A review on integrated approach for the management of weeds in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Article Main
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is the most important leguminous crop raised as pulse as well as a vegetable crop in India. The slow initial growth and wider spacing necessitate weed control in the early stages of crop growth. The critical period of crop weed competition in cowpea was 20 to 30 DAS. Season-long crop weed competition resulted in a yield reduction of 40 to 90 per cent in cowpea depending on the intensity of weed infestation, weed flora, season, location, and the climatic condition prevailed. Mulching, manual weeding and stale seedbed are the different cultural methods which can be adopted for weed control in cowpea. Chemical method of weed control is the cheapest and economically viable option for weed control in cowpea. Both Pre-emergence herbicides viz., pendimethalin, diclosulam and imazethapyr and post-emergence herbicides viz., imazethapyr, quizalofop-p-ethyl can be used for weed control in cowpea. Studies revealed that pre-emergence application of herbicide (imazethapyr/pendimethalin or diclosulam) followed by manual weeding or post-emergence application of herbicides (quizalofop-p-ethyl or imazethapyr) or mulching followed by post-emergence application of herbicides (quizalofop-p-ethyl or imazethapyr) were found to be more effective for the broad-spectrum weed control in cowpea. The integrated approach of weed control has resulted in a higher yield, net returns and B: C ratio in cowpea.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Herbicidal method, Manual weeding, Mulching, Nodulation, Stale seedbed
References
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Akobundu, I. O. (2005). Chemical weed control in cowpea and soybean in Southern Nigeria. In: Zene Symposim surle Desherbage de cultures tropicales. pp 475-482.
Amador-Ramirez, M. D., Wilson, R. G., and Martin, A. R. (2001). Weed control and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) response to in-row cultivation, rotary hoeing and herbicides. Weed Technology, 15: 429-436. DOI: 10.1614/0890 0 37X(2001)015[0429:WCADBP]2.0.Co;2
Anonymous (2014). Package of Practices for Kharif Crops of Punjab. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Bilalis, D., Sidiras, N., Economou, G., and Vakali, C. (2003). Effect of different levels of wheat straw soil surface coverage on weed flora in Vicia faba crops. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science., 189: 233–241. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00029.x.
Chattha, M.R., Jamil, M. and Mahmood, T.Z. 2007. Yield and yield components of mungbean as affected by various weed control methods under rainfed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(1): 114-119.
Dukare, A., Kale, S., Kannaujia, P., Indore, N., Mahawar, M. K., Singh, R. K., and Gupta, R. K. (2017). Root development and nodulation in cowpea as affected by application of organic and different types of inorganic/plastic mulches. International Journal of Current. Microbiology and Applied. Sciences, 6:1728–1738.DOI: 10.20546/ijcma s.2017.611.209
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Kujur, A., Bhadauria, N., and Rajput, R. L. (2015). Effect of weed management practices on seed yield and nutrient (NPK) uptake in cowpea. Legume Research 38 (4): 555-557.DOI: 10.5958/0975-0571.2015.00136.8
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Osipitan, O. A., and Dille, J. A. (2017). Fitness Outcomes Related to Glyphosate Resistance in Kochia (Kochia scoparia): What Life History Stage to Examine? Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01090
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Chattha, M.R., Jamil, M. and Mahmood, T.Z. 2007. Yield and yield components of mungbean as affected by various weed control methods under rainfed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9(1): 114-119.
Dukare, A., Kale, S., Kannaujia, P., Indore, N., Mahawar, M. K., Singh, R. K., and Gupta, R. K. (2017). Root development and nodulation in cowpea as affected by application of organic and different types of inorganic/plastic mulches. International Journal of Current. Microbiology and Applied. Sciences, 6:1728–1738.DOI: 10.20546/ijcma s.2017.611.209
Fontes, J. R. A., Goncalves, J. R. P., and Morais, R. R. de. (2010). Cowpea tolerance to oxadiazon. Indian Journal of Weed Sciences 40 (1): 110-115.
Freitas, F. C. L., Medeiros, V. F. L. P., Grangeiro, L. C., Silva, M. G. O., Nascimento, P. G. M. L., and Nunes, G. H. (2009). Weed interference in cowpea. Indian Journal Weed Sciences 27 (2): 241-247.
Gerrano, A.S., van Rensberg, W.S.J., and Adebola, P.(2017). Nutritional composition of immature pods in selected cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] genotypes in South Africa. Australian Journal of Crop Science 11 (02): 134-141. DOI:10.21475/ajcs.17.11.02. p72
Gianessi, L. and Reigner, N. (2006). Barriers to widespread conversion from chemical pest control to non-chemical methods in U.S. agriculture. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Future of Agriculture. Sacramento, California.
Gnanavel, I. and Kathiresan, R. M. (2014). Eco-friendly weed control options for sustainable agriculture- a review. Agricultural Reviews 35 (3): 172-183.
Gupta, J. P. and Gupta, G. N. (1983). Effect of grass mulching on growth and yield of legumes. Agricultural Water Management 6 (4): 375-383. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3774(83)90056-2
Gupta, K. C., Gupta, A. K., and Saxena, R. (2016). Weed management in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Wasp.] under rainfed conditions. International Journal of Agricultural Science 12 (2): 238-240.
Hanumanthappa, D. C. Mudalagiriyappa, Rudraswamy, Kumar, G. N. V. and Padmanabha, K. (2012). Effect of weed management practices on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under rainfed conditions. Crop Research 44 (1& 2): 55-58
Jaibir, T., Singh, H.B., Vivek., and Tripathi, S.S. (2004). Integrated weed management in intercropping of mung bean (Vigna radiata) and cowpea fodder (Vigna unguiculata) with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) under Western U.P. condition. Indian Journal of Weed Science 36: 133–134.
Kandasamy, O. S. (1999). Effect of herbicides with and without manual weeding on weeds and yield of rainfed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Legume Research 22(3): 172-176.
Khaliq, A., Riaz, M. Y., and Matloob, A. (2011). Bio-economic assessment of chemical and non-chemical weed management strategies in dry seeded fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 3 (12): 302-310.
Kujur, A., Bhadauria, N., and Rajput, R. L. (2015). Effect of weed management practices on seed yield and nutrient (NPK) uptake in cowpea. Legume Research 38 (4): 555-557.DOI: 10.5958/0975-0571.2015.00136.8
Kumar, N., Hazra, K. K., and Nadarajan, N. (2017). Efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rainy season green gram (Vigna radiata). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 87 (9): 1219–1224.
Kumar, P. and Singh, R. (2017). Integrated weed management in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Wasp.) under rainfed conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(3): 97-101. DOI: 10.205 46/ijcmas.2017.603.010
Lamini, W. T., Mc Gourty, G. T., and Thrupp, L. A. (2011). In: Mc Gourty, G. (Ed.), Weed management for organic vineyards. Organic Winegrowing Manual. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Richmond, pp. 69-82.
Lavorenti, A., Rocha, A. A., Prata, F., Regitano, J. B., Tornisielo, V. L., and Pinto, O. B. (2003). Behaviuor of diclosulam in samples of a dystrophic red latosol under no tillage and conventional tillage. The Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 27:183-190.
Li, R. Z., Guidong, Z., Yumei., and Zhanzh, X. (2004). Damage loss and control technology of weeds in cowpea field. Weed Science 2: 25-6.
Madukwe, D. K., Ogbuehi, H. C., and Onuh, M. O. (2012). Effect of weed control method on the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) under rain- fed condition Owerri. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 12 (11): 1426-1430.
Mahmood, A., Ihsan, M. Z., Khaliq, A., Hussain, S., Cheema, Z. A., Naeem, M., Daur, I., Hussain, H. A., and Alghabari, F. (2015). Crop Residues Mulch as Organic Weed Management Strategy in Maize. Clean–Soil, Air, Water 44 (3): 317-324. DOI: 10.1002/clen.201500155
Maria Junior, S.de O., de Andrade,J.R., Reis, L.S., deAndrade, L.R., and Goncalves, A.C. de M. (2018). Soil management and mulching for weed control in cowpea. www.agro.ufg.br/pat-Pesq-Agropec.Trop.Goiania. 48 (4):453-460.
Mathew, G. and Sreenivasan, E. (1998). Effect of weed control methods on yield and economics of rain-fed and rice fallow summer cowpea. Madras Agricultural Journal 85: 50–52.
Medrano, S. C., Arila, L. R., and Villasmil, P. J. J. (1973). Determination of the critical period weed competition in cowpea. Revista de la faculad de Agronomy Universidad de zulia. 2: 7-13.
Mekonnen, G. and Dessie, M. (2017). Nodulation and yield response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to integrated use of planting pattern and herbicide mixtures in Wolla, Northern Ethiopia. Agricultural Research & Technology 7 (2):555710. DOI:10.19080/ARTOAJ.009.OAJ.20 17.07.555710
Mishra, J. S. (1997). Critical period of weed competition and losses due to weeds in major field crops. Farmers Parliament XXXIII 6:19-20.
Monks, D. C., Monks, D. W., Basden, T., Selders, A., Poland, S., and Rayburn, E. (1997). Soil temperature, soil moisture, weed control, and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) response to mulching. Weed Technology 11. 561 ? 566. DOI: 10.1017/S0890037X00045425
Monquero, P. A., Amaral, L. R., Inácio, E. M., Brunhara, J. P., Binha, D. P., Silva, P. V., and Silva, A.C. (2009). Effect of green manures in suppressing weed species. Planta Daninha 27 (1): 85-95.
Muhammad, R. C., Muhammad, J., and Tahira, Z. M. (2003). Yield and yield components of cowpea as affected by various weed control methods under rain fed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and. Biology 9 (1): 120-124.
Osipitan, O. A., Adigun, J. A., and Kolawole, R. O. (2016). Row spacing determines critical period of weed control in crop: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as a case study. Azarian Journal of Agriculture 3 (5): 90-96.
Osipitan, O. A., and Dille, J. A. (2017). Fitness Outcomes Related to Glyphosate Resistance in Kochia (Kochia scoparia): What Life History Stage to Examine? Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01090
Patel, M. M., Patel, A. I., Patel, I. C., Tikka, S. B. S., Henry, A., Kumar, D., and Singh, N. B. (2002). Weed control in cowpea under rain-fed conditions. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Arid Legumes, for Food Nutrition Security and Promotion of Trade. Hisar, India. Advances in Arid Legumes Research. pp. 203–206.
Patil, B.C., Padanad, L.A., Yashvantkumar, K.H., Soumya, S., and Ravi, L. (2014). Efficacy and economics of integrated weed management in vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Agriculture Update 9 (1): 124-127.
Pereira, R. A., Alves, P. D. C., Corrêa, M. P., and Dias, T. D. S. (2011). Black-oats and millet cover influence on weed community and soybean yield. Brazilian Journal of Agriculture Science 6 (1): 1-10.
Pullaro, T. C., Marino, P. C., Jackson, D. M., Harrison, H.F., and Keinath, A.K. (2006). Effects of killed cover crop mulch on weeds, weed seeds, and herbivores. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 115:97-104.
Riemens, M. M., Van Der Weide, R.Y., Bleeker, P. O., and Lotz, L. A. P. (2007). Effect of stale seed bed preparations and subsequent weed control in lettuce (cv. Iceboll) on weed densities. Weed Research 47 (2): 149-156.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.0055,x
Rodrigeus, B. N. and Almeida, F. S. 2011. Herbicides (6th eds). Londrina. production independent. 697p.
Sah,D., Dubey, R. K., Singh, V., Debnath, P., and Pandey, A.K. (2015). Study of weed management practices on growth, root nodulation and yield components of vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. The Bioscan 10 (1): 421-424.
Silva, P. V., Monquero, P. A., Silva, F. B., Bevilaqua, N. C., and Malardo, M. R. (2015). Influence of sugarcane straw and sowing depth on the emergence of weed species. Planta Daninha 33 (3): 405-412.
Sinchana, J.K. (2020). Integrated weed management in bush type vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata). M. Sc. (Ag) thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 181p.
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A review on integrated approach for the management of weeds in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). (2020). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(4), 504-510. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2386
