Nimbecidine induced gene mutations in internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of Anopheles stephensi
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Abstract
The genotoxic effects of nimbecidine, a commercial botanical pesticide derived from the neem tree were assessed by PCR assay on a mosquito Anopheles stephensi taken as an experimental model. After treatment with LC20 of the nimbecidine, the sequence variations in the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of control and treated individuals were studied from their sequence alignment data and the mutations in the form of insertions, deletions, and substitutions were analyzed. Nimbecidine treatment induced 16 deletions, 13 insertions, 93 transitions and 140 transversions in the ITS1 sequence. Similarly, in the ITS2 sequence of treated individual there were 2 deletions, 4 insertions, 15 transitions and 39 transversions. Present study suggests that plant based pesticides also effect the integrity of normal DNA sequences.
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Keywords
Anopheles stephensi, Nimbecidine genotoxicity, ITS1 and 2
References
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Upadhyay, S.N. and Talwar, G.P. (1993). Antifertility effects of neem, A. Indica, oil in male rats by single intra-vas administration: An alternate approach to vasectomy. J. Androl., 14: 275–281.
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Anon, R. (1992). Neem: A tree for solving global problems. Washington: National Academy Press.
Ausubel, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A. and Struhl, K. (1999). Short protocols in molecular biology. New York: John-Wiley and Sons.
Awasthy, K.S. (2001). Genotoxicity of crude leaf extract of neem in male germ cells of mice. Cytobios, 106 : 151-164.
Awasthy, K.S., Chaurasia, O.P. and Sinha, S.P. (1995). Genotoxic effects of crude extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) in bone marrow cells of mice. Cytologia, 60: 189–193.
Awasthy, K.S., Chaurasia, O.P. and Sinha, S.P. (1999). Prolonged murine genotoxic effects of crude extracted from neem. Phytother. Res., 11: 81–83.
Chandra, P. and Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. (2004). Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and in combination in fish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 58: 194–201.
Clements, A.N. (1996). The biology of mosquitoes. London: Chapman and Hall.
Cordeiro, E.M., Corream, A.S., Venzon, M. and Guedes, R.N. (2010). Insecticide survival and behavioral avoidance in the lacewings Chrysoperla externa and Ceraeochrysa cubana. Chemosphere, 81: 1352-1357.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khan, P.K. and Awasthy, K.S. (2003). Cytogenetic toxicity of neem. Food Chem. Toxicol., 41: 1325–1328.
Klopman, G., Conttreras, R., Reosenkranz, H.S. and Waters, M.D. (1985). Structure–genotoxic activity relationships of pesticides: comparison of the results from several shortterm assays. Mutat. Res., 147: 343–356.
Liang, G.M., Chen, W. and Liu, T.X. (2003). Effects of tree neem-based insecticides on diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protect., 22: 333-340.
Rao, T.R. (1984). The Anophelines of India. New Delhi: Malaria Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research.
Rojanapo, W. and Tepsuwan, A. (1992). Matagenic and antimutagenic activities of some vegetables (in Thai). Bulletin of the Department of Medical Services, 17: 461–469.
Rosenkranz, H.S. and Klopman, G. (1995). An examination of the potential genotoxic carcinogenicity of a biopesticide derived from the neem tree. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 26: 255–260.
Saber, M., Hejazi, M.J. and Hasan, S.A. (2004). Effects of azadirachtin/ neemazal on different stages and adult life table parameters of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 97: 905–910.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual. New York: Spring Harbor laboratory press.
Shoaib, M.A., Mahmoud, M.F., Loutfy, N., Tawfic, M.A. and Barta, M. (2010). Effect of botanical insecticide Nimbecidine on food consumption and egg hatchability of the terrestrial snail Monacha obstructa. J. Pest Sci., 83: 27-32.
Sies, H. (1993). Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur. J. Biochem., 215: 213–219.
Singh, K.R.P, Patterson, R.S., La-Brecque, G.C. and Razdan, R.K. (1975). Mass rearing of Culex pipiens fatigans Weid. J. Com. Dis., 7: 31-53.
Singh, R.N., Karnan, P., Kulshrestha, V. and Sinha, S.S. (1993). Neem to control pests of tasar. Indian Silk, 32: 42–44.
Sinha, K.C., Riar, S.S., Timmary, R.C., Dhawan, A.K., Bardhan, J., Thomas, P., Khan, A.K. and Jain, R.K. (1984). Neem oil as marginal contraceptive. Indian J. Med. Res., 79: 131–136.
Srivastava, M.K. and Raizada, R.B. (2007). Lack of toxic effect of technical azadirachtin during postnatal development of rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45: 465–471.
Upadhyay, S.N. and Talwar, G.P. (1993). Antifertility effects of neem, A. Indica, oil in male rats by single intra-vas administration: An alternate approach to vasectomy. J. Androl., 14: 275–281.
Van Der Nat, M.G., Van Der Sluis, K.T.D. and Labadie, R.P. (1991). Ethnopharmocognostical survey of A. indica Juss (Meliaceae). J. Ethnopharm., 35: 1–24.
Williams, J.G.K., Kubeklik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.A. and Tinge, S.V. (1990). DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res., 18: 6531-6535.
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How to Cite
Nimbecidine induced gene mutations in internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of Anopheles stephensi. (2012). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.216
