Restorative effect of Azadirachta indica against fenvalerate induced haematological and biochemical toxicity in a freshwater fish Clarias batrachus
Article Main
Abstract
Pesticide use in recent times has increased many folds to enhance the yield of crops. The water bodies like ponds and others are extensively used for the cultivation of fishes. Since these fishes are a good source of protein and nutritious value, hence are consumed by humans. These pesticide-contaminated fishes are consumed by the human, causing health hazards. The objective of the present research work was to know the bio remedial effect of Azadirachta indica on fenvalerate induced toxicity in a freshwater air-breathing catfish "Mangur" known as Clarias batrachus ( Linnaeus). The fishes were treated with 1/3rd of LC50, i.e. 0.92 ppm of a pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate and observed the fishes for 96 hours. Thereafter, the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was administered orally, daily by gastric intubation method at the dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight per day for 15 days. The study revealed that, after the exposure of 0.92 ppm of fenvalerate, there was a significant decrease in RBC count from 2.76 to 2.14 X (106) (mm-3), Total leukocyte count from18.10 to 16.30 X (103) (mm-3), , packed ell volume from 24 % to 16% , haemoglobin from 6.89 g/100 ml to 4.23 g/100ml of blood whereas increase in the level of serum glucose and cholesterol level from 50.33 mg/dl to 103.73 mg/dl and 168.52 g/dl to 248.99 g/dl respectively. At the same time, serum protein level decreased from 3.16g/dl to2.52 g/dl due to pesticide in the experimental fishes. But, after the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica there was significant normalisation in the test parameters of the fishes. The study indicated that neem leaves possessed restorative effect against fenvalerate induced toxicity in Clarias batrachus.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Fenvalerate, Azadirachta indica, Haematology, Biochemical assay, Clarias batrachus
References
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Binukumari, S., Devi, K. A., and Vasanthi, J. (2016). Applications in environmental risk assessment of biochemical analysis on the Indian fresh water fish, Labeo rohita exposed to monocrotophos pesticide. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 47: 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.08.014.
Bojarski, B., and Witeska, M. (2020). Blood biomarkers of herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide toxicity to fish—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08248-8.
Bretschneider, T., Fischer, R., and Nauen, R. (2007). Inhibitors of lipid synthesis (acetyl-CoA-carboxylase inhibitors). Modern Crop Protection Compounds, 3: 909-926.
Caglayan, A., Kocer-Gumusel, B., Erkekoglu, P. and Hincal, F.( 2016).The effects of fenvalerate on hepatic and cerebral xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in selenium and/or iodine deficient rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 19(10): 1040-1048.
Clark, J. M., and Matsumura, F. (1982). Two different types of inhibitory effects of pyrethroids on nerve Ca-and Ca+ Mg-ATPase activity in the squid, Loligo pealei. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 18(2): 180-190.
Clasen, B., Loro, V. L., Murussi, C. R., Tiecher, T. L., Moraes, B., and Zanella, R. (2018). Bioaccumulation and oxidative stress caused by pesticides in Cyprinus carpio reared in a rice-fish system. Science of the Total Environment, 626: 737-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.20 18.01.154.
Coats, J. R., Symonik, D. M., Bradbury, S. P., Dyer, S. D., Timson, L. K., and Atchison, G. J. (1989). Toxicology of synthetic pyrethroids in aquatic organisms: An overview. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 8(8): 671-679.
Cole, L. M., Lawrence, L. J., and Casida, J. E. (1984). Similar properties of [35S] t-butylbicyclophosphorothio nate receptor and coupled components of the GABA receptor-ionophore complex in brains of human, cow, rat, chicken and fish. Life sciences, 35 (17):1755-176 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(84)90272-8.
Datta-Mitra, A., and Ahmed Jr, O. (2015). Ayurvedic medicine use and lead poisoning in a child: A continued concern in the United States. Clinical Pediatrics, 54(7): 690-692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922814553397.
Darmady , E.M. and Davenport, S.G.T. (1954). Haematological Technique for Medical Students. J. > Chuchill Ltd. London. pp 27-46.
Eells, J. T., Rasmussen, J. L., Bandettini, P. A., and PRoPP, J. M. (1993). Differences in the neuroexcitatory actions of pyrethroid insecticides and sodium channel-specific neurotoxins in rat and trout brain synaptosomes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 123(1): 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1993.1227.
Elbert, A., Brück, E., Melgarejo, J., Schnorbach, H. J., and Sone, S. (2005). Field development of Oberon® for whitefly and mite control in vegetables, cotton, corn, strawberries, ornamentals and tea. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer, 58(3): 441-468.
Farah, M. A., Ateeq, B., & Ahmad, W. (2006). Antimutagenic effect of neem leaves extract in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus evaluated by cytogenetic tests. Science of the Total Environment, 364(1-3): 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.07.008.
Godkar, S.L. and Godkar, D.P. (2006). Text Book of medical Laboratory Technology. 2nd Edition. Bhalani Publishing House. Mumbai, India . pp 1024.
Gül, A., Benli, A. Ç. K., Ayhan, A., Memmi, B. K., Selvi, M., Sepici Dinçel, A. and Erkoç, F. (2012). Sublethal propoxur toxicity to juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758): Biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and genotoxicity effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31(9): 2085-2092. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1924.
Gupta, S. C., Prasad, S., Tyagi, A. K., Kunnumakkara, A. B., and Aggarwal, B. B. (2017). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine, 34: 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.001.
Harikrishnan, R., and Balasundaram, C. (2008). In vitro and in vivo studies of the use of some medicinal herbals against the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 20(3): 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1577/H05-035.1.
Kapinga, I. B., Limbu, S. M., Madalla, N. A., Kimaro, W. H., and Tamatamah, R. A. (2018). Aspilia mossambicensis and Azadirachta indica medicinal leaf powders modulate physiological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). International Journal Of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 6(1): 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.003.
Katagi, T. (2010). Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and metabolism of pesticides in aquatic organisms. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (pp. 1-132). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1440-8_1.
Jha, S. K., and Paul, D. K. (2020). Efficacy of Withania somnifera on lipid profile of endosulfan induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Applied and Natural Science ,12(3): 454-459.
Jigyasu, S. K., and Paul, D. K. (2016). Renatosomatic index of a freshwater fish intoxicated with pyrethroid pesticide. Nature Environmental and Pollution Technology, 15(3): 963-965.
Kumari, P. and Paul , D. K. ( 2020) . Ameliorating effect of Curcuma longa on bimodal oxygen uptake of a freshwater air breathing fish Clarias batrachus . World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, 6(8): 394-398.
Lee, P. W., Stearns, S. M., and Powell, W. R. (1985). Rat metabolism of fenvalerate (Pydrin insecticide). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 33(5): 988-993.
Manikandan, P., Letchoumy, P. V., Gopalakrishnan, M., and Nagini, S. (2008). Evaluation of Azadirachta indica leaf fractions for in vitro antioxidant potential and in vivo modulation of biomarkers of chemoprevention in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(7): 2332-2343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.013.
Matsumura, F. (1983). Influence of chlorinated and pyrethroid insecticides on cellular calcium regulatory mechanisms. In Mode of action, metabolism and toxicology (pp. 3-13). Pergamon.
Mishra, S., (1996). Bioaccumulation, biotoxicity and biodegradation of fenvalerate in rats (PhD Thesis). University of Roorkee, India.
Mojiri, A., Zhou, J. L., Robinson, B., Ohashi, A., Ozaki, N., Kindaichi, T., ... Vakili, M. (2020). Pesticides in aquatic environments and their removal by adsorption methods. Chemosphere, 126646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126646.
Narahashi, T. (1983). Nerve membrane sodium channels as the major target site of pyrethroids and DDT. In Mode of Action, Metabolism and Toxicology (pp. 109-114). Pergamon.
Narra, M. R., Rajender, K., Reddy, R. R., Murty, U. S., and Begum, G. (2017). Insecticides induced stress response and recuperation in fish: biomarkers in blood and tissues related to oxidative damage. Chemosphere, 168: 350-357.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.0 66.
Narra, M. R. (2016). Single and cartel effect of pesticides on biochemical and haematological status of Clarias batrachus: A long-term monitoring. Chemosphere, 144: 966-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.065.
Neem, U.N.E.P., 2012. The UN's tree of the 21st century. pp. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/wed/tree-a-day/neem.asp.
Nejatkhah Manavi, P., Shirvani Mahdavi, E., and Mazumder, A. (2018). Organochlorine pesticides in two fish species from the southern Caspian Sea. Marine pollution Bulletin, 133: 289–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.05
Neogi, U., ,Saumya , R., and Bushra I. (2007). In vitro combinational effect of bio active plant extracts on common food pathogen. Research Jr. of Microbiology.2(5):500-503.
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Restorative effect of Azadirachta indica against fenvalerate induced haematological and biochemical toxicity in a freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. (2020). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(4), 491-496. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2376
