Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of propoxur and methyl parathion using polytene chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi
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Abstract
The mutagenicity of two pesticides, propoxur and methyl parathion was evaluated by using polytene chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi. The results were based on the frequency of various structural aberrations encountered in the polytene chromosomes of the larvae treated with LC20 of propoxur and methyl parathion separately. Propoxur induced a total of 67 aberrations as against 15 in the controls while methyl parathion induced 53 aberrations as against 13 in the controls. These aberrations were dominated by inversions, translocations, deletions, ectopic pairing, asynapses, breaks, fusions and induced puffing. The frequency of propoxur induced aberrations was highest in chromosome 3R followed by 2R, 3L, 2L and X-chromosome. Methyl parathion induced highest number of aberrations in 2R followed by 2L, 3R, 3L and X-chromosomes. This study suggests that larval polytene chromosomes are sensitive indicators of pesticide genotoxicity in which both propoxur and methyl parathion are significantly chromotoxic for the genome of a mosquito taken as an experimental insect.
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Keywords
Anopheles stephensi, Methyl parathion, Mutagenicity, Polytene chromosomes, Propoxur
References
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Bansal, M. and Chaudhry, A. (2011). Evaluation of mutagenic potential of acetamiprid by dominant lethal test on Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 3(2): 171-175.
Barr, H.J. and Ellison, J.R. (1972). Ectopic pairing of chromosome regions containing chemically similar DNA. Chromosoma, 39: 53-61.
Cakir, S. and Sarikaya, R. (2005). Genotoxicity testing of some organophosphate insecticides in the Drosophila wing spot test. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43(3): 443-450.
Chaudhry, A. and Anand, P.K. (2004). Assessment of dominant lethal effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) using mosquito genetics. Poll. Res., 23(4): 767-771.
Chaudhry, A. and Anand, P.K. (2005). Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chlorpyrifos (CPF) using polytene chromosomes of Anopheles mosquito. J. Environ. Biol., 26(1): 145-150.
Chaudhry, A. and Barna, B. (2006). Assessment of genotoxic effects of imidacloprid using mosquito genome (Culicidae: Diptera). The Nucleus, 50(1): 51-57.
Chaudhry, A. and Bhinder, P. (2009). Cypermethrin induced mutations in rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Appl. Biosci., 35(1): 7-12.
Chaudhry, S., Neetu, Gupta, S. and Chhilar, J.S. (2005). Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome, 48(2): 241-246.
Clements, A.N. (1996). The biology of mosquitoes. London: Chapman and Hall.
Das, P. and John, G. (1999). Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in vivo in Etroplus suratens is (Bloch) following exposure to organophosphorous pesticides. Toxicol. Lett., 104(1-2): 111-116.
De Cassia, S.R., Becak, W., Gaeta, R. and Rabello-Gay, M.N. (1982). Cytogenetic study of workers exposed to methyl-parathion. Mutat. Res., 103(1): 71-76.
Evans, H.J. (1977). Molecular mechanism in the induction of chromosome aberrations. In: D. Scott, B.A. Bridges and F.H. Sobels (Eds.). Progress in genetic toxicology (pp 57-74), Ams terdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
French, W.L., Baker, R.H. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1962). Preparation of mosquito chromosomes. Mosq. News., 22: 377-383.
Garcia, V.E. and Sanchez, R.F. (1988). Chromosomal polymorphisms and extra bristles of Drosophila melanogaster. Joint variation under selection in isofemale lines. Genetics, 78(2): 91-96.
Grover, I.S. and Malhi, P.K. (1985). Genotoxic effects of some organophosphorus pesticides I. induction of micronuclei in bone marrow cells in rat. Mutat. Res., 155(3): 131-134.
Jain, A.K. and Sarbhoy, R.K. (1988). Cytogenetical studies on the effect of some chlorinated pesticides III. Concluding remarks. Cytologia, 53: 427-436.
Kumar, S.K.B., Ankathil, R. and Devi, K.S. (1993). Chromosomal aberrations induced by methyl parathion in human peripheral lymphocytes of alcoholics and smokers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 12(4): 285-288.
Lin, C.M., Wei, L.Y. and Wang, T.C. (2007). The delayed genotoxic effect of N-nitroso N-propoxur insecticide in mammalian cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45(6): 928-34.
Mathew, G., Rahiman, W.A. and Vijayalaxmi, K.K. (1990). In vivo genotoxic effect in mice of Metacid 50, an organophosphorous insecticide. Mutagenesis, 5: 147-149.
Rabbani, M.G. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1974). X-ray induced inversions in Anopheles albimanus. Mosq. News., 34: 472-474.
Rubinstenin, L. and Clever, U. (1972). Chromosome activity and cell function in polytene cells. Development change in RNA synthesis and turn over. Develop. Biol., 27: 519-537.
Rupa, D.S., Reddy, P.P. and Reddi, O.S. (1989). Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in smokers exposed to pesticides in cotton fields. Mutat. Res., 222(1): 37-41.
Rupa, D.S., Reddy, P.P. and Reddi, O.S. (1990). Cytogeneticity of quinalphos and methyl parathion in human peripheral lymphocytes. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 9(6): 385-387.
Rupa, D.S., Reddy, P.P., Sreemannarayana, K. and Reddi, O.S. (1991). Frequency of sister chromatid exchange in peripheral lymphocytes of male pesticide applicators. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 18(2): 136-138.
Sharma, G.P., Chaudhry, A. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1989a). Mutagenic activity of two nickel compounds. Cytol. Genet., 6: 555-565.
Sharma, G.P., Chaudhry, A., Sobti, R.C., Dhar, M. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1990). Effect of mitomycin-C on the genetics of Culex fatigans (Diptera: Culicidae). La Kromosomo II, 58: 1949-1954.
Sharma, G.P., Sobti, R.C., Chaudhry, A. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1988). Genotoxicity of two heavy metal compounds lead acetate and mercuric chloride in Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Cytologia, 53: 263-267.
Sharma, G.P., Sobti, R.C., Chaudhry, A. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1989b). Chromosomal aberrations and dominant lethals in Culex fatigans due to mercuric chloride. Cytobios., 59: 131-135.
Sharma, G.P., Sobti, R.C., Chaudhry, A., Kaur, R., Ahluwalia, K.K. and Dhar, M. (1985). Effect of some environmental mutagens on the genome of selected invertebrate and vertebrate models including man. Environmental Mutagenesis Newsletter, 26-28.
Singh, K.R.P. and Patterson, R.S. La-Brecque, G.C. and Razdan, R.K. (1975). Mass rearing of Culex pipiens fatigans Weid. J. Com. Dis., 7: 31-53.
Siroki, O., Undeger, U., Institoris, L., Nehez, M., Basaran, N., Nagymajtenyi, L. and Desi, I. (2001). A study on genoand immunotoxicological effects of subcute propoxur and pirimicarb exposure in rats. Ectoxicol. Environ. Saf., 50 (1): 76-81.
Vijayaraghavan, M. and Nagarajan, B. (1994). Mutagenic potential of acute exposure to organophosphorous and organochlorine compounds. Mutat. Res., 321(1-2): 103-111.
Zaman, K.M., Gill, R.S., Ahmad, S. and Pardini, R.S. (1994). An insect model for assessing mercury toxicity: Effects of mercury on antioxidant enzyme activities of the house fly, Musca domestica and cabbage looper moth Trichoplusiani. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 26: 114-118.
Bansal, M. and Chaudhry, A. (2011). Evaluation of mutagenic potential of acetamiprid by dominant lethal test on Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 3(2): 171-175.
Barr, H.J. and Ellison, J.R. (1972). Ectopic pairing of chromosome regions containing chemically similar DNA. Chromosoma, 39: 53-61.
Cakir, S. and Sarikaya, R. (2005). Genotoxicity testing of some organophosphate insecticides in the Drosophila wing spot test. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43(3): 443-450.
Chaudhry, A. and Anand, P.K. (2004). Assessment of dominant lethal effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) using mosquito genetics. Poll. Res., 23(4): 767-771.
Chaudhry, A. and Anand, P.K. (2005). Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chlorpyrifos (CPF) using polytene chromosomes of Anopheles mosquito. J. Environ. Biol., 26(1): 145-150.
Chaudhry, A. and Barna, B. (2006). Assessment of genotoxic effects of imidacloprid using mosquito genome (Culicidae: Diptera). The Nucleus, 50(1): 51-57.
Chaudhry, A. and Bhinder, P. (2009). Cypermethrin induced mutations in rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Appl. Biosci., 35(1): 7-12.
Chaudhry, S., Neetu, Gupta, S. and Chhilar, J.S. (2005). Salivary polytene chromosome mapping of Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus Grassi (Culicidae: Diptera). Genome, 48(2): 241-246.
Clements, A.N. (1996). The biology of mosquitoes. London: Chapman and Hall.
Das, P. and John, G. (1999). Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in vivo in Etroplus suratens is (Bloch) following exposure to organophosphorous pesticides. Toxicol. Lett., 104(1-2): 111-116.
De Cassia, S.R., Becak, W., Gaeta, R. and Rabello-Gay, M.N. (1982). Cytogenetic study of workers exposed to methyl-parathion. Mutat. Res., 103(1): 71-76.
Evans, H.J. (1977). Molecular mechanism in the induction of chromosome aberrations. In: D. Scott, B.A. Bridges and F.H. Sobels (Eds.). Progress in genetic toxicology (pp 57-74), Ams terdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
French, W.L., Baker, R.H. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1962). Preparation of mosquito chromosomes. Mosq. News., 22: 377-383.
Garcia, V.E. and Sanchez, R.F. (1988). Chromosomal polymorphisms and extra bristles of Drosophila melanogaster. Joint variation under selection in isofemale lines. Genetics, 78(2): 91-96.
Grover, I.S. and Malhi, P.K. (1985). Genotoxic effects of some organophosphorus pesticides I. induction of micronuclei in bone marrow cells in rat. Mutat. Res., 155(3): 131-134.
Jain, A.K. and Sarbhoy, R.K. (1988). Cytogenetical studies on the effect of some chlorinated pesticides III. Concluding remarks. Cytologia, 53: 427-436.
Kumar, S.K.B., Ankathil, R. and Devi, K.S. (1993). Chromosomal aberrations induced by methyl parathion in human peripheral lymphocytes of alcoholics and smokers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 12(4): 285-288.
Lin, C.M., Wei, L.Y. and Wang, T.C. (2007). The delayed genotoxic effect of N-nitroso N-propoxur insecticide in mammalian cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45(6): 928-34.
Mathew, G., Rahiman, W.A. and Vijayalaxmi, K.K. (1990). In vivo genotoxic effect in mice of Metacid 50, an organophosphorous insecticide. Mutagenesis, 5: 147-149.
Rabbani, M.G. and Kitzmiller, J.B. (1974). X-ray induced inversions in Anopheles albimanus. Mosq. News., 34: 472-474.
Rubinstenin, L. and Clever, U. (1972). Chromosome activity and cell function in polytene cells. Development change in RNA synthesis and turn over. Develop. Biol., 27: 519-537.
Rupa, D.S., Reddy, P.P. and Reddi, O.S. (1989). Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in smokers exposed to pesticides in cotton fields. Mutat. Res., 222(1): 37-41.
Rupa, D.S., Reddy, P.P. and Reddi, O.S. (1990). Cytogeneticity of quinalphos and methyl parathion in human peripheral lymphocytes. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 9(6): 385-387.
Rupa, D.S., Reddy, P.P., Sreemannarayana, K. and Reddi, O.S. (1991). Frequency of sister chromatid exchange in peripheral lymphocytes of male pesticide applicators. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 18(2): 136-138.
Sharma, G.P., Chaudhry, A. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1989a). Mutagenic activity of two nickel compounds. Cytol. Genet., 6: 555-565.
Sharma, G.P., Chaudhry, A., Sobti, R.C., Dhar, M. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1990). Effect of mitomycin-C on the genetics of Culex fatigans (Diptera: Culicidae). La Kromosomo II, 58: 1949-1954.
Sharma, G.P., Sobti, R.C., Chaudhry, A. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1988). Genotoxicity of two heavy metal compounds lead acetate and mercuric chloride in Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Cytologia, 53: 263-267.
Sharma, G.P., Sobti, R.C., Chaudhry, A. and Ahluwalia, K.K. (1989b). Chromosomal aberrations and dominant lethals in Culex fatigans due to mercuric chloride. Cytobios., 59: 131-135.
Sharma, G.P., Sobti, R.C., Chaudhry, A., Kaur, R., Ahluwalia, K.K. and Dhar, M. (1985). Effect of some environmental mutagens on the genome of selected invertebrate and vertebrate models including man. Environmental Mutagenesis Newsletter, 26-28.
Singh, K.R.P. and Patterson, R.S. La-Brecque, G.C. and Razdan, R.K. (1975). Mass rearing of Culex pipiens fatigans Weid. J. Com. Dis., 7: 31-53.
Siroki, O., Undeger, U., Institoris, L., Nehez, M., Basaran, N., Nagymajtenyi, L. and Desi, I. (2001). A study on genoand immunotoxicological effects of subcute propoxur and pirimicarb exposure in rats. Ectoxicol. Environ. Saf., 50 (1): 76-81.
Vijayaraghavan, M. and Nagarajan, B. (1994). Mutagenic potential of acute exposure to organophosphorous and organochlorine compounds. Mutat. Res., 321(1-2): 103-111.
Zaman, K.M., Gill, R.S., Ahmad, S. and Pardini, R.S. (1994). An insect model for assessing mercury toxicity: Effects of mercury on antioxidant enzyme activities of the house fly, Musca domestica and cabbage looper moth Trichoplusiani. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 26: 114-118.
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Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of propoxur and methyl parathion using polytene chromosomes of Anopheles stephensi. (2012). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4(1), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.227
