Morpho-anatomical characterization of Rhizopogon himalayensis - Cedrus deodara mycorrhiza
Article Main
Abstract
Rhizopogon himalayensis (Castellano, S.L. Miller, Singh & Lakhanpal) A.B. Mujic & M.E. Sm., comb. nov. -an edible truffle-like fungus- normally exists in a symbiotic association with Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. Because of this important association and the ecological significance as per the available literature attached to this fungus, the present study was undertaken with a specific objective to test the mycorrhizal viability of this mycobiont with this important tree species of Himalaya -the theme tree of Himachal Pradesh. An attempt to investigate and record morphological and anatomical characteristics and variations in this mycorrhizal association was also made in nursery conditions using pure culture (wheat grain spawn) of R. himalayensis. The seedlings grown and inoculated in the nursery were harvested after six months for further examination, including the microscopic details. The study and subsequent analysis revealed that that mycobiont had invaded most of the feeder roots, imparting a typical swollen appearance to the mycorrhizal root tips. These root tips were light ochre with moderately thick plectenchymatic fungal mantle with occasional clamp connections on the inner layer of the fungal mantle. The root surface, as seen, was found smooth and frequently covered with a loose aggregation of inter-woven hyphae that uniformly pervaded the epidermis extending into the inter-cortical spaces of outer cortical cells and formed a characteristic Hartig net. Thus, results obtained in fact for the first time, presented an in-depth analysis of the morphological and anatomical characteristics of R. himalayensis and C. deodara association.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Cedrus deodara, Ectomycorrhiza, Hyphae, Morpho-anatomy, Rhizopogon himalayensis
References
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Dowie, N. J., Hemenway, J. J., Trowbridge, S. M. & Miller, S. L. (2011). Mycobiont overlap between two mycoheterotrophic genera of Monotropoideae (Pterospora andromedea and Sarcodes sanguinea) found in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Symbiosis, 54(1), 29-36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-011-0127-1
Ducic, T., Parlade, J. & Polle, A. (2008). The influence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon subareolatus on growth and nutrient element localisation in two varieties of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and var. glauca) in response to manganese stress. Mycorrhiza, 18(5), 227-239, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-008-0174-5
Glassman, S. I., Levine, C. R., DiRocco, A. M., Battles, J. J. & Bruns, T. D. (2016). Ectomycorrhizal fungal spore bank recovery after a severe forest fire: some like ithot. The ISME journal, 10(5),1228-1239, https://doi.org/1 0.1038/ismej.2015.182 .
Grubisha, L. C., Trappe, J. M., Molina, R. & Spatafora, J. W. (2001). Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. V. Phylogenetic relationships in the Boletales inferred from LSU rDNA sequences. Mycologia, 93(1), 82-89, https://doi.org/10.1080/002 75514.2001.12061281.
Grubisha, L. C., Trappe, J. M., Molina, R. & Spatafora, J. W. (2002). Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences. Mycologia, 94(4),607-619, https://doi.org/10.2307/3 7 61712
Grubisha, L. C., Trappe, J. M., Beyerle, A. R. & Wheeler, D. (2005). NATS truffle and trufflelike fungi 12: Rhizopogon after sp. nov. and R. brunsii sp. nov. (Rhizopogonaceae, Basidiomycota). Mycotaxon, 93,345-354.
Haug, I. & Oberwinkler, F. (1987). Some distinctive types of spruce mycorrhizae. Trees, 1(3),172-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00193560
Jung, N. C. & Tamai, Y. (2012). Ecological role and modification of the plant and fungal cell structure in the interface between host root and ectomycorrhizal hyphae. Mycology, 3(1),24-35
Kumar, S. & Sharma, Y. P. (2011). Diversity of wild mushrooms from Jammu and Kashmir (India). In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP7), pp 568-77
Lakhanpal, T. N. (1996). Mushrooms of India, Boletaceae. APH Pub. Corp.
Lakhanpal, T. N. & Singh, L. (2002). Cedrus deodara root rot disease- threat to the Himalayan forestry and environment. Indian Phytopathology, 53 (1),50-56
Malik, A. R., Wani, A. H., Bhat, M. Y. & Parveen, S. (2017). Ethnomycological knowledge of some wild mushrooms of northern districts of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 10(9),399-405, https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.201 7.v10i9.17641
Massicotte, H. B., Peterson, R. L. & Melville, L. H. (1989). Hartig net structure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Laccaria bicolor (Tricholomataceae) and two hosts: Betula alleghaniensis (Betulaceae) and Pinus resinosa (Pinaceae). American journal of botany, 76(11),1654-1667, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15150.x
Massicotte, H. B., Molina, R., Luoma, D. L. & Smith, J. E. (1994). Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon: II. Patterns of host?fungus specificity following spore inoculation of diverse hosts grown in monoculture and dual culture. New Phytologist, 126(4),677-690, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02962.x
Massicotte, H. B., Melville, L. H., Peterson, R. L. & Molina, R. (1999). Biology of the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Rhizopogon: IV. Comparative morphology and anatomy of ectomycorrhizas synthesized between several Rhizopogon species on Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). New Phytologist, 142(2), 355-370, ttps://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00392.x
Massicotte, H. B., Melville, L. H., Peterson, R. L. & Molina, R. (2000). Comparative anatomy of ectomycorrhizas synthesized on Douglas fir by Rhizopogon species and the hypogeous relative Truncocolumellacitrina. New Phytologist, 147(2), 389-400, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00700.x
Miller, S. L., Koo, C. D. & Molina, R. (1992). Early colonization of red alder and Douglas fir by ectomycorrhizal fungi and Frankia in soils from the Oregon coastrange. Mycorrhiza, 2(2),53-61, https://doi.org/10.100 7/bf00203250
Molina, R. & Trappe, J. M. (1994). Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon: I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses. New Phytologist, 126(4),653-675, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1 994.tb02961.x
Molina, R., Trappe, J. M., Grubisha, L. C. & Spatafora, J. W. (1999). Rhizopogon. Ectomycorrhizal fungi key genera in profile Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 129-161, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06827-4_5.
Mujic, A. B., Hosaka, K. & Spatafora, J.W. (2014). Rhizopogon togasawariana sp. nov., the first report of Rhizopogon associated with an Asian species of Pseudotsuga. Mycologia, 106(1),105-112, https://doi.org/10.3852/13-055
Mohan, V., Natarajan, K. and Ingleby, K. (1993). Anatomical studies on ectomycorrhizas. Mycorrhiza, 3(1),43-49, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00213467
Molina, R. & Trappe, J. M. (1994). Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon: I. Host associations, host?specificity and pure culture syntheses. New Phytologist, 126(4), 653-675, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-813 7.1994.tb02961.x
Mujic, A. B., Zheng, N., Kim, K., Spatafora, J. W., Castellano, M. A. & Smith, M. E. (2019). The Cedrus-associated truffle Trappeindia himalayensis is a morphologically unique and phylogenetically divergent species of Rhizopogon. Mycologia, 111(2), 225- 234, https://doi.org/10.10 80/00275514.2018.1542864.
Pachlewski, R. & Pachlewska, J. (1974). Studies on symbiotic properties of mycorrhizal fungi of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with the aid of the method of mycorrhizal synthesis in pure cultures on agar, p 228
Parlade, J., Pera, J., Alvarez, I. F., Bouchard, D., Genere, B. & Le Tacon, F. (1999). Effect of inoculation and substrate disinfection method on rooting and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas fir cuttings. Annals of forest science, 56(1), 35-40, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19990 105 .
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Morpho-anatomical characterization of Rhizopogon himalayensis - Cedrus deodara mycorrhiza. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 668-676. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2674
