Quality assessment of groundwater at Laksar Block, Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India using Water Quality Index: A case study
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization enhance the degradation of the groundwater quality due to the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents in the aquatic bodies or on the surface of ground either in treated or untreated form. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality at the Laksar block of district Haridwar in Uttarakhand. Groundwater samples (SS-1-10) were collected from the hand pumps of the study area. The sampling site (SS-1) was taken as control. The distance of all sampling sites from control site ranged from 6.3Km to 18.3Km. The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters viz Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Solids (TS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium Hardness (CaH), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4--), Nitrate (NO3---), Acidity, and Iron (Fe) for two years (2017 to 2019). The data obtained after analysis was simplified using Water quality index (WQI). The maximum concentration of TDS, TS, TH, CaH, and Fe was observed at SS-6 that may be due to the direct industrial discharge of Sugar mill effluent on the ground. Based on WQI value, SS-6 (WQI value-150.27) was found most polluted site. Hardness was found above the standard limit (250mg/l) at SS-6 to SS-10. The Fe was also found above the standard limit of WHO and BIS (0.3mg/l) at SS-6 to SS-10. The study may be useful for managing the groundwater quality of the study area.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Groundwater, Laksar block, Physicochemical parameters, WQI
References
Adimallaa, N. and Qiana, H. (2019). Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 176: 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066
APHA (2012). Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater , Lenore S C, Greenberg A E, Eaton A D,(Eds.), 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, NW, Washington, DC.
Bahmani, O. and Palangi, S. (2018). Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Human Health Risk, Agriculture and Industry with the Qualitative Indices in the Bahar Plain, West Iran. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 15(4), 81-88. DOI: 10.3233/AJW-180060
Bhutiani, R., Kulkarni, D. B., Khanna, D. R. and Gautam, A. (2016). Water Quality, Pollution Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of an Industrial Area in North India. Exposure and Health 8, 3-18. DOI 10.1007/s12403-015-0178-2
Bhutiani, R., Ram, K. and Ahamad, F. (2019). Assessment of suitability of groundwater quality in and around Laksar, Haridwar, Uttarakhand on the basis Water Quality Index (WQI). Environment Conservation Journal, 20(1-2), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2019.1008.1207
Bhutiani, R., Ram, K., Taygi, V., Ahamad, F. and Kaushik, P. (2018a). Assesment of groundwater quality of Laksar block in district Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(3), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.3 6953/ECJ.2018.19316
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V. and Ram, K. (2018b). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19 (1&2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
Bhutiani, R. and Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of sand intermittent filtration technology for wastewater treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03), 503-512.
BIS (2012). Indian standard drinking water specification, Second Revision ISO: 10500:2012, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD25. New Delhi, India.
Biswas, A. K. and Tortajada, C. (2019). Water quality management: A globally neglected issue. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(6), 913-916, DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2019.1670506
Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index-do we dare? Water sewage works, 117, 339-343.
CGWB (2016). Aquifer Mapping and Ground Water Management Plan. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India, pp.1-75.
Chaterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2, 181-189.
Chaurasia, A. K., Pandey, H. K., Tiwari, S. K., Prakash,R., Pandey, P. and Ram, A. (2018). Groundwater Quality assessment using Water Quality Index (WQI) in parts of Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal Geological Society of India, 92, 76-82.
Cude, C. (2001). Oregon water quality index: A tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37: 125–137.
Jain, C. K., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Bhadra, A. (2010). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose, district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 166, 663-676.
Kaviarasan, M., Geetha, P. and Soman, K. P. (2016). GIS-based groundwater monitoring in Thiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India. International Conference on Soft Computing Systems, 397, 685-700.
Khan, R. and Jhariya, D. C. (2017). Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system. Journal Geological Society of India, 99, 69-76.
Khanna, D. R. and Bhutiani, R. (2008). Laboratory manual of water and Waste water Analysis. Daya Publishing House New Delhi -110002.
Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Srivastava, S., Singh, J. and Kumar, P. (2018). Water quality of River Ganga with reference to physicochemical and microbiological characteristics during Kanwar Mela 2017, at Haridwar, India: A case study. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 3(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2018.03 0108
Kumar, S. K., Bharani, R., Magesh, N. S., Godson, P. S., Chandrasekar, N. (2014). Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality appraisal of part of south Chennai coastal aquifers, Tamil Nadu, India using WQI and fuzzy logic method. Applied Water Science, (2014) 4, 341–350. DOI 10.1007/s13201-013-0148-4
Kumari, S. and Rani, J. (2014). Assessment of water quality index of Groundwater in smalkhan, Haryana. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, 3 (6): 169 - 172.
Kwami, I. A., Ishaku, J. M., Bello, A. M., Yusuf, A., Abubakar, U. and Mukkafa, S. (2018). Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Gombe and Environs, North-east Nigeria. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(5): 29 -37.
Milovanovic, M. (2007). Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios Vardar River Southeastern Europe. Desalination, 213, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.06.022
Rao, K. N. and Latha, P. S. (2019). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index with a special focus on vulnerable tribal region of Eastern Ghats hard rock terrain, Southern India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 267, 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4440-y
Ruhela, M, Wani, A. A. and Ahamad, F. (2020). Efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) based sewage treatment plant and its discharge impact on Dal Lake, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(4), 517-524, https://dx.doi.org/10.26832/245 66632.2020.0504013
Sadat, N. S. M., Ebrahimi, K. and Liaghat, A. M. (2014). Groundwater quality assessment using the water quality index and GIS in Saveh- Nobaran aquifer, Iran. Environmental Earth Science, 71: 3827-3843. DOI 10.1007/s12665-013-2770-8
Saleh, H. N., Valipoor, S., Zarei, A., Asghari, M. Y. F. B., Mohammadi, A. A., Ghalehaskar, F. A. S. and Khaneghah, A. M. (2020). Assessment of groundwater quality around municipal solid waste landfill by using Water Quality Index for groundwater resources and multivariate statistical technique: A case study of the landfill site, Qaem Shahr City, Iran. Environ Geochemistry Health, 42, 1305-1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00417-0
Toure, A., Wenbiao, D. and Keita, Z. (2017). Comparative Study of the physicochemical quality of water from wells, boreholes and rivers consumed in the commune of Pelengana of the Region of Segou in Mali. Environmental Science an Indian Journal, 13(6,: 1-12
Vaiphei, S. P., Kurakalva, R. M. and Sahadevan, D. K. (2020). Water quality index and GIS-based technique for assessment of groundwater quality in Wanaparthy watershed, Telangana, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 45041-45062 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10345-7
Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Ganthi, R. R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R. and Vasudevan, S. (2010). Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environment Monitoring Assessment, 17, 595-609. DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-1302-1
Verma, D. K., Bhunia, G. S., Shit, P. K. and Tiwari, A. K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality of the central gangetic plain area of India using geospatial and WQI techniques. Journal Geological Society of India, 92: 743-752
Verma, P., Singh, P. K., Sinha, R. R. and Tiwari, A. K. (2020) Assessment of groundwater quality status by using water quality index (WQI) and geographic information system (GIS) approaches: a case study of the Bokaro district, India. Applied Water Science, 10, 27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1088-4
WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Zaware, S. G., Patil, V. V. and Zaware, P. S. (2015). Assessment of Groundwater Quality and its Impact on Human health at Padghe in Raigad District, Maharashtra, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 4(5), 57-61
APHA (2012). Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater , Lenore S C, Greenberg A E, Eaton A D,(Eds.), 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, NW, Washington, DC.
Bahmani, O. and Palangi, S. (2018). Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Human Health Risk, Agriculture and Industry with the Qualitative Indices in the Bahar Plain, West Iran. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 15(4), 81-88. DOI: 10.3233/AJW-180060
Bhutiani, R., Kulkarni, D. B., Khanna, D. R. and Gautam, A. (2016). Water Quality, Pollution Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of an Industrial Area in North India. Exposure and Health 8, 3-18. DOI 10.1007/s12403-015-0178-2
Bhutiani, R., Ram, K. and Ahamad, F. (2019). Assessment of suitability of groundwater quality in and around Laksar, Haridwar, Uttarakhand on the basis Water Quality Index (WQI). Environment Conservation Journal, 20(1-2), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2019.1008.1207
Bhutiani, R., Ram, K., Taygi, V., Ahamad, F. and Kaushik, P. (2018a). Assesment of groundwater quality of Laksar block in district Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(3), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.3 6953/ECJ.2018.19316
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V. and Ram, K. (2018b). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19 (1&2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
Bhutiani, R. and Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of sand intermittent filtration technology for wastewater treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03), 503-512.
BIS (2012). Indian standard drinking water specification, Second Revision ISO: 10500:2012, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD25. New Delhi, India.
Biswas, A. K. and Tortajada, C. (2019). Water quality management: A globally neglected issue. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 35(6), 913-916, DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2019.1670506
Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index-do we dare? Water sewage works, 117, 339-343.
CGWB (2016). Aquifer Mapping and Ground Water Management Plan. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India, pp.1-75.
Chaterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2, 181-189.
Chaurasia, A. K., Pandey, H. K., Tiwari, S. K., Prakash,R., Pandey, P. and Ram, A. (2018). Groundwater Quality assessment using Water Quality Index (WQI) in parts of Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal Geological Society of India, 92, 76-82.
Cude, C. (2001). Oregon water quality index: A tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37: 125–137.
Jain, C. K., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Bhadra, A. (2010). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose, district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 166, 663-676.
Kaviarasan, M., Geetha, P. and Soman, K. P. (2016). GIS-based groundwater monitoring in Thiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India. International Conference on Soft Computing Systems, 397, 685-700.
Khan, R. and Jhariya, D. C. (2017). Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system. Journal Geological Society of India, 99, 69-76.
Khanna, D. R. and Bhutiani, R. (2008). Laboratory manual of water and Waste water Analysis. Daya Publishing House New Delhi -110002.
Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Srivastava, S., Singh, J. and Kumar, P. (2018). Water quality of River Ganga with reference to physicochemical and microbiological characteristics during Kanwar Mela 2017, at Haridwar, India: A case study. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 3(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2018.03 0108
Kumar, S. K., Bharani, R., Magesh, N. S., Godson, P. S., Chandrasekar, N. (2014). Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality appraisal of part of south Chennai coastal aquifers, Tamil Nadu, India using WQI and fuzzy logic method. Applied Water Science, (2014) 4, 341–350. DOI 10.1007/s13201-013-0148-4
Kumari, S. and Rani, J. (2014). Assessment of water quality index of Groundwater in smalkhan, Haryana. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, 3 (6): 169 - 172.
Kwami, I. A., Ishaku, J. M., Bello, A. M., Yusuf, A., Abubakar, U. and Mukkafa, S. (2018). Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Gombe and Environs, North-east Nigeria. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(5): 29 -37.
Milovanovic, M. (2007). Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios Vardar River Southeastern Europe. Desalination, 213, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.06.022
Rao, K. N. and Latha, P. S. (2019). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index with a special focus on vulnerable tribal region of Eastern Ghats hard rock terrain, Southern India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 267, 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4440-y
Ruhela, M, Wani, A. A. and Ahamad, F. (2020). Efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) based sewage treatment plant and its discharge impact on Dal Lake, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(4), 517-524, https://dx.doi.org/10.26832/245 66632.2020.0504013
Sadat, N. S. M., Ebrahimi, K. and Liaghat, A. M. (2014). Groundwater quality assessment using the water quality index and GIS in Saveh- Nobaran aquifer, Iran. Environmental Earth Science, 71: 3827-3843. DOI 10.1007/s12665-013-2770-8
Saleh, H. N., Valipoor, S., Zarei, A., Asghari, M. Y. F. B., Mohammadi, A. A., Ghalehaskar, F. A. S. and Khaneghah, A. M. (2020). Assessment of groundwater quality around municipal solid waste landfill by using Water Quality Index for groundwater resources and multivariate statistical technique: A case study of the landfill site, Qaem Shahr City, Iran. Environ Geochemistry Health, 42, 1305-1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00417-0
Toure, A., Wenbiao, D. and Keita, Z. (2017). Comparative Study of the physicochemical quality of water from wells, boreholes and rivers consumed in the commune of Pelengana of the Region of Segou in Mali. Environmental Science an Indian Journal, 13(6,: 1-12
Vaiphei, S. P., Kurakalva, R. M. and Sahadevan, D. K. (2020). Water quality index and GIS-based technique for assessment of groundwater quality in Wanaparthy watershed, Telangana, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 45041-45062 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10345-7
Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Ganthi, R. R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R. and Vasudevan, S. (2010). Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environment Monitoring Assessment, 17, 595-609. DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-1302-1
Verma, D. K., Bhunia, G. S., Shit, P. K. and Tiwari, A. K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality of the central gangetic plain area of India using geospatial and WQI techniques. Journal Geological Society of India, 92: 743-752
Verma, P., Singh, P. K., Sinha, R. R. and Tiwari, A. K. (2020) Assessment of groundwater quality status by using water quality index (WQI) and geographic information system (GIS) approaches: a case study of the Bokaro district, India. Applied Water Science, 10, 27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1088-4
WHO (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Zaware, S. G., Patil, V. V. and Zaware, P. S. (2015). Assessment of Groundwater Quality and its Impact on Human health at Padghe in Raigad District, Maharashtra, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 4(5), 57-61
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Quality assessment of groundwater at Laksar Block, Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India using Water Quality Index: A case study. (2021). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2435
