Ferti-irrigational impact of distillery effluent and Di-ammonium phosphate on the soil and growth characteristics of Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.)
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Abstract
A comparative study was conducted to assess the ferti-irrigational effect of Distillery effluent (DE) concentrations such as 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% along with control (Bore well water-BWW) and Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) separately for the pot culture cultivation of Solanum melongena. The results revealed that DE concentrations had significant (P<0.001) effect on EC, Cl¯, Mg2+, OC, HCO3–, exchangeable Na+, available K+, Ca2+, TKN, available P and SO42-, whereas non-significant (P>0.05) effects were observed for water holding capacity
(WHC) and bulk density (BD) of the soil. Irrigation with 100% concentration of DE, increased EC (+63.46%), Cl¯ (+292.37%), Mg2+ (+1162.72%), OC (+3763.63%), exchangeable Na+(+264.29%), available K+ (+48.39%), Ca2+ (+815.74%), TKN (+1449.18%), available P (+338.83%), SO42- (+80.07%), while decreased pH (-17.85%) total bacteria (-47.02 %), fungi (-52.17%) and actinomycetes (-82.89 %) in effluent irrigated soil. Application of diluted doses of DE significantly increased plant height, root length, chlorophyll content, leaf area, number of leaves, number of branches, number of flowers, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruit and crop yield of S. melongena, with the better results being obtained at a dilution of 50% of DE concentration in comparison to DAP and BWW.
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Keywords
Agronomic characteristics, Distillery effluent, Di-ammonium phosphate, Solanum melongena, Soil characteristics
References
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APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st Edn.). Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association.
Aneja, K.R. (1996). Experiments in microbiology plant pathology tissue culture and mushroom cultivation (2nd edition) WishwaPrakashan (New age international private limited) ISBN: 81-7328-082-7.
Baghel, R.S. (2008).Toxicity of distillery effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and metabolism in Pisum sativum. Research journal of environment and Life Science, 1 (1), 29-32.
Banupriya, G. and Gowrieb, S.U. (2012) A study on microbial diversity of dairy effluent and its impact on growth of different plant species. INT J CURR SCI, New Liberty Group, 71-77.
BIS (1991). Indian standards for drinking water specification (BIS 10500:1991). http:// www.bis.org.in, retrieved on 20 April 2007.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54: 464.
Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (2005). The nature and properties of soils, 13th Ed. Delhi: Pearson Education.
Buurman, P. B., Van, L. and Velthrost, E. J. (1996). Manual of soil and water analysis. Leiden, The Netherland: Backhuys Publisher.
Carter, M.R. (1993). Soil sampling and method of analysis, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Chandra, R., Kumar, K. and Singh, J. (2004). Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L. J. Environ. Biol. 25(4):381-5.
Chandra, S., Joshi, H.C., Pathak, H., Jain, M.C. and Kalra, N. (2002). Effect of potassium salts and distillery effluent on carbon mineralization in soil. Bioresource Technology; 83(3): 255-257.
Chandraju, S., Chidankumar, C. S and Venkatachalapathy, R. (2010). Irrigational impact of distillery spentwash on the growth, yield and nutrients of leafy vegetables. Bioresearch Bulletin, (2) 83-90.
Chandrasekar, N., Subramani, A. and Saravana, S. (1998). Effect of sugar mill effluent on germination and early seeding growth of black gram (Vigna mungo (L) Hepper Var. ADT-3). Industrial Pollution Control, 14, 73–78.
Charman, P.E.V. and Murphy, B.W. (2000). Soils, their properties and management. In a soil conservation handbook for New South Wales. Sydney University Press. Sydney, 464.
Chaturvedi, R. K. and Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory manual for the physico-chemical analysis of soil, water and plant (p.97). Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.
Chauhan, J. and Rai, J. P. N. (2010). Monitoring of impact of ferti-irrigation by post-methanated distillery effluent on groundwater quality Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 38 (7), 630–638.
Chidankumar, C.S., Chandraju S. and Nagendraswamy, R. (2009). Impact of distillery spentwash irrigation on the yields of top vegetables (Creepers) World applied sciences journal, 6 (9), 1270-1273.
Das, M., Singhandhupe, R.B., Chakraborty, H., Kumar, A., and Kanan, K. (2009). Reuse of industrial effluent water – prospect and oppourtunities in agriculture perspectives. Research bulletin 46, Directorate of water management, Indian council of agriculture research, Bhubaneswar.
FAO – Review of World Water Resources by Country, (2003). Water Reports 23, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 110.
Gandhar, T.U., Venkateshwarlu, M., Imran, M.A., Shekhar, G.P.Vand Reddy, K .J. M. (2011). Genetic transformation of agronomical important plant Solanum melongena L. through hypocotyl explant. Plant Sciences Feed - 1 (7): 142-146.
Jothimani, P., Prabakaran., J. and Bhaskaran A. (2002). Characterization and impact of dyeing factory effluent on germination and growth of maize and cowpea. Madras Agric. J., 89(10-12): 568-571.
Juwarkar, A. and Dutta, S. A. (1990). Impact of distillery effluent application to land on soil microflora. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,15(2): 201-210.
Kalaiselvi, P. and Mahimairaja, S. 2010. Effect of spentwash application on nitrogen dynamics in soil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 1(2).
Kannan, A. and R.K. Upreti (2008). Influence of distillery effluent on germination and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. J.Hazardous Materials, 153: 609-615.
Karunyal, S., Renuga, G. and Paliwal, K. (1994). Effect of tannery effluent on seed germination, leaf area, biomass and mineral content of some plants. Bioresource Technol., 47: 215-218.
Kaushik, A., Nisha, R., Jagjeeta, K. and Kaushik, C.P. (2005). Impact of long and short term irrigation of a sodic soil with distillery effluent in combination with bioamendments. Bioresource Technology, 96(17) : 1860-1866.
Kumar, V. and Chopra, A. K. (2011b). Impact on physicochemical characteristics of soil after irrigation with distillery effluent. Archieves of Applied Science and Research, 3 (4): 63-77.
Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. (2011a). Fertigation effect of distillery effluent on agronomical practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(Fenugreek). Environment monitoring assessesment, DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2033-7.
Kumar, V., Chopra, A.K., Pathak, C. and Pathak, S. (2010). Agro-potentiality of paper mill effluent on the characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). New York Science Journal, 3 (5), 68-77.
Malaviya, P. and Sharma, A. (2011). Effect of distillery effluent on yield attributes of Brassica napus L. J. Environ. Biol., 32: 385-389.
Miller, C.E. and Turk, L.M. (2002). Fundamentals of soil science. Trinagar, 157.
Milner, C. and Hughes, R.E. (1968). Methods for the measurement of primary production of grassland. IBP Hand Book No.6 Blackwell Sci. Pub. Oxford, England, 82.
Nath, K., Dharam, S. and Sharma, Y. K. (2007). Combinatorial effects of distillery and sugar factory effluents in crop plants. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28 (3), 577-582.
Pandey, S.N., Nautiyal, B.D. and Sharma, C.P. (2008). Pollution level in distillery effluent and its phytotoxic effect on seed germination and early growth of maize and rice. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29 (2), 267-270.
Patterson, S.J., Chanasyk, D.S., Mapfumo, E. and Naeth, M.A. (2008). Effects of diluted Kraft pulp mill effluent on hybrid poplar and soil chemical properties. Irrigation Science, 26, 547–560.
Porra, R.J (2002). The chequered history of the development & use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73: 149 -156.
Ramana, S., Biswas, A.K., Kundu, S., Saha, J.K. and Yadava, R.B.R. (2002b). Effect of distillery effluent on seed germination in some vegetable crops. Biores. Technol., 82: 1189-1193 .
Ramana, S., Biswas, A.K., Singh, A.B. and Yadava, R.B.R. (2002). Relative efficacy of distillery effluents on growth, nitrogen fixation and yield of groundnut. Bioresource Technology, 81: 117-121.
Ramulu Sree, U.S. (2001).Reuse of municipal sewage and sludge in agriculture. Scientific publishers (India), Jodhpur, 86.
Rath, P., Pradhan, G.. and Misra, M.K. (2011). Effect of distillery spentwash (DSW) and fertilizer on growth and chlorophyll content of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plant. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 3 (4), 169-176.
Shenbagavalli, S., Mahimairaja, S. and Kalaiselvi, P. (2011). Impact of biomethanated distillery spentwash application on soil and water quality: A field appraisal. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1-7.
Sindhu, S. K., Sharma, A. and Ikram, S. (2007). Analysis and recommendation of agriculture use of distillery spentwash in Rampur district, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 4 (3): 390-396.
Suganya, K. and Rajanan, G. (2009). Effect of one time postsown and pre-sown application of distillery spentwash on the growth and yield of maize crop. Botany Reasearch International 2(4): 288-294.
Suge, J.K., Omunyin, M.E. and Omami, E. N. (2011). Effect of organic and inorganic sources of fertilizer on growth, yield and fruit quality of eggplant (Solanum Melongena L). Archives of Applied Science Research, 3 (6):470-479.
Sukanya, T.S. and Meli, S.S. (2004). Response of wheat to graded dilution of liquid distillery Effluent (Spent wash) on plant nutrient contents, nutrient Uptake, crop yield and residual soil fertility. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 17(3): 417- 420
APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st Edn.). Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association.
Aneja, K.R. (1996). Experiments in microbiology plant pathology tissue culture and mushroom cultivation (2nd edition) WishwaPrakashan (New age international private limited) ISBN: 81-7328-082-7.
Baghel, R.S. (2008).Toxicity of distillery effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and metabolism in Pisum sativum. Research journal of environment and Life Science, 1 (1), 29-32.
Banupriya, G. and Gowrieb, S.U. (2012) A study on microbial diversity of dairy effluent and its impact on growth of different plant species. INT J CURR SCI, New Liberty Group, 71-77.
BIS (1991). Indian standards for drinking water specification (BIS 10500:1991). http:// www.bis.org.in, retrieved on 20 April 2007.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54: 464.
Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (2005). The nature and properties of soils, 13th Ed. Delhi: Pearson Education.
Buurman, P. B., Van, L. and Velthrost, E. J. (1996). Manual of soil and water analysis. Leiden, The Netherland: Backhuys Publisher.
Carter, M.R. (1993). Soil sampling and method of analysis, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Chandra, R., Kumar, K. and Singh, J. (2004). Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L. J. Environ. Biol. 25(4):381-5.
Chandra, S., Joshi, H.C., Pathak, H., Jain, M.C. and Kalra, N. (2002). Effect of potassium salts and distillery effluent on carbon mineralization in soil. Bioresource Technology; 83(3): 255-257.
Chandraju, S., Chidankumar, C. S and Venkatachalapathy, R. (2010). Irrigational impact of distillery spentwash on the growth, yield and nutrients of leafy vegetables. Bioresearch Bulletin, (2) 83-90.
Chandrasekar, N., Subramani, A. and Saravana, S. (1998). Effect of sugar mill effluent on germination and early seeding growth of black gram (Vigna mungo (L) Hepper Var. ADT-3). Industrial Pollution Control, 14, 73–78.
Charman, P.E.V. and Murphy, B.W. (2000). Soils, their properties and management. In a soil conservation handbook for New South Wales. Sydney University Press. Sydney, 464.
Chaturvedi, R. K. and Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory manual for the physico-chemical analysis of soil, water and plant (p.97). Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.
Chauhan, J. and Rai, J. P. N. (2010). Monitoring of impact of ferti-irrigation by post-methanated distillery effluent on groundwater quality Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 38 (7), 630–638.
Chidankumar, C.S., Chandraju S. and Nagendraswamy, R. (2009). Impact of distillery spentwash irrigation on the yields of top vegetables (Creepers) World applied sciences journal, 6 (9), 1270-1273.
Das, M., Singhandhupe, R.B., Chakraborty, H., Kumar, A., and Kanan, K. (2009). Reuse of industrial effluent water – prospect and oppourtunities in agriculture perspectives. Research bulletin 46, Directorate of water management, Indian council of agriculture research, Bhubaneswar.
FAO – Review of World Water Resources by Country, (2003). Water Reports 23, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 110.
Gandhar, T.U., Venkateshwarlu, M., Imran, M.A., Shekhar, G.P.Vand Reddy, K .J. M. (2011). Genetic transformation of agronomical important plant Solanum melongena L. through hypocotyl explant. Plant Sciences Feed - 1 (7): 142-146.
Jothimani, P., Prabakaran., J. and Bhaskaran A. (2002). Characterization and impact of dyeing factory effluent on germination and growth of maize and cowpea. Madras Agric. J., 89(10-12): 568-571.
Juwarkar, A. and Dutta, S. A. (1990). Impact of distillery effluent application to land on soil microflora. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,15(2): 201-210.
Kalaiselvi, P. and Mahimairaja, S. 2010. Effect of spentwash application on nitrogen dynamics in soil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 1(2).
Kannan, A. and R.K. Upreti (2008). Influence of distillery effluent on germination and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. J.Hazardous Materials, 153: 609-615.
Karunyal, S., Renuga, G. and Paliwal, K. (1994). Effect of tannery effluent on seed germination, leaf area, biomass and mineral content of some plants. Bioresource Technol., 47: 215-218.
Kaushik, A., Nisha, R., Jagjeeta, K. and Kaushik, C.P. (2005). Impact of long and short term irrigation of a sodic soil with distillery effluent in combination with bioamendments. Bioresource Technology, 96(17) : 1860-1866.
Kumar, V. and Chopra, A. K. (2011b). Impact on physicochemical characteristics of soil after irrigation with distillery effluent. Archieves of Applied Science and Research, 3 (4): 63-77.
Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. (2011a). Fertigation effect of distillery effluent on agronomical practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(Fenugreek). Environment monitoring assessesment, DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2033-7.
Kumar, V., Chopra, A.K., Pathak, C. and Pathak, S. (2010). Agro-potentiality of paper mill effluent on the characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). New York Science Journal, 3 (5), 68-77.
Malaviya, P. and Sharma, A. (2011). Effect of distillery effluent on yield attributes of Brassica napus L. J. Environ. Biol., 32: 385-389.
Miller, C.E. and Turk, L.M. (2002). Fundamentals of soil science. Trinagar, 157.
Milner, C. and Hughes, R.E. (1968). Methods for the measurement of primary production of grassland. IBP Hand Book No.6 Blackwell Sci. Pub. Oxford, England, 82.
Nath, K., Dharam, S. and Sharma, Y. K. (2007). Combinatorial effects of distillery and sugar factory effluents in crop plants. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28 (3), 577-582.
Pandey, S.N., Nautiyal, B.D. and Sharma, C.P. (2008). Pollution level in distillery effluent and its phytotoxic effect on seed germination and early growth of maize and rice. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29 (2), 267-270.
Patterson, S.J., Chanasyk, D.S., Mapfumo, E. and Naeth, M.A. (2008). Effects of diluted Kraft pulp mill effluent on hybrid poplar and soil chemical properties. Irrigation Science, 26, 547–560.
Porra, R.J (2002). The chequered history of the development & use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73: 149 -156.
Ramana, S., Biswas, A.K., Kundu, S., Saha, J.K. and Yadava, R.B.R. (2002b). Effect of distillery effluent on seed germination in some vegetable crops. Biores. Technol., 82: 1189-1193 .
Ramana, S., Biswas, A.K., Singh, A.B. and Yadava, R.B.R. (2002). Relative efficacy of distillery effluents on growth, nitrogen fixation and yield of groundnut. Bioresource Technology, 81: 117-121.
Ramulu Sree, U.S. (2001).Reuse of municipal sewage and sludge in agriculture. Scientific publishers (India), Jodhpur, 86.
Rath, P., Pradhan, G.. and Misra, M.K. (2011). Effect of distillery spentwash (DSW) and fertilizer on growth and chlorophyll content of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plant. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 3 (4), 169-176.
Shenbagavalli, S., Mahimairaja, S. and Kalaiselvi, P. (2011). Impact of biomethanated distillery spentwash application on soil and water quality: A field appraisal. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1-7.
Sindhu, S. K., Sharma, A. and Ikram, S. (2007). Analysis and recommendation of agriculture use of distillery spentwash in Rampur district, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 4 (3): 390-396.
Suganya, K. and Rajanan, G. (2009). Effect of one time postsown and pre-sown application of distillery spentwash on the growth and yield of maize crop. Botany Reasearch International 2(4): 288-294.
Suge, J.K., Omunyin, M.E. and Omami, E. N. (2011). Effect of organic and inorganic sources of fertilizer on growth, yield and fruit quality of eggplant (Solanum Melongena L). Archives of Applied Science Research, 3 (6):470-479.
Sukanya, T.S. and Meli, S.S. (2004). Response of wheat to graded dilution of liquid distillery Effluent (Spent wash) on plant nutrient contents, nutrient Uptake, crop yield and residual soil fertility. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 17(3): 417- 420
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Ferti-irrigational impact of distillery effluent and Di-ammonium phosphate on the soil and growth characteristics of Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.). (2012). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4(2), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i2.264
