Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review
Article Main
Abstract
This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
COVID-19, Immunity, Nutrients, Regulation
References
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Carlson, J.L., Erickson, J.M., Lloyd, B.B. &Slavin, J.L. (2018). Health effects and sources of prebiotic dietary fiber. Curr. Dev. Nutr.;2:nzy005. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy005.
Carr, A.C.(2020). A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-Crit. Care. ;7;24(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4.
Costagliola, D.G., de Montalembert, M., Lefrere, J.J., Briand, C., Rebulla, P., Baruchel, S., Dessi, C., Fondu, P., Karagiorga, M. &Perrimond, H.(1994). Dose of desferrioxamine and evolution of HIV-1 infection in thalassaemic patients. Br. J. Haematol..87:849–852. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb06750.x.
Duvall, M.G.&Levy, B.D. (2016). DHA-and EPA-derived resolvins, protectins, and maresins in airway inflammation. Eur. J. Pharmacol.;785:144–155.doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.001.
Green, D.A., Antholine, W.E., Wong, S.J., Richardson, D.R. &Chitambar, C.R. (2001). Inhibition of malignant cell growth by 311, a novel iron chelator of the pyridoxalisonicotinoylhydrazone class: Effect on the R2 subunit of ribonucleotidereductase. Clin. Cancer Res.,7:3574–3579.
Gupta, R., Hussain, A. &Misra, A.(2020). Diabetes and COVID-19: Evidence, current status and unanswered research questions. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. ;74:864–870.
Han, J.E., Jones, J.L., Tangpricha, V., Brown, M.A., Brown, L.A.S., Hao, L., Hebbar, G., Lee, M.J., Liu, S. &Ziegler, T.R.(2016). High dose vitamin D administration in ventilated intensive care unit patients: A pilot double blind randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol.,4:59–65.oi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2016.04.004.
Hira Shakoor, Jack Feehan, Kathleen Mikkelsen, Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri, Habiba I. Ali, Carine Platat, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Lily Stojanovska & Vasso Apostolopoulos (2021). Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas. 144: 108–111.doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.20 20.0 8.007.
Hou, J.C. (1997). Inhibitory effect of selenite and other antioxidants on complement-mediated tissue injury in patients with epidemic haemorrhagic fever. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.,56:125–130.doi: 10.1007/BF02778988.
Iddir, M., Brito, A., Dingeo, G., Fernandez, Del Campo, S.S., Samouda, H., La Frano, M.R. & Bohn, T.(2020). Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 crisis. Nutrients;12:1562.doi: 10.3390/nu12061562.
Ilie, P.C., Stefanescu, S. & Smith, L. (2020).The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin. Exp. Res.,. 1-4, doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8.
International Society for Infectious Diseases (2020).ProMed «PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (59): Global, cruise ship, more countries, WHO. (accessed on August 9 2020); Int. Soc. Infect. Dis. Available online: https://promedmail.org.
Kaufmann, S.H. & McMichael, A.J. (2005). Annulling a dangerous liaison: Vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis. Nat. Med., 11:S33–S44. doi: 10.1038/nm1221.
Liu, L., Geng, X., McDermott, J., Shen J., Corbin, C., Xuan, S., Kim, J., Zuo, L. &Liu, Z.(2016). Copper deficiency in the lungs of TNF-alpha transgenic mice. Front. Physiol.,7:234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00234.
Liu, W., Zhang, S., Nekhai, S. & Liu, S. (2020). Depriving iron supply to the virus represents a promising adjuvant therapeutic against viral survival. Curr.Clin.Microbiol. Rep., 7:13–19.doi: 10.1007/s40588-020-00140-w.
Lordan, R., Tsoupras, A. &Zabetakis, I. (2020). Platelet activation and prothrombotic mediators at the nexus of inflammation and atherosclerosis: Potential role of antiplatelet agents. Blood Rev.,100694. DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100694.
Maggini, S., Beveridge, S., Sorbara, P.J.P. &Senatore, G.(2008). Feeding the immune system: The role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections. CAB Rev.;3:1–21.DOI:10.1079/PAVSNNR20083098.
Maggini, S., Pierre, A. &Calder, P.C. (2018). Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course. Nutrients.;10:1531.doi: 10.3390/nu10101531.
Marsland, B.J., Trompette, A. & Gollwitzer, E.S. (2015). The gut–lung axis in respiratory disease, Ann Am Thorac. Soc., 12, S150-S156.
McCarty, M.F. &DiNicolantonio, J.J.(2020). Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the type 1 interferon response to RNA viruses including influenza and coronavirus. Prog.Cardiovasc. Dis.,63:383–385. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.02.007.
McCullough, F.S., Northrop-Clewes, C.A.&Thurnham, D. I.(1999). The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proc. Nutr. Soc.;58:289–293.doi: 10.1017/s002966519900 040 3.
Mikkelsen, K. &Apostolopoulos, V. (1999).Vitamin B.1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the immune system. Nutr. Immunity.115–125.
Monnier, L., Mas, E., Ginet, C., Michel, F., Villon, L., Cristol, J.P.& Colette, C.(2006). Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. J.A.M.A.;295:1681–1687.doi: 10.1001/jama.295.14.16 81.
Mooventhan, A. & Nivethitha, L.(2014). Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body.,N. Am. J. Med. Sci.; 6(5): 199–209. doi: 10.410 3/1947-2714.132935.
Moriguchi, S. & Muraga, M. (2000).Vitamin E and immunity. VitamHorm., 59:305–336.
Steinbrenner, H., Al-Quraishy, S., Dkhil, M.A., Wunderlich, F. & Sies, H. (2015). Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv. Nutr.,6:73–82. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007575.
Smith, E.M., Jones, J.L., Han, J.E., Alvarez, J.A., Sloan, J.H., Konrad, R.J., Zughaier, S.M., Martin, G.S., Ziegler, T.R. & Tangpricha, V.(2018). High-Dose vitamin D3 administration is associated with increases in hemoglobin concentrations in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: A pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr.,42:87–94.doi: 10.1177/0148607116678197.
Taylor, E.W., Ruzicka, J.A., Premadasa, L. & Zhao, L.(2016). Cellular selenoprotein mRNA tethering via antisense Interactions with ebola and HIV-1 mRNAs may impact host selenium biochemistry. Curr.Top. Med. Chem.,16:1530–1535. doi: 10.2174/156802661566615 0915121633.
TeVelthuis, A.J., van den Worm, S.H., Sims, A.C., Baric, R.S., Snijder, E.J. & van Hemert, M.J.(2010). Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. Plos Path. 4, 6(11):e1001176. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176.
Timoneda, J., Rodriguez-Fernandez, L., Zaragoza, R., Marin, M.P., Cabezuelo, M.T., Torres, L., Vina, J.R.& Barber, T.(2018). Vitamin A deficiency and the lung. Nutrients. 10:1132. doi: 10.3390/nu10091132.
White Paper (2020).Nutritional solutions to optimize your immunity. Nutritional solutions January, 2020, Dutch State Mines.
Wu, Z. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese centre for disease control and prevention. J.A.M.A.;323:1239–1242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2 020.2 648.
Xu, J., Yang, J., Chen, J., Luo, Q., Zhang, Q. & Zhang, H.(2017). Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin angiotensin system. Mol. Med. Rep.,16:7432–7438. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546.
Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Norton, C. & Tsoupras, A.(2020). COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. ;12:1466.doi: 10.3390/nu12051466.
Zhang, J., Taylor, E.W., Bennett, K., Saad, R. & Rayman, M.P.(2020).Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,111:1297–1299. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095.
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B. & Gu, X.(2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395,1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
Baum, M.K., Shor-Posner, G., Lai, S., Zhang, G., Lai H., Fletcher, M.A., Sauberlich, H. & Page, J.B.(1997). High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J. Acquir. Immune Defic.Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol.,15,370–374. doi: 10.1097/00042560-199708150-00007.
Calder, P.C.(2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Nutrition or pharmacology? Br.J. Clin.Pharmacol, 75, 645–662.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x.
Carlson, J.L., Erickson, J.M., Lloyd, B.B. &Slavin, J.L. (2018). Health effects and sources of prebiotic dietary fiber. Curr. Dev. Nutr.;2:nzy005. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy005.
Carr, A.C.(2020). A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-Crit. Care. ;7;24(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4.
Costagliola, D.G., de Montalembert, M., Lefrere, J.J., Briand, C., Rebulla, P., Baruchel, S., Dessi, C., Fondu, P., Karagiorga, M. &Perrimond, H.(1994). Dose of desferrioxamine and evolution of HIV-1 infection in thalassaemic patients. Br. J. Haematol..87:849–852. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb06750.x.
Duvall, M.G.&Levy, B.D. (2016). DHA-and EPA-derived resolvins, protectins, and maresins in airway inflammation. Eur. J. Pharmacol.;785:144–155.doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.001.
Green, D.A., Antholine, W.E., Wong, S.J., Richardson, D.R. &Chitambar, C.R. (2001). Inhibition of malignant cell growth by 311, a novel iron chelator of the pyridoxalisonicotinoylhydrazone class: Effect on the R2 subunit of ribonucleotidereductase. Clin. Cancer Res.,7:3574–3579.
Gupta, R., Hussain, A. &Misra, A.(2020). Diabetes and COVID-19: Evidence, current status and unanswered research questions. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. ;74:864–870.
Han, J.E., Jones, J.L., Tangpricha, V., Brown, M.A., Brown, L.A.S., Hao, L., Hebbar, G., Lee, M.J., Liu, S. &Ziegler, T.R.(2016). High dose vitamin D administration in ventilated intensive care unit patients: A pilot double blind randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol.,4:59–65.oi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2016.04.004.
Hira Shakoor, Jack Feehan, Kathleen Mikkelsen, Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri, Habiba I. Ali, Carine Platat, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Lily Stojanovska & Vasso Apostolopoulos (2021). Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas. 144: 108–111.doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.20 20.0 8.007.
Hou, J.C. (1997). Inhibitory effect of selenite and other antioxidants on complement-mediated tissue injury in patients with epidemic haemorrhagic fever. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.,56:125–130.doi: 10.1007/BF02778988.
Iddir, M., Brito, A., Dingeo, G., Fernandez, Del Campo, S.S., Samouda, H., La Frano, M.R. & Bohn, T.(2020). Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 crisis. Nutrients;12:1562.doi: 10.3390/nu12061562.
Ilie, P.C., Stefanescu, S. & Smith, L. (2020).The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin. Exp. Res.,. 1-4, doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8.
International Society for Infectious Diseases (2020).ProMed «PRO/AH/EDR> COVID-19 update (59): Global, cruise ship, more countries, WHO. (accessed on August 9 2020); Int. Soc. Infect. Dis. Available online: https://promedmail.org.
Kaufmann, S.H. & McMichael, A.J. (2005). Annulling a dangerous liaison: Vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis. Nat. Med., 11:S33–S44. doi: 10.1038/nm1221.
Liu, L., Geng, X., McDermott, J., Shen J., Corbin, C., Xuan, S., Kim, J., Zuo, L. &Liu, Z.(2016). Copper deficiency in the lungs of TNF-alpha transgenic mice. Front. Physiol.,7:234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00234.
Liu, W., Zhang, S., Nekhai, S. & Liu, S. (2020). Depriving iron supply to the virus represents a promising adjuvant therapeutic against viral survival. Curr.Clin.Microbiol. Rep., 7:13–19.doi: 10.1007/s40588-020-00140-w.
Lordan, R., Tsoupras, A. &Zabetakis, I. (2020). Platelet activation and prothrombotic mediators at the nexus of inflammation and atherosclerosis: Potential role of antiplatelet agents. Blood Rev.,100694. DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100694.
Maggini, S., Beveridge, S., Sorbara, P.J.P. &Senatore, G.(2008). Feeding the immune system: The role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections. CAB Rev.;3:1–21.DOI:10.1079/PAVSNNR20083098.
Maggini, S., Pierre, A. &Calder, P.C. (2018). Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course. Nutrients.;10:1531.doi: 10.3390/nu10101531.
Marsland, B.J., Trompette, A. & Gollwitzer, E.S. (2015). The gut–lung axis in respiratory disease, Ann Am Thorac. Soc., 12, S150-S156.
McCarty, M.F. &DiNicolantonio, J.J.(2020). Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the type 1 interferon response to RNA viruses including influenza and coronavirus. Prog.Cardiovasc. Dis.,63:383–385. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.02.007.
McCullough, F.S., Northrop-Clewes, C.A.&Thurnham, D. I.(1999). The effect of vitamin A on epithelial integrity. Proc. Nutr. Soc.;58:289–293.doi: 10.1017/s002966519900 040 3.
Mikkelsen, K. &Apostolopoulos, V. (1999).Vitamin B.1, B2, B3, B5, and B6 and the immune system. Nutr. Immunity.115–125.
Monnier, L., Mas, E., Ginet, C., Michel, F., Villon, L., Cristol, J.P.& Colette, C.(2006). Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. J.A.M.A.;295:1681–1687.doi: 10.1001/jama.295.14.16 81.
Mooventhan, A. & Nivethitha, L.(2014). Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body.,N. Am. J. Med. Sci.; 6(5): 199–209. doi: 10.410 3/1947-2714.132935.
Moriguchi, S. & Muraga, M. (2000).Vitamin E and immunity. VitamHorm., 59:305–336.
Steinbrenner, H., Al-Quraishy, S., Dkhil, M.A., Wunderlich, F. & Sies, H. (2015). Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv. Nutr.,6:73–82. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007575.
Smith, E.M., Jones, J.L., Han, J.E., Alvarez, J.A., Sloan, J.H., Konrad, R.J., Zughaier, S.M., Martin, G.S., Ziegler, T.R. & Tangpricha, V.(2018). High-Dose vitamin D3 administration is associated with increases in hemoglobin concentrations in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: A pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr.,42:87–94.doi: 10.1177/0148607116678197.
Taylor, E.W., Ruzicka, J.A., Premadasa, L. & Zhao, L.(2016). Cellular selenoprotein mRNA tethering via antisense Interactions with ebola and HIV-1 mRNAs may impact host selenium biochemistry. Curr.Top. Med. Chem.,16:1530–1535. doi: 10.2174/156802661566615 0915121633.
TeVelthuis, A.J., van den Worm, S.H., Sims, A.C., Baric, R.S., Snijder, E.J. & van Hemert, M.J.(2010). Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. Plos Path. 4, 6(11):e1001176. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176.
Timoneda, J., Rodriguez-Fernandez, L., Zaragoza, R., Marin, M.P., Cabezuelo, M.T., Torres, L., Vina, J.R.& Barber, T.(2018). Vitamin A deficiency and the lung. Nutrients. 10:1132. doi: 10.3390/nu10091132.
White Paper (2020).Nutritional solutions to optimize your immunity. Nutritional solutions January, 2020, Dutch State Mines.
Wu, Z. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese centre for disease control and prevention. J.A.M.A.;323:1239–1242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2 020.2 648.
Xu, J., Yang, J., Chen, J., Luo, Q., Zhang, Q. & Zhang, H.(2017). Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin angiotensin system. Mol. Med. Rep.,16:7432–7438. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546.
Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Norton, C. & Tsoupras, A.(2020). COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. ;12:1466.doi: 10.3390/nu12051466.
Zhang, J., Taylor, E.W., Bennett, K., Saad, R. & Rayman, M.P.(2020).Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,111:1297–1299. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095.
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B. & Gu, X.(2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395,1054–1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
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Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 760-765. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2572
