Concentration of heavy metals in two fish species (Cynoscion regalis and Pomatomus saltatrix) from an oil drilling area in Western Coast of Ghana and public health risk assessment
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Abstract
This study assessed heavy metals (Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), and Cadmium (Cd)) concentration in water (from borehole, hand-dug well and the sea) and fish (Cynoscion regalis and Pomatomus saltatrix species) and possible health risk exposure by the consumption of these fishes. A total of 18 samples of water and samples of two species of fish (C. regalis and P. saltatrix) were collected from Jomoro, Ellembelle and Ahanta West District and analyzed for the concentration of Pb, Ni, Fe, Cr, and Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Results revealed appreciable concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Fe in the fish muscle and Ni, Cr, and Fe in water. Cadmium and Cr were not detected in the fish samples. Heavy metals in fish increased in the order Pb < Ni < Fe. The Estimated Daily Intake of fish value for adult ranged 1.88 x 10-3 to 2.03 x 10-1 (mg/kg bw/day), however, those for children were 4.40 x 10-3 to 4.74 x 10-1(mg/kg bw/day). For health risk assessment, the Total Targeted Hazard Quotient for adults was < 1; however, those for children were >1 for C. regalis but less than 1 (< 1) for P. saltatrix meaning children who consume C. regalis are exposed to health risk in their life time. The results confirmed that contaminated environments could result in bioaccumulation of metal pollutants in fish's muscle, which poses a health risk to humans when consumed. Awareness and education of the general public on the threshold of heavy metals in fish and water are crucial to safeguard against health risks.
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Keywords
Cynoscion regalis, Heavy metals, Health risk assessment, Oil, Pomatomus saltatrix , Water
References
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Akan, J. C., Mohmoud, S., Yikala, B. S., & Ogugbuaja, V. O. (2012). Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in fish samples from river Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State Nigeria. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 03(11), 727-736.
Amfo-Otu R, Omari S, & Boakye-Dede, E. (2012). Assessment of Physico-chemical Quality of Groundwater Sources in Ga East Municipality of Ghana, Environment and Natural Resources Research, 2(3), 19–24. http://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v2n3p19
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Apau, J., Acheampong, A., Bepule, V. (2014). Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters of Water From Hand-Dug Wells From Nyamebekyere , A Surburb of Obuasi , Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(6), 347–351.
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Burger, J., Gaines, K. F., Boring, C. S., Stephens, W. L. Jr., Snodgrass, J., Dixon, C., McMahon, M., Shukla, S., Shukla, T. & Gochfeld, M. (2002). ‘Metal levels in fish from the Savannah River: Potential hazards to fish and other receptors’, Environ. Res. 89, 85–87.
Chiamsathit, C., Supunnika, A. & Thammarakcharoen, S. (2020). Heavy metal pollution index for assessment of seasonal groundwater supply quality in hillside area, Kalasin, Thailand. Applied Water Science 10:142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01230-2
Demeke, A., & Tassew, A. (2016). A review on water quality and its impact on Fish health. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 3, 21-31.
Demková, L., Jezný, T. & Bobu?ská, L. (2017). Assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in a former mining area – before and after the end of mining activities. Soil & Water Res., 12, 229-236.
E &P Forum/UNEP (1997). Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approaches. Joint E and P Forum/UNEP Technical Publication 37. Oxford. UK.
Faz, M. A. & Acosta, J. A (2017) Effect of different industrial activities on heavy metal concentrations and chemical distribution in topsoil and road dust. Environ Earth Sci 76, 129 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6449-4
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GNPC (2009), Exploration and production history of Ghana. http://www.gnpcghana.com.
Griboff, J., Wunderlin, D. A. & Monferran, M. V. (2017). Metals, As and Se determination by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in edible fish collected from three eutrophic reservoirs. Their consumption represents a risk for human health? Microchem J., 130, 236–24.
Ho-Wang,Y. & Wenxia, B. (2020). Iron Toxicity. StatPearls Publishing LLC. NBK 459224 PMID: 29083637. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459224/
Igwe, O. C., Saadi, A. A. L., & Ngene, S. E. (2013). Optimal options for treatment of produced water in offshore petroleum platform. J. Pollut. Eff. Cont., 1,1. DOI: 10.4172/2375-4397.1000102.
Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Oil exploration and spillage in the Niger delta of Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research 2, 38 - 51.
Katavut P., Wattanakornsiri A. & Jakkaphun, N. (2010). Heavy metal transport and fate in the environmental compartments. NU Science Journal, 7(1), 1-11.
Kinuthia, G.K., Ngure, V., Beti, D. Lugalia, R., Wangila, A. & Kamau, L. (2020). Levels of heavy metals in wastewater and soil samples from open drainage channels in Nairobi, Kenya: community health implication. Sci. Rep., 10, 8434 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65359-5
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Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Nti, S. O., & Opoku, F. (2019). Heavy metals concentration and human health risk assessment in seven commercial ?sh species from Asafo Market, Ghana. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 28(2), 569–579.
Lloyd R. (1992): Pollution and freshwater fish. Fishing News Books, Oxford, UK, pp. 192.
Mallya, Y. J. (2007). The effects of dissolved oxygen on fish growth in aquaculture. UNU-Fisheries Training Programme. Page 1 - 30
Maurya, P. K., Malika, D.S., Yadavb, K. K., Kumarc, A., Kumard, S. &Kamyabe, H. (2019). Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in ?sh species in River Ganga basin: Possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicology Reports, 6, 472–481.
Noor-ul, A., & Tauseef, A. (2015). Contamination of soil with heavy metals from industrial effluent and their translocation in green vegetables of Peshawar, Pakistan. J. RSC Advances, 19, 14322-14329.
Owamah, H. I. (2013). Heavy Metals Determination and Assessment in a Petroleum Impacted River in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. J. Pet. Environ. Biotechnol., 4, 135. doi:10.4172/2157-7463.1000135.
Rai, P. K., Leeb, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Ki-Hyun, K. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365-385.
Renieri, E. A., Safenkova, I.V., Alegakis, A.K. Slutskaya, E.S., Kokaraki, V., Kentouri, M., Dzantiev, B.B., Tsatsakis, A. M. (2019). Cadmium, lead and mercury in muscle tissue of gilthead seabream and seabass: risk evaluation for consumers, Food Chem. Toxicol., 124, 439–449.
Rodier, J., Legube, B., Merlet, N. (2009). The Analysis of Water, 9th ed.; Editions Dunod: Paris, France, 1- 5.
Shirazu, I., Mensah, Y. B., Schandorf, C. &Mensah, S. Y. (2017). Determination of Standard Reference Body Indices for Clinical Application in Ghana. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 6 (2), 225-231.
Ubiogoro, O.E and Adeyemo, O.K. (2017). Heavy metal pollution of aquatic systems in oil producing communities of delta state, Nigeria. J. Appl. Biosci., 120, 11993-11998.
USDA (2019). Global Agricultural Information Network: Ghana Fish and Seafood Report
Vrhovnik, P, Smuc, N. R, Dolenec, T., Serafimovski, T., Dolenec, M. (2013). An evaluation of trace metal distribution and environmental risk in sediments from the Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia). Environ. Earth Sci., 70, 761–775.
Wani, A.L.; Ara, A.; Usmani, J.A. (2015). Lead toxicity: A review. Int. Toxicol. 2015, 8, 55–64
World Health Organization (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva.
WHO (2020). Global Health Observatory. https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/
World Health Organization (2019). Lead poisoning and health, cited on 13th April 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
World Health Organization (2017). Mercury and health. Cited 13th April 2021 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mercury-and-health
Yang, X., Xiong, B. &Yang, M. (2010). Relationships among heavy metals and organic matter in sediment cores from Lake Nanhu, an Urban Lake in Wuhan, China. J. Freshw. Ecol., 25:243–249.
Yi, Y., Tang, C., Yi, T., Yang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2017). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in ?sh and accumulation patterns in food web in the upper Yangtze River, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 145, 295–302.
Abdel-Shafy, H. I. & Mansour, M. S. M. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, environmental impact, effect on human on health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25, 107–123.
Ademoroti, C. M. O. (1996). Standard methods for water and effluents analysis. Foludex Press Ltd., Ibadan. 3: 29-118.
Adesiyan, M. I., Bisi-Johnson, M., Aladesanmi, O. T., Okoh, A. I. & Ogunfowokan , A. O. (2018). Concentrations and Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Rivers in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Health & Pollution 8 (19), 1-14.
Akan, J. C., Mohmoud, S., Yikala, B. S., & Ogugbuaja, V. O. (2012). Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in fish samples from river Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State Nigeria. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 03(11), 727-736.
Amfo-Otu R, Omari S, & Boakye-Dede, E. (2012). Assessment of Physico-chemical Quality of Groundwater Sources in Ga East Municipality of Ghana, Environment and Natural Resources Research, 2(3), 19–24. http://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v2n3p19
Amoasah, G. (2010). The potential impacts of oil and gas exploration and production on the coastal zone of Ghana: An ecosystem services approach. MSc Thesis submitted to Wageningen University. Page 1 – 76.
Apau, J., Acheampong, A., Bepule, V. (2014). Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters of Water From Hand-Dug Wells From Nyamebekyere , A Surburb of Obuasi , Ghana. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(6), 347–351.
Appiah Opong, R., · Amoako, O., Ofosuhene, M., Ofori Attah, E · Nunoo, F. K. E. Tuffour, I., Gordon, C., Arhinful, D. K., Nyarko, A. K., Fosu Mensah, B. Y (2021). Applied Water Science 11(57). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01386-5.
Armah, A., Biney, C., Dahl, S., & Povlsen, E. (2004). Environmental sensitivity map for coastal areas of Ghana. EPA/UNDP Report, vol. 2.
Barmon, P. C. Islam, M. S. & Kabir, M. H. (2018). Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Concentration in Water at the Mokesh Beel of Bangladesh. J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 11 (1&2): 1–8.
Burger, J., Gaines, K. F., Boring, C. S., Stephens, W. L. Jr., Snodgrass, J., Dixon, C., McMahon, M., Shukla, S., Shukla, T. & Gochfeld, M. (2002). ‘Metal levels in fish from the Savannah River: Potential hazards to fish and other receptors’, Environ. Res. 89, 85–87.
Chiamsathit, C., Supunnika, A. & Thammarakcharoen, S. (2020). Heavy metal pollution index for assessment of seasonal groundwater supply quality in hillside area, Kalasin, Thailand. Applied Water Science 10:142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01230-2
Demeke, A., & Tassew, A. (2016). A review on water quality and its impact on Fish health. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 3, 21-31.
Demková, L., Jezný, T. & Bobu?ská, L. (2017). Assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in a former mining area – before and after the end of mining activities. Soil & Water Res., 12, 229-236.
E &P Forum/UNEP (1997). Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approaches. Joint E and P Forum/UNEP Technical Publication 37. Oxford. UK.
Faz, M. A. & Acosta, J. A (2017) Effect of different industrial activities on heavy metal concentrations and chemical distribution in topsoil and road dust. Environ Earth Sci 76, 129 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6449-4
Ghaderpoori, M., Najafpoor, A. A., Ghaderpoury, A., & Shams, M. (2018). Data on floride concentration and health risk assessment of drinking water in Khorasan Razavi provice, Iran. Data in Brief18 1596-1601.
Global Muckraking, (2012). West Africa oil boom overlooks tattered environmental safety net. Accra.https://publicintegrity.org/accountability/west-africa-oil-boom-overlooks-tattered-environmental-safety-net.
GNPC (2009), Exploration and production history of Ghana. http://www.gnpcghana.com.
Griboff, J., Wunderlin, D. A. & Monferran, M. V. (2017). Metals, As and Se determination by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in edible fish collected from three eutrophic reservoirs. Their consumption represents a risk for human health? Microchem J., 130, 236–24.
Ho-Wang,Y. & Wenxia, B. (2020). Iron Toxicity. StatPearls Publishing LLC. NBK 459224 PMID: 29083637. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459224/
Igwe, O. C., Saadi, A. A. L., & Ngene, S. E. (2013). Optimal options for treatment of produced water in offshore petroleum platform. J. Pollut. Eff. Cont., 1,1. DOI: 10.4172/2375-4397.1000102.
Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Oil exploration and spillage in the Niger delta of Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research 2, 38 - 51.
Katavut P., Wattanakornsiri A. & Jakkaphun, N. (2010). Heavy metal transport and fate in the environmental compartments. NU Science Journal, 7(1), 1-11.
Kinuthia, G.K., Ngure, V., Beti, D. Lugalia, R., Wangila, A. & Kamau, L. (2020). Levels of heavy metals in wastewater and soil samples from open drainage channels in Nairobi, Kenya: community health implication. Sci. Rep., 10, 8434 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65359-5
Kortei, N. K., Heymann, M. E., Essuman, E. K., Kpodo, F. M., Akonor, P. T., Lokpo, S. Y., Boadi, N. O., Ayim-Akonor M. & Tettey C. (2020). Health risk assessment and levels of toxic metals in fishes (Oreochromisnoliticus and Clariasanguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of illegal mining activities on food safety. Toxicology Reports 7: 360–369
Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Nti, S. O., & Opoku, F. (2019). Heavy metals concentration and human health risk assessment in seven commercial ?sh species from Asafo Market, Ghana. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 28(2), 569–579.
Lloyd R. (1992): Pollution and freshwater fish. Fishing News Books, Oxford, UK, pp. 192.
Mallya, Y. J. (2007). The effects of dissolved oxygen on fish growth in aquaculture. UNU-Fisheries Training Programme. Page 1 - 30
Maurya, P. K., Malika, D.S., Yadavb, K. K., Kumarc, A., Kumard, S. &Kamyabe, H. (2019). Bioaccumulation and potential sources of heavy metal contamination in ?sh species in River Ganga basin: Possible human health risks evaluation. Toxicology Reports, 6, 472–481.
Noor-ul, A., & Tauseef, A. (2015). Contamination of soil with heavy metals from industrial effluent and their translocation in green vegetables of Peshawar, Pakistan. J. RSC Advances, 19, 14322-14329.
Owamah, H. I. (2013). Heavy Metals Determination and Assessment in a Petroleum Impacted River in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. J. Pet. Environ. Biotechnol., 4, 135. doi:10.4172/2157-7463.1000135.
Rai, P. K., Leeb, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Ki-Hyun, K. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365-385.
Renieri, E. A., Safenkova, I.V., Alegakis, A.K. Slutskaya, E.S., Kokaraki, V., Kentouri, M., Dzantiev, B.B., Tsatsakis, A. M. (2019). Cadmium, lead and mercury in muscle tissue of gilthead seabream and seabass: risk evaluation for consumers, Food Chem. Toxicol., 124, 439–449.
Rodier, J., Legube, B., Merlet, N. (2009). The Analysis of Water, 9th ed.; Editions Dunod: Paris, France, 1- 5.
Shirazu, I., Mensah, Y. B., Schandorf, C. &Mensah, S. Y. (2017). Determination of Standard Reference Body Indices for Clinical Application in Ghana. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 6 (2), 225-231.
Ubiogoro, O.E and Adeyemo, O.K. (2017). Heavy metal pollution of aquatic systems in oil producing communities of delta state, Nigeria. J. Appl. Biosci., 120, 11993-11998.
USDA (2019). Global Agricultural Information Network: Ghana Fish and Seafood Report
Vrhovnik, P, Smuc, N. R, Dolenec, T., Serafimovski, T., Dolenec, M. (2013). An evaluation of trace metal distribution and environmental risk in sediments from the Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia). Environ. Earth Sci., 70, 761–775.
Wani, A.L.; Ara, A.; Usmani, J.A. (2015). Lead toxicity: A review. Int. Toxicol. 2015, 8, 55–64
World Health Organization (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva.
WHO (2020). Global Health Observatory. https://www.who.int/countries/gha/en/
World Health Organization (2019). Lead poisoning and health, cited on 13th April 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
World Health Organization (2017). Mercury and health. Cited 13th April 2021 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mercury-and-health
Yang, X., Xiong, B. &Yang, M. (2010). Relationships among heavy metals and organic matter in sediment cores from Lake Nanhu, an Urban Lake in Wuhan, China. J. Freshw. Ecol., 25:243–249.
Yi, Y., Tang, C., Yi, T., Yang, Z., & Zhang, S. (2017). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in ?sh and accumulation patterns in food web in the upper Yangtze River, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 145, 295–302.
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Concentration of heavy metals in two fish species (Cynoscion regalis and Pomatomus saltatrix) from an oil drilling area in Western Coast of Ghana and public health risk assessment. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 520-529. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2640
