Soil carbon stock in different land-use systems in the hilly terrain of Mizoram, Northeast India
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Abstract
Soil carbon is one of the most affected variables to land-use change in tropics. The soil carbon flux plays a major role in regulating microbial activities and nutrient distribution in soil. This study aimed to evaluate the soil carbon stock in various land uses at different depths in the hilly terrain of Mizoram, Northeast India. Soil samples at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths were collected from Rubber plantation (RP), Oil palm plantation (OPP), Teak plantation (TP), Bamboo Forest (BF), 5 years fallow (5YF), 10 years fallow (10YF), Tephrosia candida plantation (TCP), Horticulture garden (HORT), Homegarden (HG) and Natural forest (NF). Soil carbon stock varied significantly (p <0.05) across the land uses and depths. The soil under Tephrosia candida stand had significantly (p <0.05) higher values of C stock (73.66 Mg ha-1) which may be due to high biomass, dense vegetative cover and high C in root exudates. The minimum C stock estimated in Horticulture garden (43.28 Mg ha-1) is probably due to reduced soil organic matter. Soil carbon stock in Homegarden, Teak plantation, Bamboo forest and Rubber plantation ranged from 46.82 Mg ha-1 to 59.34 Mg ha-1 whereas 5 years and 10 years fallow land, Natural forest and Oil palm plantation ranged from 61.35 Mg ha-1 to 73.35 Mg ha-1. The study indicated that the land use change in the mountainous region significantly affected the carbon stock in the soil. A proper land use management strategies to increase the soil organic matter is recommended to enhance the carbon stock in this region.
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Keywords
Land-use change, Mountainous region, Northeast India, Soil carbon stock, Soil depth
References
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Arevalo, C.B.M., Bhatti, J.S., Chang, S.X. & Sidders, D. (2009). Ecosystem carbon stocks and distribution under different land-uses in north central Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 1776-1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.034
Batjes, N.H. (1996). Total Carbon and Nitrogen in the Soils of the World. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 151-163.
Blais, A.M., Lorrain, S., Plourde, Y., & Varfalvy, L. (2005). Organic Carbon Densities of Soils and Vegetation of Tropical, Temperate and Boreal Forests. In: Tremblay A., Varfalvy L., Roehm C., Garneau M. (eds) Greenhouse Gas Emissions — Fluxes and Processes. Environmental Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 155-158
Blake, G.R. & Hartage, K.H. (1986). Bulk Density. In: Klute, A., Ed., Agronomy Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 363-376.
Don, A., Schumacher, J. & Freibauer, A. (2011). Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 17 (4), 1658-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x
Economic Survey Mizoram, (2016-17.) Government of Mizoram. Planning & Programme Implementation Department (Research & Development Branch) pp. 243-245.
Emiru, N. & Gebrekidan, H. (2013). Effect of land use changes and soil depth on soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents of soils in Senbat watershed, Western Ethiopia. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 8, 206-212.
Forest survey of India (2017). The State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Dehradun, India.
Guo, L.B. & Gifford, R.M. (2002). Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Global Change Biology 8, 345-360.
Haghdoost, N., Akbarinia, M. & Hosseini, S.M. (2013). Land-use change and carbon stocks: A case study, Noor Country, Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 24, 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0340-2
Iqbal, M.A., Hossen, M.S. & Islam, M.N. (2014). Soil organic carbon dynamics for different land uses and soil management practices in Mymensingh. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh; Bangladesh. pp 16-17.
Laganiere, J., Angers, D.A. & Pare, D. (2010). Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 16, 439-453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01930.x
Lehmann, J., Da Silva Cravo, M. & Zech, W. (2000). Organic matter stabilization in a Xanthic Ferralsol of the central Amazon as affected by single trees: chemical characterization of density, aggregate, and particle size fractions. Geoderma 99, 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00070-7
Manpoong, C. & Tripathi, S.K. (2019). Soil properties under different land use system of Mizoram, North East India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 11(1): 121 - 125. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1999
Manpoong, C., Hauchhum, R. & Tripathi, S.K. (2020a). Soil fertility and root carbon exudation in Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC hedgerows under Sloping Agricultural Land Technology in Mizoram, northeast India. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 58 (1): 12-21.
Manpoong, C., De Mandal, S., Bangaruswamy, D.K.,
Perumal, R.C., Benny, J., Beena, P.S., Ghosh, A., Kumar, N.S. & Tripathi, S.K. (2020b). Linking rhizosphere soil biochemical and microbial community characteristics across different land use systems in mountainous region in Northeast India. Meta Gene, 23, 100625. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.mgene.2019.100625.
Maurya, B., Singh, V., Dhyanib, P. & Kashyap, S. (2014). Impact of altitudes on soil characteristics and enzymatic activities in the forest and Fallow lands of Almora District of Central Himalaya. Octa Journal of Environmental Research 2, 1-9.
McDaniel, M.D., Grandy, A.S., Tiemann, L.K. & Weintraub, M.N. (2016). Eleven years of crop diversification alters decomposition dynamics of litter mixtures incubated with soil. Ecosphere 7(8): e01426. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1426
McKinley, D.C., Ryan, M.G., Birdsey, R.A., Giardina, C.P., Harmon, M.E., Heath, L.S., Houghton, R.A., Jackson, R.B., Morrison, J.F., Murray, B.C., Patakl, D.E. & Skog, K.E. (2011). A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States. Ecological Applications 21(6):1902-24. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0697.1
Ovung, E.Y., Kumar, K.S., Manpoong, C., Tripathi, S.K., Khanduri, V.P. & Singh, S.K. (2020). Influence of land use pattern on soil quality in a steeply sloped tropical mountainous region, India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1 858478
Singh, S.L., Sahoo, U.K., Gogoi, A. & Kenye, A. (2018). Effect of Land Use Changes on Carbon Stock Dynamics in Major Land Use Sectors of Mizoram, Northeast India. Journal of Environmental Protection 9, 1262-1285. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.912079
Turner, J., Lambert, M.J. & Johnson, D.W. (2005). Experience with patterns of change in soil carbon resulting from forest plantation establishment in eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.025
Van der Werf, G.R., Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Olivier, J.G.J., Kasibhatla, P.D., Jackson, R.B., Collatz, G.L. & Randerson, J.T. (2009). CO2 Emissions from Forest Loss. Nature Geoscience 2, 737-738. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo671
Walkley, A. & Black, A. (1934). An Examination of the Degjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and a Proposed Modification of Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil Science 37, 29-38.
Wang, Z.P., Han, X.G. & Li, L.H. (2008). Effects of grassland conversion to croplands on soil organic carbon in the temperate Inner Mongolia. Journal of Environmental Management 86, 529-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004
Wapongnungsang, Hauchhum, R. & Tripathi, S.K. (2017). Litter Decomposition Vis-a-Vis Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Tephrosia candida Components in Different Fallow Periods Following Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram. Indian Journal of Ecology 44, 791-796.
Wapongnungsang, Manpoong, C. & Tripathi, S.K. (2018). Changes in Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity in Three Consecutive Years Cropping under Different Fallow Phases Following Shifting Cultivation. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 25(6): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2018/46087
Wei, X.R., Shao, M.G., Gale, W. & Li, L.H. (2014). Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land. Scientific Reports, 4, 4062. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04062
Yan, Y., Tian, J., Fan, M., Zhang, F., Li, A., Christie, P., Chen, H., Lee, J., Kuzyakov, Y. & Six, J. (2012). Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in intensively managed arable soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 150, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.024
Yang, Y.H., Chen, Y.N., Li, W.H. & Wang, Y. (2018). Effects of land use/cover change on soil organic carbon storage in the main stream of Tarim River, China. Enviromental Science 36, 2784-2790.
Zhang, K., Dang, H., Tan, S., Cheng, X. & Zhang, Q. (2010). Change in soil organic carbon following the ‘Grain-for-Green’ programme in China. Land Degradation & Development 21, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.954
Ali, S., Begum, F., Hayat, R. & Bohannan, B.J.M. (2017). Variation in soil carbon stock in different land uses and altitudes in Bagrot Valey, Northern Karakoram, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant Science 67, 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2017.1317829
Arevalo, C.B.M., Bhatti, J.S., Chang, S.X. & Sidders, D. (2009). Ecosystem carbon stocks and distribution under different land-uses in north central Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 1776-1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.034
Batjes, N.H. (1996). Total Carbon and Nitrogen in the Soils of the World. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 151-163.
Blais, A.M., Lorrain, S., Plourde, Y., & Varfalvy, L. (2005). Organic Carbon Densities of Soils and Vegetation of Tropical, Temperate and Boreal Forests. In: Tremblay A., Varfalvy L., Roehm C., Garneau M. (eds) Greenhouse Gas Emissions — Fluxes and Processes. Environmental Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 155-158
Blake, G.R. & Hartage, K.H. (1986). Bulk Density. In: Klute, A., Ed., Agronomy Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 363-376.
Don, A., Schumacher, J. & Freibauer, A. (2011). Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 17 (4), 1658-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x
Economic Survey Mizoram, (2016-17.) Government of Mizoram. Planning & Programme Implementation Department (Research & Development Branch) pp. 243-245.
Emiru, N. & Gebrekidan, H. (2013). Effect of land use changes and soil depth on soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents of soils in Senbat watershed, Western Ethiopia. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 8, 206-212.
Forest survey of India (2017). The State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Dehradun, India.
Guo, L.B. & Gifford, R.M. (2002). Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Global Change Biology 8, 345-360.
Haghdoost, N., Akbarinia, M. & Hosseini, S.M. (2013). Land-use change and carbon stocks: A case study, Noor Country, Iran. Journal of Forestry Research 24, 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0340-2
Iqbal, M.A., Hossen, M.S. & Islam, M.N. (2014). Soil organic carbon dynamics for different land uses and soil management practices in Mymensingh. Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh; Bangladesh. pp 16-17.
Laganiere, J., Angers, D.A. & Pare, D. (2010). Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 16, 439-453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01930.x
Lehmann, J., Da Silva Cravo, M. & Zech, W. (2000). Organic matter stabilization in a Xanthic Ferralsol of the central Amazon as affected by single trees: chemical characterization of density, aggregate, and particle size fractions. Geoderma 99, 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00070-7
Manpoong, C. & Tripathi, S.K. (2019). Soil properties under different land use system of Mizoram, North East India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 11(1): 121 - 125. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1999
Manpoong, C., Hauchhum, R. & Tripathi, S.K. (2020a). Soil fertility and root carbon exudation in Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC hedgerows under Sloping Agricultural Land Technology in Mizoram, northeast India. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 58 (1): 12-21.
Manpoong, C., De Mandal, S., Bangaruswamy, D.K.,
Perumal, R.C., Benny, J., Beena, P.S., Ghosh, A., Kumar, N.S. & Tripathi, S.K. (2020b). Linking rhizosphere soil biochemical and microbial community characteristics across different land use systems in mountainous region in Northeast India. Meta Gene, 23, 100625. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.mgene.2019.100625.
Maurya, B., Singh, V., Dhyanib, P. & Kashyap, S. (2014). Impact of altitudes on soil characteristics and enzymatic activities in the forest and Fallow lands of Almora District of Central Himalaya. Octa Journal of Environmental Research 2, 1-9.
McDaniel, M.D., Grandy, A.S., Tiemann, L.K. & Weintraub, M.N. (2016). Eleven years of crop diversification alters decomposition dynamics of litter mixtures incubated with soil. Ecosphere 7(8): e01426. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1426
McKinley, D.C., Ryan, M.G., Birdsey, R.A., Giardina, C.P., Harmon, M.E., Heath, L.S., Houghton, R.A., Jackson, R.B., Morrison, J.F., Murray, B.C., Patakl, D.E. & Skog, K.E. (2011). A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States. Ecological Applications 21(6):1902-24. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0697.1
Ovung, E.Y., Kumar, K.S., Manpoong, C., Tripathi, S.K., Khanduri, V.P. & Singh, S.K. (2020). Influence of land use pattern on soil quality in a steeply sloped tropical mountainous region, India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1 858478
Singh, S.L., Sahoo, U.K., Gogoi, A. & Kenye, A. (2018). Effect of Land Use Changes on Carbon Stock Dynamics in Major Land Use Sectors of Mizoram, Northeast India. Journal of Environmental Protection 9, 1262-1285. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.912079
Turner, J., Lambert, M.J. & Johnson, D.W. (2005). Experience with patterns of change in soil carbon resulting from forest plantation establishment in eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.025
Van der Werf, G.R., Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Olivier, J.G.J., Kasibhatla, P.D., Jackson, R.B., Collatz, G.L. & Randerson, J.T. (2009). CO2 Emissions from Forest Loss. Nature Geoscience 2, 737-738. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo671
Walkley, A. & Black, A. (1934). An Examination of the Degjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and a Proposed Modification of Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil Science 37, 29-38.
Wang, Z.P., Han, X.G. & Li, L.H. (2008). Effects of grassland conversion to croplands on soil organic carbon in the temperate Inner Mongolia. Journal of Environmental Management 86, 529-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004
Wapongnungsang, Hauchhum, R. & Tripathi, S.K. (2017). Litter Decomposition Vis-a-Vis Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Tephrosia candida Components in Different Fallow Periods Following Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram. Indian Journal of Ecology 44, 791-796.
Wapongnungsang, Manpoong, C. & Tripathi, S.K. (2018). Changes in Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity in Three Consecutive Years Cropping under Different Fallow Phases Following Shifting Cultivation. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 25(6): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2018/46087
Wei, X.R., Shao, M.G., Gale, W. & Li, L.H. (2014). Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land. Scientific Reports, 4, 4062. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04062
Yan, Y., Tian, J., Fan, M., Zhang, F., Li, A., Christie, P., Chen, H., Lee, J., Kuzyakov, Y. & Six, J. (2012). Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in intensively managed arable soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 150, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.024
Yang, Y.H., Chen, Y.N., Li, W.H. & Wang, Y. (2018). Effects of land use/cover change on soil organic carbon storage in the main stream of Tarim River, China. Enviromental Science 36, 2784-2790.
Zhang, K., Dang, H., Tan, S., Cheng, X. & Zhang, Q. (2010). Change in soil organic carbon following the ‘Grain-for-Green’ programme in China. Land Degradation & Development 21, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.954
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Soil carbon stock in different land-use systems in the hilly terrain of Mizoram, Northeast India. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 723-728. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2615
