16.0 mg/L), TH (30-62 mg/L), phosphates (0.13-0.28 mg/L), nitrates (0.05-0.27 mg/L) and Coliform (25.75-45.5 cfu/ml) indicated non-significant variableness (p>0.05) between Stations. Water depth, TDS, turbidity, TH, phosphate, nitrate and total coliform were significant contributors to the Anwai-river's water quality by Principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC1) exhibited 94.1% variance and a 0.1860 loading factor, while the second showed 5.9% variance and 0.0117 loading factor implying depth, flooding, excessive human activities and sewage disposal as important contaminants. Although the individual physiochemical-based water qualities were below the WHO recommended drinking water values translated into poor water quality by the weighted arithmetic water quality index at the three Stations; 86.83, 75.02 and 81.27 in Station's 1, 2 and 3 respectively, correspondingly poor to very poor based on Water quality index. The water of Anwai-river is a serious health threat to humans and aquatic organisms and thus, it should not be utilized untreated.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Anwai-river, Fecal-coliform, Water-parameters, Water-Quality Index
References
1. Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. (2012). Water quality indices. The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, UK. 1-6
2. Amadi, A. N., Olasahinde, P. I., Okosun, E. A. and Yisa, J. (2010). Assessment of the Water quality index of Otamiri and Oramiriukwa Rivers. Physics International 1(2), 116 – 123. ISSN 1948 – 9803.
3. American Public Health Association; American Water Workers Association (1992). Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-Water; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, U.S.A., 516p.
4. Anyanwu, E. D. and Ukaegbu, A. E. (2019). Index Approach to Water Quality Assessment of a South Eastern Nigerian River. (2019). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(1), 153-159.
5. Barbosa, F. A. R., Callisto, M. and Galdean, N. (2016). The diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates as an indicator of water and ecosystem health: a case study for Brazil. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 4(1), 51-59.
6. Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F. and Ram, K. (2021). Quality assessment of groundwater at Laksar Block, Hardwar in Uttarkhand, India using Water Quality Index: A case study. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 197-203. https:// doi.org /10. 31018 /jans.v13i1.2435.
7. Bhargava, D.S. (1983). Use of water quality index for river classification and zoning of Ganga River. Environ. Pollut. Ser. B Chem. Phys, 6: 51–67.
8. Boah, D. K., Twum, S. B. and Pelig-Ba, K. B. (2015). Mathematical Computation of Water Quality Index of a Dam I Upper East Volta Region of Ghana. Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 11-16. http://dx.doi.org./10.12988/es.2015.4116.
9. Bojarczuk, A., Jelonkiewicz, ?., and Lenart-Boro?, A. (2018). The effect of anthropogenic and natural factors on the prevalence of physicochemical parameters of water and bacterial water quality indicators along the river Bia?ka, Southern Poland, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25:10102–10114 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1212-2.
10. Bouaoun, D. and Nabbout, R. (2016). Study of physical and chemical parameters of Oustouan River, North Lebanon. Journal of Coastal Zone Management, 19(3): 1– 8.
11. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A. and O’Connor, M. F. (1972). Water Quality Index-Crashing, the Psychological Barrier, Proc. 6th Annual Conference, Advances in Water Pollution Research, 787-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-017005-3.50067-0.
12. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R. A. and Tozer, R.G. (1970). A Water Quality Index: Do We Dare? Water Sew. Works.117, 339–343.
13. Chapman, D. (1999). Water Quality Assessment: A Guide to the Water source of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring (2nd Edition). Taylor and Francis, London and New York,. 626.
14. Deininger, R. and Landwehr, J. A. (1971).Water Quality Index for Public Water Supplies; Unpublished Report; School of Public Health, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
15. Dinius, S. (1972). Social accounting system for evaluating water resources. Water Resour. Res., 8: 1159–1177.
16. Dinius, S.H. (1987). Design of an index of water quality. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 23: 833–843.
17. Egobueze, E. E., Iwegbue, C. M. A. and Arimoro, F.O. (2011). Effects of Abattoir wastes on the water quality of Aleto River in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Tropical freshwater Biology, 20 (2011), 91-102.
18. Egbueri, J. C., Ameh, P. D. and Chinanu, O. U. (2020). Integrating entropy-weighted water quality index and multiple pollution indices towards a better understanding of drinking water quality in Ojoto area, SE. Nigeria Scientific African:10 e00644 doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00644.
19. Etim, E. E., Odoh, R., Itodo, A. U., Umoh, S. D and Lawal, U. (2013). Water Quality Index for the Assessment of water quality from different Sources in Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Frontiers of Science, 3(3), 89-95.
20. Ezemonye, M. N., Osaituma, S. I. and Emeribe, C.N. (2016). Impact of Abbatoir waste on the physic-chemical quality of Anwai River, Asaba Delta State Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 12(20), 2016.
21. Florini, S., Shahsavari, E., Ngo, T., Aburto-Medina, A., David, J., Smith and Ball, S. A. (2020). Factors Influencing the Concentration of Fecal Coliforms in Oysters in the River Blackwater Estuary, UK Water, 12, 1086; doi:10.3390/w12041086.
22. Gupta, B. G., Biswas, J. K. and Agrawal, K. M. (2017). Physico-chemical parameters, water quality index and statistical analysis of surface water contamination by bleaching and dyeing effluents at Kalikapur, West Bengal, India. J. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 3(2), 177–180.
23. Hammer, H. D. A and Ryan, P. D. (2001). Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1), 1–9.
24. Hamid, A., Bhat, S. U. and Jehangir, A. (2020) Local determinants influencing stream water quality. Applied Water Science 10:24. Doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1043-4
25. Shah, K. A. and Joshi, G. S. (2015) Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science. Doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7
26. Ibrahim, A. E. M., Osman, B. O., Mohamed-Ali, M. H. (2015). Assessment of Physicochemical parameters of surface water sources in Kusti Town - Sudan. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2(4), 44-58.
27. Iloba, K. I., Akawo, O. N. and Nwaefiene, F. (2018). Diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in Arthropogenically stressed water body in Delta state, Nigeria. IJABR. 9(1): 93 - 106.
28. Iloba, K.I and Adamu, K. M. (2020). Ecological Responses of Macroinvertebrates to Human-Impacts of a Rural-Urban Flowing River in Delta State in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 16(4): 10-18.
29. Iloba, K. I. and Egborge, M. B. (2002). Changes in the rotifer community of the Ikpoa Dam, Benin-City. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 11: 37 -46
30. Iloba, K. I., Oguguah, N. M. And Nwadukwe, F.O. (2016). Hydrogen ion (pH), ammonia, dissolved oxygen and nitrite concentrations in catfish water re-circulatory and semi-intensive static-water systems. Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 31(2B):417- 424.
31. Iloba, K. I., Akawo, N. and Anani, C. (2019). Sand Dredging Impact on Macrobenthic Invertebrates of a hallowed River in Delta State of Nigeria. Science World Journal, 14(1): 171-176.
32. Iloba, K. I. (2021) Algal homogeneity in water and sediment of mid-Ethiope river, Nigeria: a response to severe ecological disturbances. Global Nest Journal, 23,(1):47-56.
33. Kangabam, R. D., Bhoominathan, S. D., Kanagaraj, S. and Govindaraju, M. (2017). Developing a water quality index for Loktak lake in India. Appl Water Sci, 7: 2907–2918 DOI 10.1007/s13201-017-0579-4
34. Kachroud, M., Trolard, F., Kefi, M. Jebari, S. and Bourrié, G. (2019). Water Quality Indices: Challenges and Application Limits in the Literature Water. 11, 361;doi:10.3390/w11020361.
35. Myers, L., Fiske, M. and Layhee, M. (2017). Elevated Stream Pathogenic Indicator Bacteria Concentrations in Livestock Grazing Areas across a Single National Forest. Natural Resources, 8: 657-670. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2017.81004.
36. Nemerow, N. L. and Sumitomo, H. Benefits of Water Quality Enhancement (Part A: Pollution Index for Benefits Analysis); Water pollution control research series N.16110 DAJ 12/70, Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office: New York, NY, USA, 1970.
37. Nwabor, O. Forstinus, N., Emmanuel, I., Martins, P. E. and Ani Ogonna ChristianaWater and Waterborne Diseases: A Review. International Journal Of Tropical Disease & Health 12(4): 1-14, 2016, Article no.IJTDH.21895 ISSN: 2278–1005, NLM ID: 101632866.
38. Oelsner, G.P., Sprague, L.A., Murphy, J.C., Zuellig, R.E., Johnson, H.M., Ryberg, K.R., Falcone, J.A., Stets, E.G., Vec¬chia, A.V., Riskin, M.L., De Cicco, L.A., Mills, T.J., and Farmer, W.H., 2017, Water-quality trends in the Nation’s rivers and streams, 1972–2012—Data preparation, statistical methods, and trend results: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5006, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175006
39. Onyeche, L. A. and Akankali, J. A. (2013). Determination of some environmental parameters of Anwai stream, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Management, 2(6): 142-149.
40. Otene, B. B. and Nnadi, P.C. (2019). Water Quality Index and status of Minichinda Stream, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Hard International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management, 5(5): 2505-8221.
41. Parastar, S., Jalilzadeh, A., Poureshg, Y., Hashemi, M., Rezaee, A. and Hossini, H. (2015). Assessment of national sanitation foundation water quality index and other quality characterization of Mamloo dam and supporting streams. Int J Env Health Eng, 4:44.
42. Prati, L., Pavanello, R. and Pesarin, F. (1971). Assessment of surface water quality by a single index of pollution. Water Res., 5, 741–751.
43. Smith, W.S., Silva, F. L. and Biagioni R. C. (2019). River dredging: when the public power ignores the causes, biodiversity and science. Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo, 22: 2019;22:e00571.
44. Tiwari, T., Mishra, M. (1985). A preliminary assignment of water quality index of major Indian rivers. Indian J. Environ. Prot, 1: 276–279.
45. Tripathy, J. K. and Sahu, K. C. (2005). Seasonal hydrochemistry of groundwater in the barrier-spit system of Chilika lagoon, Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 12 (7): 1-9.
46. United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring System/Water Programme. (2007). Global Drinking Water Quality Index Development and Sensitivity Analysis Report. ISBN 92-95039-14-9.
47. UN-waters (2016). Towards a Worldwide Assessment of Freshwater Quality: A UN-water Analytical Brief pp 40.
48. World Health Organization (2011): Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th edition. ISBN 9789241548151. Pp. 564.
49. Zakir, H.M., Sharmin, S., Akter, A and Rahman, M. S. (2020). Assessment of health risk of heavy metals and water quality indices for irrigation and drinking suitability of waters: a case study of Jamalpur Sadar area. Bangladesh Environmental Advances, 2: 100005 doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100005.
2. Amadi, A. N., Olasahinde, P. I., Okosun, E. A. and Yisa, J. (2010). Assessment of the Water quality index of Otamiri and Oramiriukwa Rivers. Physics International 1(2), 116 – 123. ISSN 1948 – 9803.
3. American Public Health Association; American Water Workers Association (1992). Water Pollution Control Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-Water; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, U.S.A., 516p.
4. Anyanwu, E. D. and Ukaegbu, A. E. (2019). Index Approach to Water Quality Assessment of a South Eastern Nigerian River. (2019). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(1), 153-159.
5. Barbosa, F. A. R., Callisto, M. and Galdean, N. (2016). The diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates as an indicator of water and ecosystem health: a case study for Brazil. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 4(1), 51-59.
6. Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F. and Ram, K. (2021). Quality assessment of groundwater at Laksar Block, Hardwar in Uttarkhand, India using Water Quality Index: A case study. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 197-203. https:// doi.org /10. 31018 /jans.v13i1.2435.
7. Bhargava, D.S. (1983). Use of water quality index for river classification and zoning of Ganga River. Environ. Pollut. Ser. B Chem. Phys, 6: 51–67.
8. Boah, D. K., Twum, S. B. and Pelig-Ba, K. B. (2015). Mathematical Computation of Water Quality Index of a Dam I Upper East Volta Region of Ghana. Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 11-16. http://dx.doi.org./10.12988/es.2015.4116.
9. Bojarczuk, A., Jelonkiewicz, ?., and Lenart-Boro?, A. (2018). The effect of anthropogenic and natural factors on the prevalence of physicochemical parameters of water and bacterial water quality indicators along the river Bia?ka, Southern Poland, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25:10102–10114 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1212-2.
10. Bouaoun, D. and Nabbout, R. (2016). Study of physical and chemical parameters of Oustouan River, North Lebanon. Journal of Coastal Zone Management, 19(3): 1– 8.
11. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A. and O’Connor, M. F. (1972). Water Quality Index-Crashing, the Psychological Barrier, Proc. 6th Annual Conference, Advances in Water Pollution Research, 787-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-017005-3.50067-0.
12. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R. A. and Tozer, R.G. (1970). A Water Quality Index: Do We Dare? Water Sew. Works.117, 339–343.
13. Chapman, D. (1999). Water Quality Assessment: A Guide to the Water source of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring (2nd Edition). Taylor and Francis, London and New York,. 626.
14. Deininger, R. and Landwehr, J. A. (1971).Water Quality Index for Public Water Supplies; Unpublished Report; School of Public Health, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
15. Dinius, S. (1972). Social accounting system for evaluating water resources. Water Resour. Res., 8: 1159–1177.
16. Dinius, S.H. (1987). Design of an index of water quality. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 23: 833–843.
17. Egobueze, E. E., Iwegbue, C. M. A. and Arimoro, F.O. (2011). Effects of Abattoir wastes on the water quality of Aleto River in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Tropical freshwater Biology, 20 (2011), 91-102.
18. Egbueri, J. C., Ameh, P. D. and Chinanu, O. U. (2020). Integrating entropy-weighted water quality index and multiple pollution indices towards a better understanding of drinking water quality in Ojoto area, SE. Nigeria Scientific African:10 e00644 doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00644.
19. Etim, E. E., Odoh, R., Itodo, A. U., Umoh, S. D and Lawal, U. (2013). Water Quality Index for the Assessment of water quality from different Sources in Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Frontiers of Science, 3(3), 89-95.
20. Ezemonye, M. N., Osaituma, S. I. and Emeribe, C.N. (2016). Impact of Abbatoir waste on the physic-chemical quality of Anwai River, Asaba Delta State Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 12(20), 2016.
21. Florini, S., Shahsavari, E., Ngo, T., Aburto-Medina, A., David, J., Smith and Ball, S. A. (2020). Factors Influencing the Concentration of Fecal Coliforms in Oysters in the River Blackwater Estuary, UK Water, 12, 1086; doi:10.3390/w12041086.
22. Gupta, B. G., Biswas, J. K. and Agrawal, K. M. (2017). Physico-chemical parameters, water quality index and statistical analysis of surface water contamination by bleaching and dyeing effluents at Kalikapur, West Bengal, India. J. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 3(2), 177–180.
23. Hammer, H. D. A and Ryan, P. D. (2001). Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1), 1–9.
24. Hamid, A., Bhat, S. U. and Jehangir, A. (2020) Local determinants influencing stream water quality. Applied Water Science 10:24. Doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1043-4
25. Shah, K. A. and Joshi, G. S. (2015) Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science. Doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7
26. Ibrahim, A. E. M., Osman, B. O., Mohamed-Ali, M. H. (2015). Assessment of Physicochemical parameters of surface water sources in Kusti Town - Sudan. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2(4), 44-58.
27. Iloba, K. I., Akawo, O. N. and Nwaefiene, F. (2018). Diversity and community structure of macroinvertebrates in Arthropogenically stressed water body in Delta state, Nigeria. IJABR. 9(1): 93 - 106.
28. Iloba, K.I and Adamu, K. M. (2020). Ecological Responses of Macroinvertebrates to Human-Impacts of a Rural-Urban Flowing River in Delta State in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 16(4): 10-18.
29. Iloba, K. I. and Egborge, M. B. (2002). Changes in the rotifer community of the Ikpoa Dam, Benin-City. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 11: 37 -46
30. Iloba, K. I., Oguguah, N. M. And Nwadukwe, F.O. (2016). Hydrogen ion (pH), ammonia, dissolved oxygen and nitrite concentrations in catfish water re-circulatory and semi-intensive static-water systems. Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 31(2B):417- 424.
31. Iloba, K. I., Akawo, N. and Anani, C. (2019). Sand Dredging Impact on Macrobenthic Invertebrates of a hallowed River in Delta State of Nigeria. Science World Journal, 14(1): 171-176.
32. Iloba, K. I. (2021) Algal homogeneity in water and sediment of mid-Ethiope river, Nigeria: a response to severe ecological disturbances. Global Nest Journal, 23,(1):47-56.
33. Kangabam, R. D., Bhoominathan, S. D., Kanagaraj, S. and Govindaraju, M. (2017). Developing a water quality index for Loktak lake in India. Appl Water Sci, 7: 2907–2918 DOI 10.1007/s13201-017-0579-4
34. Kachroud, M., Trolard, F., Kefi, M. Jebari, S. and Bourrié, G. (2019). Water Quality Indices: Challenges and Application Limits in the Literature Water. 11, 361;doi:10.3390/w11020361.
35. Myers, L., Fiske, M. and Layhee, M. (2017). Elevated Stream Pathogenic Indicator Bacteria Concentrations in Livestock Grazing Areas across a Single National Forest. Natural Resources, 8: 657-670. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2017.81004.
36. Nemerow, N. L. and Sumitomo, H. Benefits of Water Quality Enhancement (Part A: Pollution Index for Benefits Analysis); Water pollution control research series N.16110 DAJ 12/70, Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office: New York, NY, USA, 1970.
37. Nwabor, O. Forstinus, N., Emmanuel, I., Martins, P. E. and Ani Ogonna ChristianaWater and Waterborne Diseases: A Review. International Journal Of Tropical Disease & Health 12(4): 1-14, 2016, Article no.IJTDH.21895 ISSN: 2278–1005, NLM ID: 101632866.
38. Oelsner, G.P., Sprague, L.A., Murphy, J.C., Zuellig, R.E., Johnson, H.M., Ryberg, K.R., Falcone, J.A., Stets, E.G., Vec¬chia, A.V., Riskin, M.L., De Cicco, L.A., Mills, T.J., and Farmer, W.H., 2017, Water-quality trends in the Nation’s rivers and streams, 1972–2012—Data preparation, statistical methods, and trend results: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5006, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175006
39. Onyeche, L. A. and Akankali, J. A. (2013). Determination of some environmental parameters of Anwai stream, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Management, 2(6): 142-149.
40. Otene, B. B. and Nnadi, P.C. (2019). Water Quality Index and status of Minichinda Stream, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Hard International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management, 5(5): 2505-8221.
41. Parastar, S., Jalilzadeh, A., Poureshg, Y., Hashemi, M., Rezaee, A. and Hossini, H. (2015). Assessment of national sanitation foundation water quality index and other quality characterization of Mamloo dam and supporting streams. Int J Env Health Eng, 4:44.
42. Prati, L., Pavanello, R. and Pesarin, F. (1971). Assessment of surface water quality by a single index of pollution. Water Res., 5, 741–751.
43. Smith, W.S., Silva, F. L. and Biagioni R. C. (2019). River dredging: when the public power ignores the causes, biodiversity and science. Ambiente & Sociedade n São Paulo, 22: 2019;22:e00571.
44. Tiwari, T., Mishra, M. (1985). A preliminary assignment of water quality index of major Indian rivers. Indian J. Environ. Prot, 1: 276–279.
45. Tripathy, J. K. and Sahu, K. C. (2005). Seasonal hydrochemistry of groundwater in the barrier-spit system of Chilika lagoon, Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 12 (7): 1-9.
46. United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring System/Water Programme. (2007). Global Drinking Water Quality Index Development and Sensitivity Analysis Report. ISBN 92-95039-14-9.
47. UN-waters (2016). Towards a Worldwide Assessment of Freshwater Quality: A UN-water Analytical Brief pp 40.
48. World Health Organization (2011): Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th edition. ISBN 9789241548151. Pp. 564.
49. Zakir, H.M., Sharmin, S., Akter, A and Rahman, M. S. (2020). Assessment of health risk of heavy metals and water quality indices for irrigation and drinking suitability of waters: a case study of Jamalpur Sadar area. Bangladesh Environmental Advances, 2: 100005 doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100005.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Assessment of Anwai river water quality using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) in Delta State, Nigeria. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 913-922. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2758
