Effect of temperature and surface area on adsorption of chlorine on different adsorbent carbons
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Abstract
Chlorine is used in several ways in industry. In such situations, where residual chlorine persists as pollutant, Activated carbons like animal charcoal, carbon black and coconut charcoal can serve as agents to remove residual pollutant “chlorine” by the process of adsorption. Five samples of Carbon black, six samples of active Carbons and two samples of charcoals were treated with a stream of chlorine @0.4 litre/hour at temperature varying from 300 to 1200 C. Chlorine is adsorbed partially physically and partially chemically. Percentage of the chemisorbed increases with rise in the temperature. Maximum percentages of chemisorptions occur at 1200 C while the maximum uptake, physical as well as chemical, takes place at 300 C, which was the lowest temperature. It is seen that activated carbon, carbon blacks and charcoal differ markedly by in their total chlorine uptake at 300 C. Activated carbons associated with high surface were seen to take up maximum chlorine. Fall in surface area is more in active carbons as compared to carbon black due to greater adsorption of chlorine. This probably shows that micro porous carbons are better adsorbent for chlorine adsorption. The unsaturated sites also play far dominant role and provide centres where the adsorption takes place predominantly. Uptake of chlorine is enhanced on evacuating the carbon samples at 6000 C and 10000 C. This is due to the creation of more unsaturated sites. Process of adsorption cum chemisorption takes place through different kinetic stages with different energetics. The activation energies keep on increasing with increasing amounts of chemisorption.
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Keywords
Activated carbons, Adsorption, Carbon blacks, Charcoal
References
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Brandt, R. K., Hughes, M. R., Bourget, L. P., Truszkowska, K. and Greenler, R. G. (1993). The interpretation of CO adsorbed on Pt/SiO2 of two different particle-size distributions. Surface Science, 286 (1–2): 15–25.
Ferrari, L., Kaufmann, J., Winnefeld, F. and Plank, J. (2010). Interaction of cement model systems with superplasticizers investigated by atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and adsorption measurements. J. Colloid Interface Sci, 347 (1): 15–24.
Hall, C. R. and Holmes, R.J. (1992). The preparation and properties of some activated carbons modiûed by treatment with phosgene of chlorine. Carbon, 30: 173–176.
Kisliuk, P. (1957). The sticking probabilities of gases chemisorbed on the surfaces of solids. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 3 (1–2): 95–101.
McBain, J.W. (1932). The sorption of Gases and vapours by Solid. G. Routledge and Sons, Ltd. London (England).
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Narayan, R. L. and King, T. S. (1998). “Hydrogen adsorption states on silica-supported Ru-Ag and Ru-Cu bimetallic catalysts investigated via microcalorimetry”. Thermochimica Acta, 312(1–2): 105–114.
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Puri, B.R., Mahajan, O.P. and Gandhi, D.L. (1972). Surface unsaturation in microcrystalline carbons. Indian J. Chem. 10: 848–849.
Puri, B.R., Malhotra, S.L. and Bansal, R.C. (1963). The formation and properties of carbon–halogen surface complexes. I. Interaction of charcoal and chlorine gas. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 40:179–187.
Puri, B.R. and Seghal, K.C. (1967). Formation and properties of carbon–halogen surface complexes. IV. Stability of carbon bromine surface complex. Indian J. Chem. 5 (8): 379–380.
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Puri, B.R., Singh, D.D. and Verma, S.K. (1978b). Studies in catalytic reactions of carbon: Part VII––Catalytic chlorination of toluene in presence of active carbon. Indian J. Chem. A 16: 1026–1029.
Puri, B.R., Tulsi, S.S. and Bansal, R.C. (1966). Studies in formation and properties of carbon–halogen surface complexes. II. Treatment of charcoal with chlorine gas at diûerent pressures and stability of the carbon–chlorine complex. J. Indian Chem. 4 (1):7–11.
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Taylor, P.H. and Dellinger, B.(1999). Pyrolysis and molecular growth of chlorinated hydrocarbons. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 49: 9–29.
Tobias, H. and Soûer, A.(1985a). Chemisorption of halogen on carbons––I. Stepwise chlorination and exchange of C–Cl with C–H bonds. Carbon, 23: 281–289.
Taylor, P.H., Dellinger, D. and Tirey, A.(1991). Oxidative pyrolysis of methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. I. Incineration implications. Int. J. Chem. Kin. 23, 1051–1074.
Taylor, P.H., Sidhu, S.S., Rubey, W.A., Dellinger, B., Wehrmeier, A., Lenoir, D. and Schramm, K.W. (1998). Evidence for a uniûed pathway of dioxin formation from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Presented at 27th Symposium (International)/ The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1769.
Tieglitz, L., Vogg, H., Zwick, G., Beck, J. and Bautz, H. (1991). On formation conditions of organohalogen compounds from particulate carbon of ûy ash. Chemosphere 23: 64–1225.
Tobias, H., Soûer, A. (1985b). Chemisorption of halogen on carbons––II. Thermal reversibility of Cl2, HCl and H2 chemisorption. Carbon, 23: 291–299.
Trens, P., Durand, R., Coq, B., Coutanceau, C., Rousseau, S. and Lamy, C. (2009). Poisoning of Pt/C catalysts by CO and its consequences over the kinetics of hydrogen chemisorption. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 92 (3–4): 280–284.
Uner, D. O. (1998). “A sensible mechanism of alkali promotion in Fischer Tropsch synthesis: Adsorbate mobilities”. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37 (6): 2239–2245.
Uner, D. O., Savargoankar, N., Pruski, M. and King, T. S. (1997). The effects of alkali promoters on the dynamics of hydrogen chemisorption and syngas reaction kinetics on Ru/SiO2 catalysts”. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 109: 315–324.
Vanderwiel, D. P.; Pruski, M.; King, T. S. (1999). A Kinetic Study of the Adsorption and Reaction of Hydrogen on Silica- Supported Ruthenium and Silver-Ruthenium Bimetallic Catalysts during the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide. Journal of Catalysis, 188 (1): 186–202.
Walker, Jr., P.L. and Kini, K.A. (1965). Measurement of the ultra fine surface area of coals. Fuel, (44):453-459.
Wilson, C.J., Clegg, R.E., Leavesley, D.I. and Pearcy, M.J. (2005). Mediation of Biomaterial-Cell Interactions by Adsorbed Proteins: A Review. Tissue engineering, 11 (1): 1–18
Xhrouet, C., Pirard, C. and Pauw, E. (2001). De Novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on ûy ash from a sintering process. Environ. Sci. Technol, 35: 1616–1623.
Zupanc, C., Hornung, A., Hinrichsen, O. and Muhler, M. (2002). The Interaction of Hydrogen with Ru/MgO Catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 209 (2): 501–514.
Barton, S.S., Evans, M.J.B., Koresh, J.E., Tobias, H. (1987).The eûect of chlorination on the adsorptive properties of water on carbon cloth. Carbon, 25: 663–667.
Dellinger, B. and Taylor, P.H. (1998). Chemical aspects of combustion of hazardous wastes. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 6: 79–87.
Brandt, R. K., Hughes, M. R., Bourget, L. P., Truszkowska, K. and Greenler, R. G. (1993). The interpretation of CO adsorbed on Pt/SiO2 of two different particle-size distributions. Surface Science, 286 (1–2): 15–25.
Ferrari, L., Kaufmann, J., Winnefeld, F. and Plank, J. (2010). Interaction of cement model systems with superplasticizers investigated by atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and adsorption measurements. J. Colloid Interface Sci, 347 (1): 15–24.
Hall, C. R. and Holmes, R.J. (1992). The preparation and properties of some activated carbons modiûed by treatment with phosgene of chlorine. Carbon, 30: 173–176.
Kisliuk, P. (1957). The sticking probabilities of gases chemisorbed on the surfaces of solids. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 3 (1–2): 95–101.
McBain, J.W. (1932). The sorption of Gases and vapours by Solid. G. Routledge and Sons, Ltd. London (England).
Koltsov, S.I., Smirnov, E.P. and Aleskovskii, V.B. (1973). Interaction of chlorine with microcrystalline carbon. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (translation) 8:1643–1647.
Narayan, R. L. and King, T. S. (1998). “Hydrogen adsorption states on silica-supported Ru-Ag and Ru-Cu bimetallic catalysts investigated via microcalorimetry”. Thermochimica Acta, 312(1–2): 105–114.
Pilatowsky, I., Romero, R. J., Isaza, C.A., Gamboa, S.A., Sebastian, P.J. and Rivera, W. (2011). ”Chapter 5: Sorption Refrigeration Systems” . Cogeneration Fuel Cell-Sorption Air Conditioning Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Springer. pp. 99-100.
Puri, B.R. and Bansal, R.C. (1966). Studies in surface chemistry of carbon blacks. III. Interaction of carbon blacks and aqueous bromine. Carbon, 3 (4): 523–539.
Puri, B.R., Mahajan, O.P. and Gandhi, D.L. (1972). Surface unsaturation in microcrystalline carbons. Indian J. Chem. 10: 848–849.
Puri, B.R., Malhotra, S.L. and Bansal, R.C. (1963). The formation and properties of carbon–halogen surface complexes. I. Interaction of charcoal and chlorine gas. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 40:179–187.
Puri, B.R. and Seghal, K.C. (1967). Formation and properties of carbon–halogen surface complexes. IV. Stability of carbon bromine surface complex. Indian J. Chem. 5 (8): 379–380.
Puri, B.R., Singh, D.D. and Arora, V.M. (1978a). Adsorption of chlorine by carbons from solutions in carbon tetrachloride. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 55 (5):488–491.
Puri, B.R., Singh, D.D. and Verma, S.K. (1978b). Studies in catalytic reactions of carbon: Part VII––Catalytic chlorination of toluene in presence of active carbon. Indian J. Chem. A 16: 1026–1029.
Puri, B.R., Tulsi, S.S. and Bansal, R.C. (1966). Studies in formation and properties of carbon–halogen surface complexes. II. Treatment of charcoal with chlorine gas at diûerent pressures and stability of the carbon–chlorine complex. J. Indian Chem. 4 (1):7–11.
Rozanov, V. V. and Krylov, O. V. (1997). Hydrogen spillover in heterogeneous catalysis .Russian Chemical Reviews 66 (2): 107–119.
Scopelliti, P. E., Borgonovo, A., Indrieri, M., Giorgetti, L., Bongiorno, G., Carbone, R.; Podestà, A. and Milani, P. (2010). Zhang, Shuguang. ed. “The effect of surface nanometre-scale morphology on protein adsorption”. PLOS ONE, 5 (7): e11862. .
Sidhu, S.S., Maqsud, L., Dellinger, B. and Mascolo, G. (1995). The homogeneous, gas-phase formation of chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxin from 2, 4, 6-trichloro- and 2, 4, 6-tribromophenols. Combust. Flame, 100: 11–20.
Sivaraman B., Fears K.P. and Latour R.A. (2009). Investigation of the effects of surface chemistry and solution concentration on the conformation of adsorbed proteins using an improved circular dichroism method. Langmuir, 25 (5): 3050–6.
Taylor, P.H. and Dellinger, B.(1999). Pyrolysis and molecular growth of chlorinated hydrocarbons. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 49: 9–29.
Tobias, H. and Soûer, A.(1985a). Chemisorption of halogen on carbons––I. Stepwise chlorination and exchange of C–Cl with C–H bonds. Carbon, 23: 281–289.
Taylor, P.H., Dellinger, D. and Tirey, A.(1991). Oxidative pyrolysis of methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. I. Incineration implications. Int. J. Chem. Kin. 23, 1051–1074.
Taylor, P.H., Sidhu, S.S., Rubey, W.A., Dellinger, B., Wehrmeier, A., Lenoir, D. and Schramm, K.W. (1998). Evidence for a uniûed pathway of dioxin formation from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Presented at 27th Symposium (International)/ The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1769.
Tieglitz, L., Vogg, H., Zwick, G., Beck, J. and Bautz, H. (1991). On formation conditions of organohalogen compounds from particulate carbon of ûy ash. Chemosphere 23: 64–1225.
Tobias, H., Soûer, A. (1985b). Chemisorption of halogen on carbons––II. Thermal reversibility of Cl2, HCl and H2 chemisorption. Carbon, 23: 291–299.
Trens, P., Durand, R., Coq, B., Coutanceau, C., Rousseau, S. and Lamy, C. (2009). Poisoning of Pt/C catalysts by CO and its consequences over the kinetics of hydrogen chemisorption. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 92 (3–4): 280–284.
Uner, D. O. (1998). “A sensible mechanism of alkali promotion in Fischer Tropsch synthesis: Adsorbate mobilities”. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37 (6): 2239–2245.
Uner, D. O., Savargoankar, N., Pruski, M. and King, T. S. (1997). The effects of alkali promoters on the dynamics of hydrogen chemisorption and syngas reaction kinetics on Ru/SiO2 catalysts”. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 109: 315–324.
Vanderwiel, D. P.; Pruski, M.; King, T. S. (1999). A Kinetic Study of the Adsorption and Reaction of Hydrogen on Silica- Supported Ruthenium and Silver-Ruthenium Bimetallic Catalysts during the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide. Journal of Catalysis, 188 (1): 186–202.
Walker, Jr., P.L. and Kini, K.A. (1965). Measurement of the ultra fine surface area of coals. Fuel, (44):453-459.
Wilson, C.J., Clegg, R.E., Leavesley, D.I. and Pearcy, M.J. (2005). Mediation of Biomaterial-Cell Interactions by Adsorbed Proteins: A Review. Tissue engineering, 11 (1): 1–18
Xhrouet, C., Pirard, C. and Pauw, E. (2001). De Novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on ûy ash from a sintering process. Environ. Sci. Technol, 35: 1616–1623.
Zupanc, C., Hornung, A., Hinrichsen, O. and Muhler, M. (2002). The Interaction of Hydrogen with Ru/MgO Catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 209 (2): 501–514.
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Effect of temperature and surface area on adsorption of chlorine on different adsorbent carbons. (2012). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4(2), 284-287. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i2.265
