Metabolomics using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibacterial activity of nine Ocimum taxa of Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India
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Abstract
Ocimum traditionally known as Holy Basil or Tulsi is an available herb plenty across the country. Traditionally, it is used against a number of human diseases. In this present study, the metabolites present in the ethanolic extracts of nine Ocimum taxa, O. tenuiflorum L. (Green and purple type) two morphotypes of O. basilicum L., (Babu and Marua tulsi) two morphotypes of O. gratissimum L. (Ram and Ajowan tulsi) and each one from O. americanum L. (Bon tulsi), O. × africanum Lour. (Lebu tulsi), and O. kilimandscharicum Guerke.grown naturally in Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India were identified using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the identified metabolites, carbohydrates, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic acids, fused ring aromatic hydrocarbon, amino acids, phenolic compounds, quinone, steroids, terpenoids and vitamin E were the chief constituents. The occurrence of these metabolites describes the high biological activity of Ocimum species. Furthermore, in vitro antibacterial activities were also identified against four bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1305), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 1771) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 2939). Tested bacterial strains were taken from the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India The results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of all the nine Ocimum taxa have satisfactory minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against the tested microorganisms. O. tenuiflorum has the highest (91.03 %) metabolic content whereas O. × africanum has the minimum. This would definitely serve as a scientific basis of the traditional use of basil against human ailments.
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Keywords
Antibacterial activity, Ethanolic extracts, GC-MS, MIC, Ocimum
References
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Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils – a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 446-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2 007.09.106.
Chowdhury, T., Mandal, A., Jana, A.K., Roy, S.C.and De Sarker, D. (2016). Study of phyto-sociology and ecology of naturally growing Ocimum species with their conservational strategies in Dakshin Dinajpur district of West Bengal. Acta Ecol. Sin. 36, 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.08.003.
Chowdhury, T., Roy, S.C.and De Sarker, D. (2019). Ethnobotanical study of Dakshin Dinajpur district of West Bengal, In: Martinez, J.L., MunÞoz-Acevedo, A., Mahendra Rai, M., (Eds.), Ethnobotany: Local Knowledge and Traditions. CRC Press, New Delhi, India, p132–157. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429424069.
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Chintaluri, A.K. and Komarraju, A.L. (2019). TLC-Bioautographic Detection of Antimicrobial Compounds in Essential Oils of Selected Ocimum Species. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Pl. 22, 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/097206 0 X.2019.1602082.
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Chouhan, S., Sharma, K.and Guleria, S. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils—present status and future perspectives. Medicines, 4(3), 58. https://doi.org/1 0.3390/medicines4030058.
De Lima, V.T., Vieira, M.C., Kassuya, C.A.L., Cardoso, C.A.L., Alves, J.M., Foglio, M.A., de Carvalho, J.E.and Formagio, A.S.N. (2014). Chemical composition and free radical-scavenging, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Ocimum kilimandscharicum. Phytomedicine, 21(11), 1298-1302. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.phymed.2014.07.004.
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Gomes, A., Saha, A., Chatterjee, I. and Chakravarty, A.K. (2007). Viper and cobra venom neutralization by ?-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less. (Asteraceae). Phyomedicine, 14, 637-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.020.
Hu, F., Wu, Z., Li, G., Teng, C., Liu, Y., Wang, F., Zhao, Y. and Pang, D. (2015). The plasma level of retinol, vitamins A, C and ?-tocopherol could reduce breast cancer risk? A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 141(4), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-014-1852-7.
Labra, M., Miele, M., Ledda, B., Grassi, F., Mazzei, M.and Sala, F. (2004). Morphological characterization, essential oil composition and DNA genotyping of Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars. Plant Sci., 167, 725-731. http://doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.04.026.
Lim, V., Mohd Narawi, M., Chiu, H.I., Tung, W.H., Tan, J.J. and Lee, C.K. (2019). Selected essential oils as repellents against Aedes aegypti: validation of the bioconstituents using gas chromatography. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Pl. 22(4), 1058-1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.201 9.1661796.
Lai, G.Y., Weinstein, S.J., Albanes, D., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J., McGlynn, K.A. and Freedman, N.D. (2014). Association of serum ?-tocopherol, ?-carotene, and retinol with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality. Br. J. Cancer. 111, 2163-2171. https://doi.org/10.1038/bj c.2014.365.
Mohr, F.B.M., Lermen, C., Gazim, Z.C., Gonçalves, J.E.and Alberton, O. (2017). Antifungal activity, yield, and composition of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil. Genet. Mol. Res. 16, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16019542.
Mondello, L., Zappia, G., Cotroneo, A., Bonaccorsi, I., Chowdhury, J.U., Yusuf, M. and Dugo, G. (2002). Studies on the essential oil bearing plants of Bangladesh, Part VIII. Composition of some Ocimum oils O. basilicum L. var. purpurascens, O. sanctum L. green, O.sanctum L. purple, O. americanum L. citral type, O. americanum L. camphor type. Flav. Fragr. J. 17, 335-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1108.
Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Kester, A.D.and Katan, M.B. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77(5), 1146-1155. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146.
Mandal, A., Ghosh, S., Bothra, A.K., Nanda, A.K.and Ghosh, P. (2012). Synthesis of friedelan triterpenoid analogs with DNA topoisomerase IIa inhibitory activity and their molecular docking studies. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 54, 137-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.037.
Nguefack, J., Dongmo, J.L., Dakole, C.D., Leth, V., Vismer, H.F., Torp, J., Guemdjom, E.F.N., Mbeffo, M., Tamgue, O., Fotio, D. and Zollo, P.A. (2009). Food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 131(2-3), 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmi cro.2009.02.009.
Oyedemi, S.O., Okoh, A.I., Mabinya, L.V., Pirochenva, G. and Afolayan, A.J. (2009). The proposed mechanism of bactericidal action of eugenol, ?-terpineol and g-terpinene against Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, 1280-86.
Padalia R.C.and Verma R.S. (2011). Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India. Nat. Prod. Res. 25, 569-75. https://doi.org/10.10 80/14786419.2010.482936.
Patel, J.B. (2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne.
Pereira, D. M., Correia-da-Silva, G., Valentão, P., Teixeira, N.and Andrade, P. B. (2014). Palmitic acid and ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-ol contribute to the apoptotic effect and cell cycle arrest of an extract from Marthasterias glacialis L. in neuroblastoma cells. Mar. Drugs. 12(1), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12010054.
Pauls, S.D., Rodway, L.A., Winter, T., Taylor, C.G., Zahradka, P.and Aukema, H.M. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of ?-linolenic acid in M1-like macrophages are associated with enhanced production of oxylipins from ?-linolenic and linoleic acid. J. Nutr. Biochem. 57, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.020
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Metabolomics using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibacterial activity of nine Ocimum taxa of Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2508
