Impact of endomycorrhizal fungi and other bioinoculants on growth enhancement of Glycine max (L.) Merrill
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Abstract
In the present investigation, the contributions of two indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis), along with Trichoderma viride and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on growth parameters of Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill were investigated. The results obtained indicated the dependence of soybean on mycorrhizal symbiosis. The different growth parameters increased significantly after 120 days of inoculation in comparison to control. Among all the growth parameters studied, plant height (162±3.34), fresh shoot weight (31.26±1.45), dry shoot weight (3.52±0.05), fresh root weight (4.07±0.56), dry root weight (1.03±0.03), root length (49.0±4.47) and leaf area (32.58±1.70) were highest in the combination of G. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride + B. japonicum but arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) spore number (95.2±3.19) and percent mycorrhizal root colonization (93.26±3.96) were maximum in single inoculation of G. mosseae. Second most effective results were observed in the plants treated with G. mosseae alone. Thus the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and other bioinoculants in rhizosphere of soybean had positive effect on the different growth parameters.
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Keywords
Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Glycine max, P-uptake, Symbiosis, Trichoderma viride
References
Adholeya, A. and Gaur, A. (1994). Estimation of VAM fungal spores in soil. Mycorrhiza News, 6: 10-11.
Allen, M.F. (1991). The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Asimi, S.V., Gianinazzi-Pearson and Gianinazzi S. (1980). Influence of increasing soil phosphorus levels on interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium in soybean. Canadian Journal of Botany, 58: 2200-2205.
Auge, R.M., Schekel, K.A. and Wample, R.L. (1987). Rose leaf elasticity changes in response to mycorrhizal colonization and drought acclimation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 70:175-182.
Blilou, J., Ocampo, J. and Garcia-Garrido, J. (1999). Resistance of pea roots to endomycorrhiza fungus or Rhizobium correlates with enhanced levels of endogenous salicylic acid. Journal of Experimental Botany, 50: 1663-1668.
Carsky, R.J., Abiadoo, R., Dashiell, K.E. and Sanginga, N. (1997). Effect of soybean on subsequent Maize grain yield in Guinea savannah of West Africa. African Crop Science. Journal, 5: 31-39.
Dugassa, G.D., Von A.H. and Schönbeck, F. (1996). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on health of Linum usitatissimum L. infected by fungal pathogens. Plant Soil, 185: 173-182.
EI- Ghandour, I.A., EL- Sharawy, M.O.A. and Abdel-Moniem, E.M. (1996). Impact of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on growth and P, N and Fe uptake by faba - bean. Fertilizer Research, 43: 43-48.
Gerdemann, J.W. and Nicolson, Y.H. (1963). Spores of mycorrhizae Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 46: 235-244.
Harley, J.L. and Smith S.E., (1983). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, New York, pp: 483.
Harrier, L.A. and Watson, C.A. (2004). The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and /or other sustainable farming systems. Pest Management Science, 60: 149-157.
Hernandez, M. and Cuevas, F. (2003). The effect of inoculating with arbuscular mycorrhiza and bradyrhizobium strains on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) crop development. Cultivos Tropicales, 24 (2): 19-21.
Jeong, H.S., Lee, J. and Eom, A.H. (2006). Effects of interspecific interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi on growth of soybean and corn. Mycobiology, 34(1): 34-37.
Kothari, S.K., Marschner, H. and George, E. (1990). Effect of VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms on root and shoot morphology, growth and water relations in maize, New Phytol., 116: 303-311.
Lisette, J., Xavier, C. and Germida, J.J. (2003). Selective interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae enhance pea yield and nutrition. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37: 261–267.
Lukiwati, D.R., Hardjosoewignjo, S., Fakuara Y. and Anas, I. (1994). Dry matter yield of forage legumes by VAM and rock phosphate fertilizer in the latosolic soil. Abstr.p. 41. In Abstract of Bio- Refor Workshop on Plantation Forestry and the Application of New Biotechnology. Perlis- Malaysia, 28 November- 1 December.
Mali, B.L., Shah, R. and Bhatnagar, M.K. (2009). Effect of VAM fungi on nutrient uptake and plant growth performance of soybean. Indian Phytopath., 62(2): 171-177.
Mangla, C., Kumar, A. and Aggarwal, A. (2010). Potential of AM fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) and Trichoderma viride in enhancing growth and development of Eclipa alba (L.) Hassk. Indian Phytopatholgy, 63(3): 313-317.
Manoharachary, C., Adholeya, A. and Kunwar, I.K. (2009). Mycorrhiza: some glimpses. Mycorrhiza News letter, 20(4): 2-6.
Manyong, V.M., Dashiell, K.E., Oyewole, B. and Blahut, G. (1996). Spread of new Soybean varietiesin a traditional soybean growing area of Nigeria. A Seminar Paper in the Second Symposium of the African Association of Farming Systems Research Extension and Training (AAFSRET), 20–23 August 1996, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso pp. 151-162.
Morton, J.B. and Benny, G.L. (1990). Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): A new order, Glomales, two new suborder, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37: 471-491.
Mukerji, K.G. (1996). Advances in Botany, In: Mukerji, K.G, Mathur, B., Chamola, B.P and Chitralekha P. (Ed), Taxonomy of endomycorrhizal fungi (pp. 211-221), APH Pub.Co. New Delhi.
Panwar, J.D.S. (1993). Effect of VAM and Azospirillum on growth on growth and yield of wheat. Indian J. Plant Physiol, 357-361.
Phillips, J.M. and Hayman, D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and VAM fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55: 158-161.
Riaz, T., Javaid, A. and Sheikh, N.A. (2007). Response of Sunflower to Glomus epigaeum and Glomus pubescens inoculation. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 19(2): 145-149.
Sabannavar, S.J. and Lakshman, H.C. (2009). Effect of rock phosphate solubilizing using mycorrhizal fungi and phosphobacteria on two high yielding varieties of Sesamum indicum L. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 5(4): 470-479.
Schenck, N.C. and Perez Y. (1990). Manual for the identification of VA- mycorrhizal VAM fungi. 3rd ed., Synergistic Publication, Gainesville, U.S.A.
Shanmugaiah, V., Balasubramanian, N., Gomathinayagam, S., Manoharan, P.T. and Rajendran, A. (2009). Effect of single application of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth promotion in cotton plants. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4 : 1220-1225.
Sharma, S., Madan, M. and Vasudevan, P. (1997). Biology and applications of mycorrhizal fungi. Microbiologia, 13 : 427-436.
Sharma, S., Parkash, V. and Aggarwal, A. (2008). Glomales I: A monograph of Glomus spp. (Glomaceae) in the sunflower rhizosphere of Haryana, India. Helia., 31 (49) : 13-18.
Sharma, S., Parkash, V., Kaushish, S. and Aggarwal, A. (2009). A monograph of Acaulospora spp. (VAM fungi) in sunflower rhizosphere in Haryana , India. Helia, 32 (50) : 69-76.
Sieverding, E. (1991). Vesicular- arbuscularmycorrhizae management in tropical agrosystems. Deutsche Gresells fur Tecnische Zusammenarbet (GTZ) Eschborn, Germany.
Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. (1997). Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 2nd edition. Academic Press, London.
Soleimanzadeh, H. (2010). Effectof VA-Mycorrhiza on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at different phosphorus levels. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 71 : 441-417.
Subramanian, K.S., Charest, C., Dwyer, L.M. and Hamilton, R.I. (1995).Arbuscular mycorrhizas and water relation in maize under drought stress at tasseling. New Phytol., 129: 643-650.
Tanwar, A., Kumar, A., Mangla, C. and Aggarwal, A. (2010). Mass multiplication of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using paper - mill solid waste as substrate. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 89 (1-2) : 133-137.
Tanwar, A., Kumar, A., Sharma, S. and Aggarwal, A. (2008). Status and Biodiversity of endomycorrhizal fungi associated with some vegetable crops. Punjab University Research Journal, 58 : 35-46.
Tobar, R., Azon, R. and Barea, J.M. (1994). The improvement of plant N acquisition from an ammonium -treated, droughtstressed soil by the fungal symbiot in arbuscular mycorrizae. Mycorrhiza, 4 : 105-108.
Torrisi, V., Pattinson, G.S and McGee, P.A. (1999).Localized elongation of roots of cotton follows establishment of arbuscularmycorrhizas. New Phytol., 142 : 103-112.
Vessey, J.K. (2003). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil, 255 : 571-586.
Walker C. (1983). Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae spore wall characteristics in species description. Mycotaxon, 18 : 443 - 445.
Wang, X., Pan, Q., Chen, F., Yan, X. and Liao. H. (2011). Effect of co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia on soybean growth as related to root architecture and availability of N and P. Mycorrhiza, 21 : 173-181.
Allen, M.F. (1991). The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Asimi, S.V., Gianinazzi-Pearson and Gianinazzi S. (1980). Influence of increasing soil phosphorus levels on interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium in soybean. Canadian Journal of Botany, 58: 2200-2205.
Auge, R.M., Schekel, K.A. and Wample, R.L. (1987). Rose leaf elasticity changes in response to mycorrhizal colonization and drought acclimation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 70:175-182.
Blilou, J., Ocampo, J. and Garcia-Garrido, J. (1999). Resistance of pea roots to endomycorrhiza fungus or Rhizobium correlates with enhanced levels of endogenous salicylic acid. Journal of Experimental Botany, 50: 1663-1668.
Carsky, R.J., Abiadoo, R., Dashiell, K.E. and Sanginga, N. (1997). Effect of soybean on subsequent Maize grain yield in Guinea savannah of West Africa. African Crop Science. Journal, 5: 31-39.
Dugassa, G.D., Von A.H. and Schönbeck, F. (1996). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on health of Linum usitatissimum L. infected by fungal pathogens. Plant Soil, 185: 173-182.
EI- Ghandour, I.A., EL- Sharawy, M.O.A. and Abdel-Moniem, E.M. (1996). Impact of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on growth and P, N and Fe uptake by faba - bean. Fertilizer Research, 43: 43-48.
Gerdemann, J.W. and Nicolson, Y.H. (1963). Spores of mycorrhizae Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 46: 235-244.
Harley, J.L. and Smith S.E., (1983). Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, New York, pp: 483.
Harrier, L.A. and Watson, C.A. (2004). The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and /or other sustainable farming systems. Pest Management Science, 60: 149-157.
Hernandez, M. and Cuevas, F. (2003). The effect of inoculating with arbuscular mycorrhiza and bradyrhizobium strains on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) crop development. Cultivos Tropicales, 24 (2): 19-21.
Jeong, H.S., Lee, J. and Eom, A.H. (2006). Effects of interspecific interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi on growth of soybean and corn. Mycobiology, 34(1): 34-37.
Kothari, S.K., Marschner, H. and George, E. (1990). Effect of VA mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms on root and shoot morphology, growth and water relations in maize, New Phytol., 116: 303-311.
Lisette, J., Xavier, C. and Germida, J.J. (2003). Selective interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae enhance pea yield and nutrition. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37: 261–267.
Lukiwati, D.R., Hardjosoewignjo, S., Fakuara Y. and Anas, I. (1994). Dry matter yield of forage legumes by VAM and rock phosphate fertilizer in the latosolic soil. Abstr.p. 41. In Abstract of Bio- Refor Workshop on Plantation Forestry and the Application of New Biotechnology. Perlis- Malaysia, 28 November- 1 December.
Mali, B.L., Shah, R. and Bhatnagar, M.K. (2009). Effect of VAM fungi on nutrient uptake and plant growth performance of soybean. Indian Phytopath., 62(2): 171-177.
Mangla, C., Kumar, A. and Aggarwal, A. (2010). Potential of AM fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) and Trichoderma viride in enhancing growth and development of Eclipa alba (L.) Hassk. Indian Phytopatholgy, 63(3): 313-317.
Manoharachary, C., Adholeya, A. and Kunwar, I.K. (2009). Mycorrhiza: some glimpses. Mycorrhiza News letter, 20(4): 2-6.
Manyong, V.M., Dashiell, K.E., Oyewole, B. and Blahut, G. (1996). Spread of new Soybean varietiesin a traditional soybean growing area of Nigeria. A Seminar Paper in the Second Symposium of the African Association of Farming Systems Research Extension and Training (AAFSRET), 20–23 August 1996, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso pp. 151-162.
Morton, J.B. and Benny, G.L. (1990). Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): A new order, Glomales, two new suborder, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37: 471-491.
Mukerji, K.G. (1996). Advances in Botany, In: Mukerji, K.G, Mathur, B., Chamola, B.P and Chitralekha P. (Ed), Taxonomy of endomycorrhizal fungi (pp. 211-221), APH Pub.Co. New Delhi.
Panwar, J.D.S. (1993). Effect of VAM and Azospirillum on growth on growth and yield of wheat. Indian J. Plant Physiol, 357-361.
Phillips, J.M. and Hayman, D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and VAM fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55: 158-161.
Riaz, T., Javaid, A. and Sheikh, N.A. (2007). Response of Sunflower to Glomus epigaeum and Glomus pubescens inoculation. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 19(2): 145-149.
Sabannavar, S.J. and Lakshman, H.C. (2009). Effect of rock phosphate solubilizing using mycorrhizal fungi and phosphobacteria on two high yielding varieties of Sesamum indicum L. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 5(4): 470-479.
Schenck, N.C. and Perez Y. (1990). Manual for the identification of VA- mycorrhizal VAM fungi. 3rd ed., Synergistic Publication, Gainesville, U.S.A.
Shanmugaiah, V., Balasubramanian, N., Gomathinayagam, S., Manoharan, P.T. and Rajendran, A. (2009). Effect of single application of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth promotion in cotton plants. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4 : 1220-1225.
Sharma, S., Madan, M. and Vasudevan, P. (1997). Biology and applications of mycorrhizal fungi. Microbiologia, 13 : 427-436.
Sharma, S., Parkash, V. and Aggarwal, A. (2008). Glomales I: A monograph of Glomus spp. (Glomaceae) in the sunflower rhizosphere of Haryana, India. Helia., 31 (49) : 13-18.
Sharma, S., Parkash, V., Kaushish, S. and Aggarwal, A. (2009). A monograph of Acaulospora spp. (VAM fungi) in sunflower rhizosphere in Haryana , India. Helia, 32 (50) : 69-76.
Sieverding, E. (1991). Vesicular- arbuscularmycorrhizae management in tropical agrosystems. Deutsche Gresells fur Tecnische Zusammenarbet (GTZ) Eschborn, Germany.
Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. (1997). Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 2nd edition. Academic Press, London.
Soleimanzadeh, H. (2010). Effectof VA-Mycorrhiza on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at different phosphorus levels. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 71 : 441-417.
Subramanian, K.S., Charest, C., Dwyer, L.M. and Hamilton, R.I. (1995).Arbuscular mycorrhizas and water relation in maize under drought stress at tasseling. New Phytol., 129: 643-650.
Tanwar, A., Kumar, A., Mangla, C. and Aggarwal, A. (2010). Mass multiplication of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using paper - mill solid waste as substrate. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 89 (1-2) : 133-137.
Tanwar, A., Kumar, A., Sharma, S. and Aggarwal, A. (2008). Status and Biodiversity of endomycorrhizal fungi associated with some vegetable crops. Punjab University Research Journal, 58 : 35-46.
Tobar, R., Azon, R. and Barea, J.M. (1994). The improvement of plant N acquisition from an ammonium -treated, droughtstressed soil by the fungal symbiot in arbuscular mycorrizae. Mycorrhiza, 4 : 105-108.
Torrisi, V., Pattinson, G.S and McGee, P.A. (1999).Localized elongation of roots of cotton follows establishment of arbuscularmycorrhizas. New Phytol., 142 : 103-112.
Vessey, J.K. (2003). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil, 255 : 571-586.
Walker C. (1983). Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae spore wall characteristics in species description. Mycotaxon, 18 : 443 - 445.
Wang, X., Pan, Q., Chen, F., Yan, X. and Liao. H. (2011). Effect of co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia on soybean growth as related to root architecture and availability of N and P. Mycorrhiza, 21 : 173-181.
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Impact of endomycorrhizal fungi and other bioinoculants on growth enhancement of Glycine max (L.) Merrill. (2012). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4(1), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.233
