An overview of pesticides in the development of agriculture crops
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Abstract
The development of agriculture yield is closely related to the use of pesticides. This review categorizes and identifies the pathway of toxicity in the environment and their prevention measures to reduce risks from pesticide use. The inherent properties of selected pesticides released into the environment through different routes such as spray, drift, vaporization, surface run-off, unlawful acts, spills and drainage discharges, and through leaching or soil dust are related to their potential effects on environmental health. The intensive use of various pesticides like BHC, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, DDT, endosulfan and pyrethroids have harmful effects on non-target organisms and interfere in the development of agriculture crops. The preventive measures for pesticides are the crop rotation, use of protective equipment, integrated pest management, protection and regulation policy in pesticide application. The development of alternatives to pesticides is also needed in order to advance the design of better farming systems. A regular monitoring programme of pest management would help to improve the production of high quality of food as well as to protect the health of the environment and humans.
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Keywords
Agriculture crops, Environment, Pesticides, Preventive measures, Toxicity
References
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Gilden, Robyn C., Huffling, Katie, and Barbara Sattler (2010). Pesticides and Health Risks. JOGNN, 39: 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.200 9.01092.x
Gill, H. K. and Garg, H. (2013) Pesticides: Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies In.Pesticides - Toxic Aspects, InTech. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57399
Gomes, J., Lloyd, O. L. and Revitt, D. M. (1999). The influence of personal protection, environmental hygiene and exposure to pesticides on the health of immigrant farm workers in a desert country. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 72: 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050332
Grasswitz, T. R. (2019) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Small-Scale Farms in Developed Economies: Challenges and Opportunities. Insects,10: 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10060179
Guo, L., Uiu, Y., Zhang, G.,Zheng, G.J. Lam,P.K.S. and Li, X. (2008). Levels and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fishes from the Pearl River estuary and Daya Bay, South China. Environ Pollut., 152:604–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.067
Gupta,P.K. (2004). Pesticide exposure—Indian scene. Toxicology, 198: 83–90.
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Gyldenkærne, S., Ravn, H.P. and Halling-Sørensen, B. (2000).The effect of dimethoate and cypermethrin on soil-dwelling beetles under semi-field conditions. Chemosphere,41(7): 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00511-1
Hamilton, D. J., Ambrus, Á., Dieterle, R. M., Felsot, A. S., Harris, C. A., Holland, P. T., Katayama, A., Kurihara, N., Linders, J., Unsworth, J. and Wong,S.S. (2003). Regulatory limits for pesticide residues in water (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem., 75(8): 1123–1155.
Hewitt, A.J., Johnson, D.R., Fish, J. D., Hermansky, C.G. and Valcore, D.L. (2002). Development of the spray drift task force database for aerial applications. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21(3): 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210326
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Jiménez, B., Ramos, J. and Quezada I. L.(1999). Analysis of water quality criteria in Mexico. Water Sci. Technol., 40 (10): 169–173. https://doi.or g/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00683-6
Karlaganis, G., Marioni, R., Sieber, I. and Weber, A. (2001). The elaboration of the ‘Stockholm convention’on persistent organic pollutants (POPs): a negotiation process fraught with obstacles and opportunities. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 8(3): 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987393
Kattwinkel, Mira, Liess, Matthias, Arena, Maria, Bopp, Stephanie, Streissl, Franz and Rombke,Jorg(2015). Recovery of aquatic and terrestrial populations in the contextof European pesticide risk assessment. Environ. Rev., 23: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0013
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An overview of pesticides in the development of agriculture crops. (2020). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.vi.2254
