Effect of repeated atrazine and pendimethalin application on their bound residues in long term fertilized soil of semi-arid tropic region in India
Article Main
Abstract
Repeated and long term application of same herbicides forms bound residues in soil and becomes point source of pollution over a period of time and harms the soil microorganisms. Among the different herbicides, the atrazine and pendimethalin is widely and repeatedly used molecule in maize and sunflower cultivation for weed control, respectively. Hence the present study was undertaken to investigate the bound residue of the applied herbicides in soil under long term fertilized condition with varied
nutrient sources since 1909 in North-Western agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu under the semi-arid tropic region of India. Soil samples were collected at the time of maize and sunflower harvest and analysed for the bound fraction of atrazine and pendimethalin compounds respectively. The results showed that the repeated application of these herbicides at recommended dose formed a considerable amount of non-extractable bound residues in soil. While the bound fraction of parent atrazine was found below detectable limit, pendimethalin was at a quantifiable level in the soil irrespective of fertilization sources. However the bound form of atrazine metabolites, namely Des ethyl Deisopropyl atrazine (DEDIA) and Hydroxy atrazine (HA) was extracted from the maize cultivated soil. Bound forms of HA (4.34%) and DEDIA (3.43%) and pendimethalin (3.14%)to the applied quantity were witnessed at a higher amount in control plot than the fertilized plots. The omission of any one major nutrient recorded elevated DEDIA bound form than the HA fraction. The non-extractable bound residues of both the herbicides were detected at different proportions according to the herbicide nature, sources of fertilization and the crops cultivated in the soil. The fraction of bound form of atrazine metabolites was detected at higher level than the pendimethalin in soil. The present study revealed that the bound residues of atrazine, its metabolites and pendimethalin can be mineralized into the soil solution and bio-augmented over a period of time under the conditions of repeated application. Hence the remobilization of bound residues of these herbicides must be considered while gauging the environmental hazard and effect on non-target organisms.
Article Details
Article Details
Atrazine metabolites, Bound residue, Fertilization, Maize, Pendimethalin, Sunflower
Alexander, M. (2000). Aging, bioavailability, and over estimation of risk from environmental pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34: 4259-4265.
Barriuso, E., Schiavon, M., Andreux, F. and Portal, J.M. (1991). Localization of atrazine non-extractable (bound) residues in soil size fractions. Chemosphere, 22(12): 1131-1140.
Barriuso, E., Houot, S. and Serra-Wittling, C. (1997). Influence of compost addition to soil on the behaviour of herbicides. Pesticide Science, 49: 65–75.
Bollag, J.M. and Loll. M.J. (1983). Incorporation of xenobiotics into soil humus. Experientia, 39(11): 1221-1231.
Calderbank, A. (1989). The occurrence and significance of bound pesticide residues in soil. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 108: 71–103.
Capriel, P. and Haisch, A. (1984). Persistence of atrazine and its metabolites in soil eight years after a single herbicide application and their uptake by oat plants (No. IAEA-TECDOC--306). https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:16030537.
Chinnusamy, C., Janaki, P., Muthukrishnan, P. and S. Jeyaraman S. (2012). Long term herbicidal weed management integrated with nitrogen nutrient in transplanted rice-rice cropping system of Tamil Nadu, India. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., Special Issue. 18: 95-103.
Dec, J. and Bollag, J.M. (1988). Microbial release and degradation of catechol and chlorophenols bound to synthetic humic acid. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52(5):1366-1371.
Donati, L. and Funari, E. (1993). Review of leaching characteristics of triazines and their degradation products. Annali-Istituto Superiore Di Sanita, 29: 225-225.
Gabriel Perez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simon Navarro (2018). Environmental risk of groundwater pollution by pesticide leaching through the soil profile, pesticides - use and misuse and their impact in the environment, Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82418. Available from:https://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment/environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile.
Guimaraes, A.C.D., Mendes, K.F., Reis, F.C., Campion, T.F. Christoffoleti, P.J. and Tornisielo, V.L. (2018). Role of soil physicochemical properties in quantifying the fate of diuron, hexazinone, and metribuzin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(13): 12419–12433.
Hatzinger, P.B. and Alexander. M. (1995). Effect of aging of chemicals in soil on their biodegradability and extractability. Environmental science and technology, 29(2): 537-545.
Houot, S., Topp, E., Yassir, A. and Soulas, G.(2000). Dependence of accelerated degradation of atrazine on soil pH in French and Canadian soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32(5): 615-625.
Janaki, P., Chinnusamy, C. Meena, S. and Shanmugasundaram, R. (2010). Persistence and degradation behaviour of butachlor and 2,4-d in rice soil under continuous and rotational use: effect of nitrogen sources and seasons” 3rd International Rice Research Conference on “Rice for Future Generations” held between 8thNovember and 12th November, 2010 at Hanoi, Vietnam.
Janaki, P., Meena, S. and Chinnusamy, C. (2012a). Field dissipation of herbicides under different crops in Tamil Nadu. Madras Agric J. 99 (10-12): 794-798.
Janaki, P., S Meena, S., and Chinnusamy, C., Murali Arthanari, P., and Nalini, K. (2012b). Field persistence of repeated use of atrazine in sandy clay loam soil under maize. Madras Agric. J., 99 (7-9): 533-537.
Janaki, P., Chinnusamy, C., Sakthivel, N., and Nithya, C. (2015). Field dissipation of pendimethalin and alachlor in sandy clay loam soil and its terminal residues in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7 (2): 709-713. DOI. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.670
Janaki, P., Meena, S., Shanmugasundaram, R., and Chinnusamy, C. (2019). Dissipation and impact of herbicides on soil properties in Tamil Nadu. In: Sondhia S., Choudhury P., Sharma A. (eds) Herbicide Residue Research in India. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 12. Springer, Singapore. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1038-6_5.
Janaki, P. and Murali Arthanari, P.(2020). Effect of conservation agricultural practices on candidate herbicides persistence under maize-sunflower system in tropical Indian Conditions.Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 9(7): 1375-1388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.907.159.
Kaufman, D.D. and Blake, J. (1973). Microbial degradation of several acetamide, acylanilide, carbamate, toluidine and urea pesticides. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 5(3): 297-308.
Kearney, P. C. (1982). IUPAC pesticide commission report. J. Assoc. off. Anal. Chem., 65: 1030–1032.
Khan, S. U. (1982). Bound pesticide residues in soil and plants. Residue Rev., 84: 1–25.
Khan, S. U., and Ivarson, K. C.(1981). Microbiological release of un-extracted (bound) residues from an organic soil treated with prometryn. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29(6): 1301-1303.
Lalah, J.O., Muendo, B.M. and Getenga, Z.M. (2009). The dissipation of hexazinone in tropical soils under semi-controlled field conditions in Kenya. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 44(7): 690–696.
Lichtenstein, E. P., Katan, J. and Anderegg, B. N.(1997). Binding of “persistent” and “non-persistent”14C-labeled insecticides in an agricultural soil. J. Agric. Food Chem.,25: 43–47.
Loiseau, L. and Barriuso, E. (2002). Characterization of the atrazine's bound (nonextractable) residues using fractionation techniques for soil organic matter. Environmental science & technology, 36(4): 683-689.
Navarro, S., Vela, N. and Navarro, G. (2007). Review. An overview on the environmental behaviour of pesticide residues in soils. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 5(3): 357-375.
Nelson, J. E., Meggitt, W. F. and Penner, D. (1983). Fractionation of residues of pendimethalin, trifluralin, and oryzalin during degradation in soil. Weed Science, 31(1): 68-75.
Noordkamp, E.R., Grotenhuis, J. T. C. and Rulken, W. H. (1997). Selection of an efficient extraction method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil and sediment. Chemosphere, 35(9): 1907-1917.
Pateiro-Moure, M., Arias-Estevez, M. and Simal-Gandara, J. (2013). Critical review on the environmental fate of quaternary ammonium herbicides in soils devoted to vineyards. Environmental Science and Technology 47(10): 4984–4998.
Rampoldi, A., Hang, S. and Barriuso, E. (2004). Glyphosate mineralization: Effect of temperature and soybean and corn crop residues. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 68(1):13-20
Rasul, G., K.S. Khan, T. Muller, and R.G. Joergensen. 2008. Soil microbial response to sugarcane filter cake and biogenic waste compost. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 171(3):355–360.
Reid, B. J., Jones, K. C. and Semple, K. T. (2000). Bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments-a perspective on mechanisms, consequences and assessment. Environmental Pollution, 108(1): 103-112.
Schaffer, A., Kastner, M. and Trapp, S. (2018). A unified approach for including non-extractable residues (NER) of chemicals and pesticides in the assessment of persistence. Environmental Sciences Europe. 30(1):51. DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0181-x.
Smith, A.E. and Phillips, D.V. (1975). Degradation of alachlor by Rhizoctonia solani. Agronomy Journal, 67(3): 347-34.
USEPA, T. (2014). Guidance for addressing un-extracted pesticide residues in laboratory studies. By Donald J. Brady, https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/guidance-addressing-unextracted-pesticide-residues.
Viti, M.L., Mendes, K.F., dos Reis, F.C., Guimaraes, A.C.D., Soria, M.T.M. and Tornisielo, V.L. (2020). Characterization and metabolism of bound residues of three herbicides in soils amended with sugarcane waste. Sugar Tech. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12 355-020-00884-1https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-020-00884-1.
Wang, X., Wang, H. and Tan, C. (2005). Degradation and metabolism of hexazinone by two isolated bacterial strains from soil. Chemosphere 61(10): 1468–1474.
Xie, H., Guetzloff, T. F. and Rice, J. A. (1997). Fractionation of pesticide residues bound to humin. Soil Sci. 162:421–429.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
