Polyphenolic characterization of pollen grains of some medicinal plant species using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)
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Abstract
Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites distributed in different parts of a plant, have major role in protecting the plants from deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiations and various diseases caused by pathogens. Considering the fact that these metabolites possess tremendous medicinal properties, extensive research has been carried out during the past few decades to explore their potential health benefits. Further, polyphenols are documented to possess different activities such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiulcer. The present study pertained to analyze different polyphenolic compounds in pollen grains of 9 medicinally important plant species viz., Bauhinia variegata, B.purpurea, Cassia biflora, C. fistula, C. glauca, C. saimea and Delonix regia belonging to Fabaceae family, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belonging to Malvaceae family and Melia azadirach belonging toMeliaceaefamily using Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Various polyphenolic compounds likecaffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, tert-butyl hydroquinone andumbelliferonewere found to be present in the pollen grains of these plant species. The order of plant species in terms of maximum number of polyphenolic compounds was observed as Cassia saimea (10) > B. purpurea (9) = C. fistula (9) = Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (9) > Delonix regia (8) > B. variegata (6) > C. glauca (4) = Melia Azadirach (4) > C. biflora (3). The plants such as C. saimea, B. purpurea, C. fistula and H. rosa-sinensis with different polyphenolic compounds indicated their potential forthe treatment of ailments.
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Keywords
Catechin, Fabaceae, Phytoconstituents, Pollen grains, Polyphenols
References
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Almeida-Muradiana, L.B., Pamplonaa, L.C., Coimbraa, S. & Barth, O.M. (2005). Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 18,105-111.
Balamurugan, G. & Muralidharan, P. (2010). Antiobesity effect of Bauhinia variegata bark extract on female rats fed on hypercaloric diet. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 5,8-12.
Bansal, V., Malviya, R. & Deeksha. (2014). Phytochemical, pharmacological profile and commercial utility of tropically distributed plant Bauhinia variegata. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 8,196-205.
Barbieri, D., Gabriele, M., Summa, M., Colosimo, R., Leonardi, D., Domenici, V. & Pucci L. (2020). Antioxidant, nutraceutical properties and fluorescence spectral profiles of bee pollen samples from different botanical origins. Antioxidants 2020;doi:10.3390/antiox9101001.
Basuny, A.M., Arafat, S.M. & Soliman, H.M. (2013). Chemical analysis of olive and palm pollen: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activation properties. Wudpecker Journal of Food Technology. 1,14-21.
Bonvehi, S., Torrento, S.M. & Lorente, C.E. (2001). Evaluation of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds in honeybee-collected pollen produced in Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49,1848-1853.
Carpes, S.T., Begnini, S.T., Alencar, R.&Masson, S.M. (2007). Study of preparations of bee pollen extracts, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Ciencia e Agrotecn. 31,1818-1825.
Chia, Yi-Chen., Rajbanshi, R., Calhoun, C., Robert, H. & Chiu. (2010). Anti-neoplastic effects of gallic acid, a major component of Toona sinensis leaf extract, on oral squamous carcinoma cells. Molecules. 15,8377-8389.
Cosmulescu, S., Trandafir, I. & Nour, V. (2015). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of walnut pollen samples. NotulaeBotanicaeHortiAgrobotanici. 43,361-365.
Dahiru, D., Malgwi, A.R.& Sambo, H.S. (2013). Growth inhibitory effect of Senna siamea leaf extracts on selected microorganisms. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 3,103-107
Dubey, S., Ganeshpurkar, A., Bansal, D. & Dubey, N. (2014). Experimental studies on bioactive potential of rutin. Chronicles of Young Scientists. 4,153-157.
Freire, K.R.L., Lins, A.C.S., Dórea, M.C., Santos, F.A.R., Camara, C.A. & Silva, T.M.S. (2012). Palynological origin, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of honeybee-collected pollen from Bahia, Brazil. Molecules. 17,1652-1664.
Geetha, T., Malhotra, V., Chopra, K. & Kaur, I.P. (2004). Antimutagenic and antioxidant/prooxidant activity of quercetin. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 43,61-67.
Govindarajan, R., Vijayakumar, M. & Pushpangadan, P. (2005). Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of “Rasayana” herbs of Ayurveda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 99,165-178.
Graikou, K., Kapeta, S., Aligiannis, N., Sotiroudis, G., Chondrogianni, N., Gonos, E. & Chinou, I. (2011). Chemical analysis of Greek pollen - Antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteasome activation properties. Central Journal, 5, 33 - 41.
Hong, L.S., Ibrahim, D., Kassim, J. & Sulaiman, S. (2011). Gallic acid: An anticandidal compound in hydrolysable tannin extracted from the barks of Rhizophora apiculataBlume. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1, 75-79.
Kao, Y., Lu, M. & Chen C. (2011). Preliminary analyses of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in tea pollen extracts. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 19,470-477.
Kaur, R., Nagpal, A. & Katnoria, J.K. (2015). Amino acids composition of pollen grains of some medicinally important plant species. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7,122-127.
Kaur, S., Michael, H., Arora, S., Harkonen, P.L. & Kumar, S. (2005). The in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Triphala- an Indian herbal drug. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97,15-20.
Kroyer, G & Hegedus, N. (2001). Evaluation of bioactive properties of pollen extracts as functional dietary food supplement. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 2,171-174.
Kumar, S. & Chandrshekar, K.S. (2011). Bauhinia purpurea Linn.: A review on its ethanobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5, 420 - 431.
Lee, K.H., Kim, A.J. & Choi, E.M. (2009). Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of pine pollen extract in vitro. Phytotherapy Research, 23, 41-48.
Leja, M., Mareczek, A., Wyzgolik, G., Klepacz-Baniak, J. & Czekonska, K. (2007). Antioxidative properties of bee pollen in selected plant species. Food Chemistry, 100,237-240.
Lou, Z., Wang, H., Li, J., Chen, S., Zhu, S., Ma C. & Zhouping, W. (2010). Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the fractions from burdock leaves. Journal of Food Science, 75,413-419.
Majji, L.N., Battu, G.R., Jangit, R.K. & Talluri, M.R. (2013). Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity of Cassia siamea leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5,263-265
Mariajancyrani, J., Chandramohan, G., Saravanan, P. & Saivaraj, S. (2013). In-Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Delonix regia Leaves. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy, 2, 468 - 471.
Munoz, E., Velásquez, P., Rodriguez, K., Montenegro, G. & Giordano, A. (2020). Influence of Brassica campestris and Galega officinalis on Antioxidant Activity of Bee Pollen. RevistaBrasileira de Farmacognosia, 30,444-449.
Pachthong, C., Supyen, D., Buddhasukh, D. & Jatisatienr, A. (2006). Isolation and characterization of brassinolide and castasterone in the pollen of Pumpkin Chiang Mai. Journal of Science, 33,95-101.
Pandey, K.B. & Rizvi, S. I. (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2, 270–278.
Pignatelli, P., Pulcinelli, F.M., Celestini, A., Lenti, L., Ghiselli, A., Gazzaniga, P.P. & Violi, F. (2000). The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72,1150-1155.
Puscion-Jakubik, A., Borawska, M.A. & Socha, K. (2020). Modern methods for assessing the quality of bee honey and botanical origin identification. Foods, 2020;doi:10.3 390/foods90810.
Rho, H.S., Ghimeray, A.K., Yoo, D.S., Ahn, S.M., Kwon, S.S., Lee, K.H., Cho, D.H. & Cho, J.Y. (2011). Kaempferol and kaempferol rhamnosides with depigmenting and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules, 16, 3338 - 3344.
Saric, A., Balog, T., Sobocanec, L., Kusic, B., Sverko, V., Rusak, G., Likic, S., Bubalo, D., Pinto, B., Reali, D. & Marotti T. (2009). Antioxidant effects of flavonoid from Croatian Cystusincanus L. rich bee pollen. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 547 - 554.
Smerak, P., Sestakova, H., Polivkova, Z., Barta, I., Turek, B., Bartova, J., Langova, M. &Andel M. (2002). Antimutagenic effect of ellagic acid and its effect on the immune response in mice. Czech Journal of Food Science, 20,181–191.
Thakur, M. & Nanda, V. (2021). Screening of Indian bee pollen based on antioxidant properties and polyphenolic composition using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS: A multivariate analysis and ANN based approach. Food Research International, 140,110-141.
Thakur, M., Asrani, R.K., Thakur, S., Sharma, P.K., Patil, R.D., Lal, B. and Parkash, O. (2016). Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans and animals of Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh in North-Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 191, 280-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.033
Ugusman, A., Zakaria, Z., Chua, K.H., Anita, N., Nordin, M.N. & Mahdy, Z.A. (2014). Role of rutin on nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Scientific World Journal, 1-9.
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T.D., Mazur, M. & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39, 44–84.
Veerachari, U & Bopaiah, A.K. (2012). Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of six Cassia species. InternationalJournal of Pharma and Bio sciences, 3, 260-270.
Zahin, M., Ahmad, I., Gupta, R.C. & Aqil, F. (2014). Punicalagin and ellagic acid demonstrate antimutagenic activity and inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene induced DNA adducts. BioMed Research International,1-10.
Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Ballevre, O., Luo, H.& Zhan, W. (2011). Antihypertensive effects and mechanisms of chlorogenic acids. Hypertension Research, 2011,1–5.
Almeida-Muradiana, L.B., Pamplonaa, L.C., Coimbraa, S. & Barth, O.M. (2005). Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 18,105-111.
Balamurugan, G. & Muralidharan, P. (2010). Antiobesity effect of Bauhinia variegata bark extract on female rats fed on hypercaloric diet. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 5,8-12.
Bansal, V., Malviya, R. & Deeksha. (2014). Phytochemical, pharmacological profile and commercial utility of tropically distributed plant Bauhinia variegata. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 8,196-205.
Barbieri, D., Gabriele, M., Summa, M., Colosimo, R., Leonardi, D., Domenici, V. & Pucci L. (2020). Antioxidant, nutraceutical properties and fluorescence spectral profiles of bee pollen samples from different botanical origins. Antioxidants 2020;doi:10.3390/antiox9101001.
Basuny, A.M., Arafat, S.M. & Soliman, H.M. (2013). Chemical analysis of olive and palm pollen: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activation properties. Wudpecker Journal of Food Technology. 1,14-21.
Bonvehi, S., Torrento, S.M. & Lorente, C.E. (2001). Evaluation of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds in honeybee-collected pollen produced in Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49,1848-1853.
Carpes, S.T., Begnini, S.T., Alencar, R.&Masson, S.M. (2007). Study of preparations of bee pollen extracts, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Ciencia e Agrotecn. 31,1818-1825.
Chia, Yi-Chen., Rajbanshi, R., Calhoun, C., Robert, H. & Chiu. (2010). Anti-neoplastic effects of gallic acid, a major component of Toona sinensis leaf extract, on oral squamous carcinoma cells. Molecules. 15,8377-8389.
Cosmulescu, S., Trandafir, I. & Nour, V. (2015). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of walnut pollen samples. NotulaeBotanicaeHortiAgrobotanici. 43,361-365.
Dahiru, D., Malgwi, A.R.& Sambo, H.S. (2013). Growth inhibitory effect of Senna siamea leaf extracts on selected microorganisms. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 3,103-107
Dubey, S., Ganeshpurkar, A., Bansal, D. & Dubey, N. (2014). Experimental studies on bioactive potential of rutin. Chronicles of Young Scientists. 4,153-157.
Freire, K.R.L., Lins, A.C.S., Dórea, M.C., Santos, F.A.R., Camara, C.A. & Silva, T.M.S. (2012). Palynological origin, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of honeybee-collected pollen from Bahia, Brazil. Molecules. 17,1652-1664.
Geetha, T., Malhotra, V., Chopra, K. & Kaur, I.P. (2004). Antimutagenic and antioxidant/prooxidant activity of quercetin. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 43,61-67.
Govindarajan, R., Vijayakumar, M. & Pushpangadan, P. (2005). Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of “Rasayana” herbs of Ayurveda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 99,165-178.
Graikou, K., Kapeta, S., Aligiannis, N., Sotiroudis, G., Chondrogianni, N., Gonos, E. & Chinou, I. (2011). Chemical analysis of Greek pollen - Antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteasome activation properties. Central Journal, 5, 33 - 41.
Hong, L.S., Ibrahim, D., Kassim, J. & Sulaiman, S. (2011). Gallic acid: An anticandidal compound in hydrolysable tannin extracted from the barks of Rhizophora apiculataBlume. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1, 75-79.
Kao, Y., Lu, M. & Chen C. (2011). Preliminary analyses of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in tea pollen extracts. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 19,470-477.
Kaur, R., Nagpal, A. & Katnoria, J.K. (2015). Amino acids composition of pollen grains of some medicinally important plant species. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7,122-127.
Kaur, S., Michael, H., Arora, S., Harkonen, P.L. & Kumar, S. (2005). The in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Triphala- an Indian herbal drug. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97,15-20.
Kroyer, G & Hegedus, N. (2001). Evaluation of bioactive properties of pollen extracts as functional dietary food supplement. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 2,171-174.
Kumar, S. & Chandrshekar, K.S. (2011). Bauhinia purpurea Linn.: A review on its ethanobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5, 420 - 431.
Lee, K.H., Kim, A.J. & Choi, E.M. (2009). Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of pine pollen extract in vitro. Phytotherapy Research, 23, 41-48.
Leja, M., Mareczek, A., Wyzgolik, G., Klepacz-Baniak, J. & Czekonska, K. (2007). Antioxidative properties of bee pollen in selected plant species. Food Chemistry, 100,237-240.
Lou, Z., Wang, H., Li, J., Chen, S., Zhu, S., Ma C. & Zhouping, W. (2010). Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the fractions from burdock leaves. Journal of Food Science, 75,413-419.
Majji, L.N., Battu, G.R., Jangit, R.K. & Talluri, M.R. (2013). Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity of Cassia siamea leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5,263-265
Mariajancyrani, J., Chandramohan, G., Saravanan, P. & Saivaraj, S. (2013). In-Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Delonix regia Leaves. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy, 2, 468 - 471.
Munoz, E., Velásquez, P., Rodriguez, K., Montenegro, G. & Giordano, A. (2020). Influence of Brassica campestris and Galega officinalis on Antioxidant Activity of Bee Pollen. RevistaBrasileira de Farmacognosia, 30,444-449.
Pachthong, C., Supyen, D., Buddhasukh, D. & Jatisatienr, A. (2006). Isolation and characterization of brassinolide and castasterone in the pollen of Pumpkin Chiang Mai. Journal of Science, 33,95-101.
Pandey, K.B. & Rizvi, S. I. (2009). Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2, 270–278.
Pignatelli, P., Pulcinelli, F.M., Celestini, A., Lenti, L., Ghiselli, A., Gazzaniga, P.P. & Violi, F. (2000). The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72,1150-1155.
Puscion-Jakubik, A., Borawska, M.A. & Socha, K. (2020). Modern methods for assessing the quality of bee honey and botanical origin identification. Foods, 2020;doi:10.3 390/foods90810.
Rho, H.S., Ghimeray, A.K., Yoo, D.S., Ahn, S.M., Kwon, S.S., Lee, K.H., Cho, D.H. & Cho, J.Y. (2011). Kaempferol and kaempferol rhamnosides with depigmenting and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules, 16, 3338 - 3344.
Saric, A., Balog, T., Sobocanec, L., Kusic, B., Sverko, V., Rusak, G., Likic, S., Bubalo, D., Pinto, B., Reali, D. & Marotti T. (2009). Antioxidant effects of flavonoid from Croatian Cystusincanus L. rich bee pollen. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 547 - 554.
Smerak, P., Sestakova, H., Polivkova, Z., Barta, I., Turek, B., Bartova, J., Langova, M. &Andel M. (2002). Antimutagenic effect of ellagic acid and its effect on the immune response in mice. Czech Journal of Food Science, 20,181–191.
Thakur, M. & Nanda, V. (2021). Screening of Indian bee pollen based on antioxidant properties and polyphenolic composition using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS: A multivariate analysis and ANN based approach. Food Research International, 140,110-141.
Thakur, M., Asrani, R.K., Thakur, S., Sharma, P.K., Patil, R.D., Lal, B. and Parkash, O. (2016). Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans and animals of Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh in North-Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 191, 280-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.033
Ugusman, A., Zakaria, Z., Chua, K.H., Anita, N., Nordin, M.N. & Mahdy, Z.A. (2014). Role of rutin on nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Scientific World Journal, 1-9.
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T.D., Mazur, M. & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 39, 44–84.
Veerachari, U & Bopaiah, A.K. (2012). Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of six Cassia species. InternationalJournal of Pharma and Bio sciences, 3, 260-270.
Zahin, M., Ahmad, I., Gupta, R.C. & Aqil, F. (2014). Punicalagin and ellagic acid demonstrate antimutagenic activity and inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene induced DNA adducts. BioMed Research International,1-10.
Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Ballevre, O., Luo, H.& Zhan, W. (2011). Antihypertensive effects and mechanisms of chlorogenic acids. Hypertension Research, 2011,1–5.
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Polyphenolic characterization of pollen grains of some medicinal plant species using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(3), 840-845. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2737
