Sustainable agriculture: Trends and opportunities for 21st Century
Article Main
Abstract
The green revolution has been a major boost to the agriculture sector throughout the world including India. The food production of the country increased by many fold during the 1960s and 1970s and has continued to increase since then. But, the boom of green revolution could not last long as we witnessed stagnation in the productivity of our farm lands along with soil and crop health degradation. This forced the scientific and farming community to look for efficient and ecologically safe farming systems which led to the evolution of the concept of ‘sustainable agriculture’. Sustainable agriculture is a holistic concept of agriculture which helps in meeting the needs of the present generation without affecting the future generation. It helps in maintaining optimum crop production along with maintaining soil health, conservation of natural resources and preserving ecological balance and biodiversity in agroecosystems. This review aims to create a paradigm for future studies on new and innovative techniques for sustainable crop production.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Bio-intensive farming, organic farming, precision agriculture, Sustainability
References
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Alvares, C. (1999). The Organic Farming Source Book. The Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India.
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Ansari, S. A. and Tabassum, S. (2018). A new perspective on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices: A review. Curr. Agric. Res. J., 6(2): 157-165.
APEDA. (2018). Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. https://apeda.gov.in
Aulakh, C. S. and Ravisankar, N. (2017). Organic farming in indian context: a perspective. Gtic. Agric. Res. J., 54(2):149-164.
Bouton, M. M. (2019, June 04). The paradox of India’s green revolution. The Hindu Business Line. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-paradox-of-indias-green- revolution / article27472671.ece.
Brodt, S., Six, J., Feenstra, G., Ingels, C. and Campbell, D. (2011). Sustainable agriculture. Nature Education Knowledge. 3(10):1.
Brown, J. R. (1984). Stewardship in agriculture. In: G.K.Douglass (ed.) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world. Westview Press, Boulder, Colarado.
Busse, M., Schwerdtner, W., Siebert, R., Doenberg, A., Kuntosh, A. et al. (2015). Analysis of anial monitoring technologies in Germany from an innovation system perspective. Agric. Syst. 138: 55-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.05.009.
Cheema, Z. A., Khaliq, A. and Mubeen, M. (2003). Response of wheat and winter weeds to foliar application of different plant extracts of sorghum (S. bicolor). Pak. J. Weed Sci., 9(1): 89-97.
Corwin, D. L. and Lesch, S. M. (2005). Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture. Comput. Electron. Agric., 46(3): 11-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.10.005.
Culleton, N., Tunney, H. and Coulter, B. (1994). Sustainability in Irish agriculture. Irish Geogr., 27(1):36-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750779409478697.
Douglass, G. K. (1984). The meaning of agricultural sustainability. In Douglass (ed.) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Westview press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
FIBL & IFOAM Yearbook, 2018. The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging trends. Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud (eds.). Medienhaus Plump, Rolandsecker Weg 33, 53619 Rheinbreitbach, Germany.
Finger, R., Swinton, S. M., El-Benni, N. and Walter, A. (2019). Precision Farming at the nexus of agricultural production and the environment. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ., 11:5.1-5.23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093929
Fountas, S., Ess D. R., Sorensen, C. G., Hawkins, S. E., Pedersen, H. H., Blackmore, B. S., DeBoer, J. L. (2005). Farmer experience with precision agriculture in Denmark and US eastern corn belt. Precis. Agric., 6(2):121-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-0004-1030-z.
García-Moreno, J., Zavala, M. L., Jordán, A. and Pereira, P. (2013). Mulch application in fruit orchards increases the persistence of soil water repellency during a 15-years period. Soil Tillage Res., 130: 62-68.
Goldman, A. (1995). Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: searching for appropriate paradigms. Hum. Ecol. 23(3): 291-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190135
IFOAM. (2005). Definition of organic agriculture. https://www.ifoam.bio/en/organic- landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture
IFOAM. (2012). The IFOAM norms for organic production and procession version 2012. IFOAM, Germany, pp 9-11. www.ifoam.org
Khaliq A., Cheema, Z. A., Mukthar, M. A. and Basra, S. M. A. (1999). Evaluation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) water extract for weeds control in soybean. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 1: 23-26.
Khor, M (1995, June 05). India: From green revolution to sustainable agriculture. Inter Press Service. http://www.ipsnews.net/1995/06/india-from-green-revolution-to-sustainable- agriculture.
Ladha, J. K. and Murty, M. G. (1988). Influence of Azospirillum inoculation on the mineral uptake and growth of rice under hydroponic conditions. Plant Soil, 108: 281-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375660
Lichtouse, E. 2009. Climate change, intercropping, pest control and beneficial microorganisms. Sustain. Agric. Rev., 2: 229-332.
Lowrance, R., Hendrix, P. F., and Odum, E. P. (1986). A hierarchical approach to sustainable Agriculture. American J. Alternative Agric., 1: 169-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300001260
Mahajan, G. and Brar, L. S. (2002). Integrated management of Phalaris minor in wheat: rationale and approaches – a review. Agric. Rev., 23 (4): 241-251.
Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N., Whitmore, P. A. and Mooney, J. S. (2014). Does organic management lead to enhanced soil physical quality? Geoderma 213: 435-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.033
Parthasarathy, V. A., Srinivasan, V., Devasahayam, S. and Anandaraj, M. (2004). Organic farming in spice crops. In: Proceedings of The International Conference on Organic Food’. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya.
Rajbhandari, B. P. (2002). Partnership for Sustainable Livelihood in the Fight for Food Security. Development Journal, SAGE publication, Rome, Italy 45(3)
Rajbhandari, B. P. (2011). Bio-intensive farming system: potential and constraints in the context of agroecology in the tropics. In: Agroecology, Ecosystems and Sustainability in Tropics (G. Poyyamoli Ed.). Stundera Press, pp. 71-87.
Rajbhandari, B. P. (2011). Bio-intensive farming system: validation of its approaches in increasing food production, improving food security and livelihoods. Nep. J. Agric. Sci., 9: 112-124.
Rajbhandari, B. P. and Gautam, B. R. (1998). Bio-intensive Farming System Manual. WOREC, Nepal.
Robertson, M. J., Llewellyn, R. S., Mandel, R., Lawes, R., Bramely, R. G. V. et al. (2012). Adoption of variable rate fertilizer application in the Australian grain industry:status, issues and prospects. Precis. Agric., 13(2): 181-199.
Shaw, R., lark, R. M.m Williams, A. P., Chadwick, D. R. and Jones, D. L. Characterising the within field scale spatial cariation in nitrogen in a grass land soil to inform the efficient design of in-situ nitrogen sensor networks for precision agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 230: 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.004
Shiwakoti, T. and Rajbhandari, B. P. (2016). Sustainable agriculture: impact of bio-intensive farming system on women’s empowerment, househols income and food/nutritional security. Nep. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 111-112.
Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Haring, A. and Dabbert, S. (2000). The Environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. In: Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, Dabbert S, Lampkin N, Michelsen J, Nieberg H and Zanoli R (eds). University of Hohenheim, Stuttgar, Germany.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2017). 50 years of green revolution: an anthology of research papers. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/10279
Tait, J. and Morris, D. (2000). Sustainable development of agriculture systems: compacting objectives and critical limits. Futures 32: 247-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00095-6.
Virdi, K. S., Joshi, N. and Singh, S. (2005). Green manuring an alternate way to improve soil fertility. Indian Farming. 55: 19-21.
Walter, A., Finger, R., Hubner, R., Buchnann, N. (2017). Opinion: smart farming is key to developing sustainable agriculture. PNAS 114(24): 6148-6150.
Altieri, M. and Nicholls, C. (2005). Agroecology and the Search for a Truly Sustainable Agriculture (1sted.). United Nations Environment Programme, Environmental Training Network for Latin America and Carribean, Boulevard de los Virreyes, Mexico.
Alvares, C. (1999). The Organic Farming Source Book. The Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India.
Anonymous (2011). The Green Revolution & Dr Norman Borlaug: Towards the "Evergreen Revolution".http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/borlaug/green-evolution.html
Anonymous (2014). Building a common vision for sustainable food and agriculture- principles and approaches. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 14.
Anonymous (2019). http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india. php.
Ansari, S. A. and Tabassum, S. (2018). A new perspective on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices: A review. Curr. Agric. Res. J., 6(2): 157-165.
APEDA. (2018). Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. https://apeda.gov.in
Aulakh, C. S. and Ravisankar, N. (2017). Organic farming in indian context: a perspective. Gtic. Agric. Res. J., 54(2):149-164.
Bouton, M. M. (2019, June 04). The paradox of India’s green revolution. The Hindu Business Line. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-paradox-of-indias-green- revolution / article27472671.ece.
Brodt, S., Six, J., Feenstra, G., Ingels, C. and Campbell, D. (2011). Sustainable agriculture. Nature Education Knowledge. 3(10):1.
Brown, J. R. (1984). Stewardship in agriculture. In: G.K.Douglass (ed.) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world. Westview Press, Boulder, Colarado.
Busse, M., Schwerdtner, W., Siebert, R., Doenberg, A., Kuntosh, A. et al. (2015). Analysis of anial monitoring technologies in Germany from an innovation system perspective. Agric. Syst. 138: 55-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.05.009.
Cheema, Z. A., Khaliq, A. and Mubeen, M. (2003). Response of wheat and winter weeds to foliar application of different plant extracts of sorghum (S. bicolor). Pak. J. Weed Sci., 9(1): 89-97.
Corwin, D. L. and Lesch, S. M. (2005). Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture. Comput. Electron. Agric., 46(3): 11-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.10.005.
Culleton, N., Tunney, H. and Coulter, B. (1994). Sustainability in Irish agriculture. Irish Geogr., 27(1):36-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750779409478697.
Douglass, G. K. (1984). The meaning of agricultural sustainability. In Douglass (ed.) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Westview press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
FIBL & IFOAM Yearbook, 2018. The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging trends. Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud (eds.). Medienhaus Plump, Rolandsecker Weg 33, 53619 Rheinbreitbach, Germany.
Finger, R., Swinton, S. M., El-Benni, N. and Walter, A. (2019). Precision Farming at the nexus of agricultural production and the environment. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ., 11:5.1-5.23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093929
Fountas, S., Ess D. R., Sorensen, C. G., Hawkins, S. E., Pedersen, H. H., Blackmore, B. S., DeBoer, J. L. (2005). Farmer experience with precision agriculture in Denmark and US eastern corn belt. Precis. Agric., 6(2):121-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-0004-1030-z.
García-Moreno, J., Zavala, M. L., Jordán, A. and Pereira, P. (2013). Mulch application in fruit orchards increases the persistence of soil water repellency during a 15-years period. Soil Tillage Res., 130: 62-68.
Goldman, A. (1995). Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: searching for appropriate paradigms. Hum. Ecol. 23(3): 291-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190135
IFOAM. (2005). Definition of organic agriculture. https://www.ifoam.bio/en/organic- landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture
IFOAM. (2012). The IFOAM norms for organic production and procession version 2012. IFOAM, Germany, pp 9-11. www.ifoam.org
Khaliq A., Cheema, Z. A., Mukthar, M. A. and Basra, S. M. A. (1999). Evaluation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) water extract for weeds control in soybean. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 1: 23-26.
Khor, M (1995, June 05). India: From green revolution to sustainable agriculture. Inter Press Service. http://www.ipsnews.net/1995/06/india-from-green-revolution-to-sustainable- agriculture.
Ladha, J. K. and Murty, M. G. (1988). Influence of Azospirillum inoculation on the mineral uptake and growth of rice under hydroponic conditions. Plant Soil, 108: 281-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375660
Lichtouse, E. 2009. Climate change, intercropping, pest control and beneficial microorganisms. Sustain. Agric. Rev., 2: 229-332.
Lowrance, R., Hendrix, P. F., and Odum, E. P. (1986). A hierarchical approach to sustainable Agriculture. American J. Alternative Agric., 1: 169-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300001260
Mahajan, G. and Brar, L. S. (2002). Integrated management of Phalaris minor in wheat: rationale and approaches – a review. Agric. Rev., 23 (4): 241-251.
Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N., Whitmore, P. A. and Mooney, J. S. (2014). Does organic management lead to enhanced soil physical quality? Geoderma 213: 435-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.033
Parthasarathy, V. A., Srinivasan, V., Devasahayam, S. and Anandaraj, M. (2004). Organic farming in spice crops. In: Proceedings of The International Conference on Organic Food’. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya.
Rajbhandari, B. P. (2002). Partnership for Sustainable Livelihood in the Fight for Food Security. Development Journal, SAGE publication, Rome, Italy 45(3)
Rajbhandari, B. P. (2011). Bio-intensive farming system: potential and constraints in the context of agroecology in the tropics. In: Agroecology, Ecosystems and Sustainability in Tropics (G. Poyyamoli Ed.). Stundera Press, pp. 71-87.
Rajbhandari, B. P. (2011). Bio-intensive farming system: validation of its approaches in increasing food production, improving food security and livelihoods. Nep. J. Agric. Sci., 9: 112-124.
Rajbhandari, B. P. and Gautam, B. R. (1998). Bio-intensive Farming System Manual. WOREC, Nepal.
Robertson, M. J., Llewellyn, R. S., Mandel, R., Lawes, R., Bramely, R. G. V. et al. (2012). Adoption of variable rate fertilizer application in the Australian grain industry:status, issues and prospects. Precis. Agric., 13(2): 181-199.
Shaw, R., lark, R. M.m Williams, A. P., Chadwick, D. R. and Jones, D. L. Characterising the within field scale spatial cariation in nitrogen in a grass land soil to inform the efficient design of in-situ nitrogen sensor networks for precision agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 230: 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.004
Shiwakoti, T. and Rajbhandari, B. P. (2016). Sustainable agriculture: impact of bio-intensive farming system on women’s empowerment, househols income and food/nutritional security. Nep. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 111-112.
Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Haring, A. and Dabbert, S. (2000). The Environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. In: Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, Dabbert S, Lampkin N, Michelsen J, Nieberg H and Zanoli R (eds). University of Hohenheim, Stuttgar, Germany.
Swaminathan, M. S. (2017). 50 years of green revolution: an anthology of research papers. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/10279
Tait, J. and Morris, D. (2000). Sustainable development of agriculture systems: compacting objectives and critical limits. Futures 32: 247-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00095-6.
Virdi, K. S., Joshi, N. and Singh, S. (2005). Green manuring an alternate way to improve soil fertility. Indian Farming. 55: 19-21.
Walter, A., Finger, R., Hubner, R., Buchnann, N. (2017). Opinion: smart farming is key to developing sustainable agriculture. PNAS 114(24): 6148-6150.
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Sustainable agriculture: Trends and opportunities for 21st Century. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(3), 666-672. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2156
