Efficacy of Withania somnifera on lipid profile of endosulfan induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice
Article Main
Abstract
India is an agrarian country with crops cultivated at a huge scale. Pesticides in recent times have caused serious health hazards in the population which are widely used by the farmers for the better yield of crops. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide, which is widely used by the farmers. But, in the present times, it has caused serious health hazards in the exposed population causing various diseases, including cancer. Hence, the present study on animal aims to observe the protective effect of Withania somnifera against endosulfan induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Endosulfan at the dose of 3mg/Kg body weight per day was administered orally to Swiss albino mice for 4 weeks. Then after, W. somnifera at the dose of 1000 mg/Kg b.w. was orally administered for 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed after the completion of the entire treatment. After dissection, the blood samples were collected for biochemical assay, especially for lipid profile analysis. The lipid profile study showed inclination in the Total cholesterol level (117±6.686 mg/dl), Cholesterol (LDL) (78.83±4.151mg/dl), level and Triglycerides level (60.83±2.613mg/dl), while declination in Cholesterol (HDL) (13.50±1.33mg/dl), level after Endosulfan exposure. But, upon W. somnifera treatment to the endosulfan treated group showed significant (p<0.001) normalisation in the lipid profile levels. Therefore, it was concluded that W. somnifera played a vital role to control the endosulfan induced toxicity.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Endosulfan, Efficacy, Hyperlipidaemia, Swiss albino mice, Withania somnifera
References
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Deokar, A., B. (1998) In: Manav DS (eds) Medicinal plants grown at Rajegaon. Vikas Foundation, Pune, pp 48–49.
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Pratte, M. A., Nanavati, K. B., Young, V., and Morley, C. P. (2014). An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 20(12), 901–908. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0177.
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Arjmandi, B.H., Ahn, J., Nathani, S. and Reeves, R.D. (1992). Soluble dietary fiber and cholesterol affect serum cholesterol concentration, hepatic portal venous short-chain fatty acid concentrations and fecal sterol excretion in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 122: 246–253.
ATSDR (2000). Toxicological Profile for Endosulfan. Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).
Bhushan, P.B., Singh, M.K., and Rani, M. (2002). Dimethoate and monocil toxicity on the concentration of protein and amino acid in serum and liver of Channa punctatus. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 1: 147-150.
Coutselinis, A., Kentarchou, P., and Boukis, D. (1976). Separation and identification of the insecticide "Endosulfan" from biological materials. Forensic Science, 8(3) : 251–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9432(76)90139-4.
Cuvelier, M.E., H. Richard and C. Berset, (1992). Comparison of the antioxidative activity of some acid-phenols: Structure-activity relationship. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 56: 324-325.
Deokar, A., B. (1998) In: Manav DS (eds) Medicinal plants grown at Rajegaon. Vikas Foundation, Pune, pp 48–49.
Devi, P.U., Sharada, A.C., Solomon, F.E., Kamath, M.S. (1992). In vivo growth inhibitory effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on a transplantable mouse tumour, Sarcoma 180. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology.30:169–172.
Di Rosa, M., Giroud, J. P., & Willoughby, D. A. (1971). Studies on the mediators of the acute inflammatory response induced in rats in different sites by carrageenan and turpentine. The Journal of Pathology, 104(1): 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1711040103.
Dongmo, O., Epoh, N. J., Tadjoua, H. T., Yousuf, S., Telefo, P. B., Tapondjou, L. A., and Choudhary, M. I. (2019). Acute and sub-acute toxicity of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of Tetrapleura tetrapteura Taub. (Fabaceae) in mice and rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 236: 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.026.
Duangjai, A., and Saokaew, S. (2018). Inhibitory effects of Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels on cholesterol absorption. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 16(1),/j/jcim.2019.16.issue-1/jcim-2017-0169/jcim-2017-016 9.xml. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2017-0169.
Duangjai, A., Nuengchamnong, N., Lee, L. H., Goh, B. H., Saokaew, S., and Suphrom, N. (2019). Characterisation of an extract and fractions of Azadirachta indica flower on cholesterol lowering property and intestinal motility. Natural Product Research, 33(10): 1491–1494. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.14163.
Ebihara, K., and Schneeman, B. O. (1989). Interaction of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride with dietary fibers in the small intestine of rats. The Journal of nutrition, 119(8), 1100–1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/11 9.8.1100.
El-Shenawy N. S. (2010). Effects of insecticides fenitrothion, endosulfan and abamectin on antioxidant parameters of isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicology in vitro: an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 24(4), 1148–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.001.
EPA (2002), Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan, November.
Gad, N.S., and Saad, A.S. (2008). Effect of environmental pollution by phenol on some physiological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. Global Veterinary. 2 (6): 312-319.
Gupta, P.K., (2004) Pesticide exposure—Indian scene. Toxicology. 198:83–90.
Helle, R.A, Marie, V.A, Thomas, H.R, Marianne, G.I, Eva, C.B.J. (2002). "Effects of Currently Used Pesticides in Assays for Estrogenicity, Androgenicity, and Aromatase Activity in Vitro". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 179 (1): 1–12.
Hincal, F., Gurbay, A., Giray, B. (1995). Induction of lipid peroxidation and alteration of glutathione redox status by endosulfan. Biology of Trace Elements Research 47:321–326.
Ikeda, I., and Sugano, M. (1998). Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols for mass intervention. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 9(6), 527–531. https://doi.or g/10.1 097/00 041433-199812000-00003.
Jayaraj, R., Megha, P., and Sreedev, P. (2016). Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 9(3-4): 90–100.
Jenkins, J.C., Chojnacky, D.C., Heath, L.S., Birdsey, R.A. (2003) National-scale biomass estimation for United States tree species, Forensic Science, 49: 12-35.
Kobliakov, V. A., Somova, O. G., Kondalenko, V. F., Ostashkina, N. M., Kandyba, A. G., Dubovaya, T. K., & Dyatlovitskaya, E. V. (2001). Differences in lipid composition and proliferative activity of rat hepatoma-27 depending on the target organ. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia, 66(6), 603–607. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010294911682.
Kumar, A., Kumar, R, Rahman, MS., Iqubal, A., Anand, G., Niraj, P.K. and. Ali, M. (2015). Phytoremedial effect of Withania somnifera against arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Charles Foster Rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5 (4): 355-364.
Lee, I., Eriksson, P., Fredriksson, A., Buratovic, S., Viberg H. (2015). Developmental neurotoxic effects of two pesticides: Behavior and neuroprotein studies on endosulfan and cypermethrin. Toxicology. 335:1-10.
Lehninger, A.L. (1975). Biochemistry, 2nd ed. Werth Publ. Inc., New Work.
Mamo, J.C.L., Hirano, T., James, L., Szeto, L., Steiner, G. (1991). Partial characterization of the fructose-induced defect in very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride metabolism. Metabolism. 40, 888–893.
Miettinen, T.A., Gylling, H. (1999). Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Current Opinion in Lipidology.10, 9–14.
Mirjalili, M. H., Moyano, E., Bonfill, M., Cusido, R. M., and Palazón, J. (2009). Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 14(7), 2373–2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14072373.
Mohamed, F.A.S., and Gad, N.S. (2008). Environmental pollution-induced biochemical changes in tissues of Tilapia zillii, Solea vulgaris and Mugil capito from Lake Qarun, Egypt. Global Veterinary, 2: 327-336.
Moundras, C., Behr, S.R., Remesy, C., Demigne, C. (1997). Fecal losses of sterols and bile acids induced by feeding rats guar gum are due to greater pool size and liver bile acid secretion. Journal of Nutrition. 127: 1068–1076.
Oliveira, J. M., Brinati, A., Miranda, L., Morais, D. B., Zanuncio, J. C., Gonçalves, R. V., Peluzio, M., and Freitas, M. B. (2017). Exposure to the insecticide endosulfan induces liver morphology alterations and oxidative stress in fruit-eating bats (Artibeus lituratus). International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 98(1): 17–25. https://doi.org/1 0.1111/iep.12223.
Pant, J., and Singh, T. (1983). Induction of metabolic dysfunction by carbamate and organ phosphorus compounds in a fish, Puntius conchonius. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 20: 294-298.
Pimentel, D. (1995). Pesticides reaching target pests: Environmental impacts and ethics. Journal of Agriculture and Environment Ethics 8(1): 17–2.
Pradhan, S., Pandey, N., Phadke, R. V., Kaur, A., Sharma, K., and Gupta, R. K. (1997). Selective involvement of basal ganglia and occipital cortex in a patient with acute endosulfan poisoning. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 147(2), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(96)05345-2.
Pratte, M. A., Nanavati, K. B., Young, V., and Morley, C. P. (2014). An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 20(12), 901–908. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0177.
Rai, M., Jogee, P. S., Agarkar, G., and dos Santos, C. A. (2016). Anticancer activities of Withania somnifera: Current research, formulations, and future perspectives. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(2): 189–197. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.102777.
Rajamanickam, V., Muthuswamy, N. (2008). Effect of heavy metals induced toxicity on metabolic biomarkers in common carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.). Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology. 2: 192–200.
Rajendran, S. (2003). Environment and health aspects of pesticides use In Indian agriculture in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India, 5–17 December 2003. Martin J.Bunch, V. Madha Suresh and T. Vasantha Kumaran, eds., 353 – 373.
Saravanan, V.S., M.R. Kumar and T.M. Sa. (2011). Microbial zinc solubilization and their role on plants. In: D.K. Maheshwari (ed.), Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant nutrient management. Springer, Berlin; pp.47-63.
Satyavati, G.V, Raina, M.K, Sharma. M. (1976) In: Medicinal plants of India, Vol. I, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi; p. 377 -9.
Shell, E.W. (1961). Chemical composition of blood of small mouthbass. Res. Rep. U.S. Wildl. Serv., 57:1-36.
Sood, S., Arora, B., Bansal, S., Muthuraman, A., Gill, N. S., Arora, R., Bali, M., and Sharma, P. D. (2009). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of the Citrus decumana L. peel extract. Inflammopharmacolo gy, 17(5):267–274.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-009-00 15-y.
Suhail, M., Athar, J. and Rizvi, S.I. (1988). Lipid changes in red cell membrane in leukemia., Indian Journal of Medical Research, 88:350- 355.
Teymouri, M., Mashreghi, M., Saburi, E., Hejazi, A., and Nikpoor, A. R. (2019). The trip of a drug inside the body: From a lipid-based nanocarrier to a target cell. Journal of Controlled Release, 309: 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.027.
USEPA (2010). Endosulfan. The Health Effects Division’s Human Health Risk Assessment. EPA DP Barcode: D372569. June 2010.134 pages. Docket No.: EPA-HQ-OPP-2002-0262-0178; http://www.regulations.gov.
Vahouny, G.V., Tombes, R., Cassidy, M.M., Kritchevsky, D., Gallo, L.L. (1980) Dietary fibers: V. Binding of bile salt, phospholipids and cholesterol from mixed micelles by bile acid sequestrants and dietary fibers. Lipids. 15: 1012–1018.
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Efficacy of Withania somnifera on lipid profile of endosulfan induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice . (2020). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(3), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2354
