Climate smart agricultural technologies in rice-wheat water stressed regions of Punjab, India- A review
Article Main
Abstract
Intensively cultivated rice-wheat cropping sequence of Punjab, India responsible for many sustainability issues viz. declining underground water, declining soil health, arising micro-nutrient deficiencies etc. Around 1.3 M ha-m additional withdrawal of water from the ground is being taken place annually in Punjab and mainly it is used for the rice crop which is not a traditional crop of the region. Puddling, seepage and percolation losses are the main sources of water loss from the rice based cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGPs) and many Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs) have been recommended for water saving. The real water saving techniques are those which hinder the water from going into those sinks from where it cannot be reused (Evaporation, E) and diverted greater fraction of water of ET toward transpiration (T) which is desired as greater transpiration, greater the inflow of water and nutrients andwhich ultimately increase the grain yield with the lesser consumption of irrigation water as interval in between two irrigation increases, which further increase the water productivity. Among different RCTs, short duration crop varieties and delaying transplanting time are the real water saving techniques for the regions where water table is already declining down, however other RCTs may be suitable for the regions facing water logging problems as these cut down the drainage losses and these energy saving rather than water saving techniques.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
ET, IGPs, Puddling, Rice, RCTs, Water saving
References
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Arora, V.K., Jalota, S.K. and Singh, K.B. (2008). Managing water crisis for sustainable crop productivity in Punjab; an overview. J Res (PAU)., 45: 17-21.
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015). Direct seeded rice in South Asia. In: Eric Lichtfouse (ed.) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. 18: 217-252
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2017). Tillage and establishment method impacts on land and irrigation water productivity of wheat-rice system in North-west India. Experi Agri 53 (2): 178-201. DOI:10.1017/SOO14479716000272.
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S.(2018). Delineation of soil water balance in wheat-dry direct seeded rice system under conventional and zero-till conditions in semi-arid Tropics. Oryza 55(4): 574-589.
Bhatt, R. and Sharma, M. (2010). Management of irrigation water through Tensiometer in paddy-A case study in the Kapurthala District of Punjab. Paper orally presented and Published In Proceedings of Regional workshop on Water availability and Management in Punjab organised at Panjab University, Chandigarh.199-205.
Bhatt, R. and Singh, P. (2018). Rice-Wheat Cropping Sequence viz-a-viz Natural Resources of Punjab, India. Ann Agric Crop Sci., 3(1): 1033.
Bhatt, R., Arora, S. and Chew, C.C. (2016). Improving irrigation water productivity using Tensiometers. J Soil Water Conser., 15(2): 120-124.
Bhatt, R., Hossain, A. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2018a). Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate the Evapotranspiration for Sustainable Crop Production: A Perspective of Rice-Wheat Cropping System. Accepted in Agronomic crops (Springer-nature Publication)
Bhatt, R., Hossain, A. and Singh, P. (2018b). Scientific interventions to improve land and water productivity for climate smart agriculture in South-Asia. Accepted in Agronomic crops (Springer-nature Publication).
Bhatt, R., Kaur, R. and Gosh, A. (2018c). Strategies to practice climate smart agriculture to improve the livelihoods under rice-wheat systems in South Asia. Accepted in “Sustainable Soil and Environmental Management” (Springer publication).
Bhatt, R., Kukal, S. S., Busari, M.A., Arora, S. and Yadav, M. (2016). Sustainability issues on rice-wheat cropping system. International Soil Water Conser Res., 4: 68-83.
Bhuiyan, S. I., Sattar, M. A. and Khan, M. A. K. (1995). Improving water use efficiency in rice irrigation through wet seeding. Irrig Sci., 16: 1-8. DOI:10.1007/BF00208389
Bouman, B. A. M. and Tuong, T. P. (2001). Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated rice. Agri Water Manage., 49: 11-30.
Brar, A.S., Mahal, S.S., Buttar, G.S. and Deol, J.S. (2011). Water productivity, economics and energetics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different methods of crop establishment. Indian J Agron., 56: 317-320.
Dawe, D. (2005). Increasing water productivity in rice-based systems in Asia, past trends, current problems, and future prospects. Plant Prod Sci., 8: 221-30. DOI:10. 1626/pps.8.221.
Dhillon, B.S., Kataria, P. and Dhillon, P.K. (2010). National food security vis-à-vis sustainability of agriculture in high crop productivity regions. Curr Sci., 98: 33–36.
Gao, X.P., Zou, C.Q., Fan, X.Y., Zhang, F.S. and Hoffland, E. (2006). From flooded to aerobic conditions in rice cultivation: consequences for zinc uptake. Plant Soil., 280: 41– 47.
Gupta, R. and Seth, A. (2007). A review of resource conserving technologies for sustainable management of the rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Crop Prot., 26: 436-47.
Hira, G.S., Gupta, P.K. and Josan, A.S. (1998). Waterlogging Causes and Remedial Measures in South-West Punjab. Research Bulletin No. 1/98. Department of Soils, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana.
Hossain, A. and Bhatt, R. (2019). intervention of climate smart technologies for improving water productivity in an enormous water use rice-wheat system of South-Asia. International letters of Natural Sci., 75: 27-35. DOI:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.75.27
Hukkeri, S.B. and Sharma, A.K. (1980). Water use efficiency of transplanted and direct sown rice after different water management practices. Ind J Agric Sci., 50: 240-43.
Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S., Christen, E.W., Hira, G.S., Singh, B., Yadav, S. and Sharma, R.K. (2010). Halting the groundwater decline in north-west India-which crop technologies will be winners? Adv Agron., 109: 156-99.
IRRI. (2006). Bringing hope, improving lives: Strategic Plan2007–2015. Manila (Philippines). 61 p.
Jain, A.K. and Kumar, R. (2007). Water management issues–Punjab, North-West India. Proc paper In: Indo-US Workshop on Innovative E-technologies for Distance Education and Extension/Outreach for Efficient Water Management. ICRISAT, Hyderabad.
Jalota, S.K. and Arora, V.K.(2002). Model-based assessment of water balance components under different cropping systems in north-west India. Agric Water Manage., 57: 75–87.
Jat, M. L., Gathala, M.K., Ladha, J.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, A.S., Vipin, Kumar., Sharma, S.K., Kumar, V. and Gupta, R. K. (2009). Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the rice-wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil Till Res.,105:112-21
Jat, M. L., Gupta, R., Saharawat, Y.S. and Khosla, R. (2011). Layering Precision Land Leveling and Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed Planting: Productivity and Input Use Efficiency of Irrigated Bread Wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains. American J Plant Sci.,2:578-88
Jat, M.L., Chandna, P., Gupta, R., Sharma, S.K. and Gill, M.A. (2006). Laser Land Leveling: A Precursor Technology for Resource Conservation. Rice-Wheat Consortium Technical Bulletin Series 7. New Delhi: Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
Jat, M.L., Pal, S.S., Subba Rao, A.V.M. and Sharma, S.K. (2003). Improving resource use efficiency in wheat through laser land leveling in an ustochrept of Indo-Gangetic plain. In: National Seminar on Developments in Soil Science, 68th Annual Convention of the Indian Society of Soil Science, November 4-8,2003, CSAUAT, Kanpur (UP).
Kahlown, M.A., Azam, M. and Kemper, W.D. (2002). Soil management strategies for rice–wheat rotations in Pakistan’s Punjab. J Soil Water Conser., 61:40–44
Kukal SS, Hira GS, Sidhu AS (2005) Soil matric potential-based irrigation scheduling to rice (Oryza sativa). Irrigation Science 23, 153-159.
Kukal, S.S. and Aggarwal, G.C. (2003a) Puddling depth and intensity effects in rice–wheat system on a sandy loam soil. I. Development of subsurface compaction. Soil Till Res., 72:1–8.
Kukal, S.S. and Aggarwal, G.C. (2003b). Puddling depth and intensity effects in rice–wheat system on a sandy loam soil II. Water use and crop performance. Soil Till Res., 74: 37–45.
Kukal, S.S., Singh, Y., Yadav, S., Humphreys, E., Kaur, A. and Thaman, S. (2008). Why grain yield of transplanted rice on permanent raised beds declines with time? Soil Till Res., 99: 261–267.
Kukal, S.S., Yadav S., Humphreys, E., Kaur, A., Singh, Y., Thaman, S., Singh, V. and Timsinac, J. (2010). Factors affecting irrigation water savings in raised beds in rice and wheat. Field Crop Res., 118: 43–50.
Minhas, P.S., Jalota, S.K., Arora, V.K., Jain, A.K., Vashist, K.K., Choudhary, O.P., Kukal, S.S. and Vashisht, B.B. (2010). Managing water resources for ensuing sustainable agriculture: Situational analysis and options for Punjab. Research Bulletin. Directorate of Research, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
Pal, S.S., Jat, M.L. and Subba Rao, A.V.M. (2003). Laser land leveling for improving water productivity in rice-wheat system. PDCSR Newsletter
Prihar, S.S., Arora, V.K. and Jalota, S.K. (2010). Enhancing crop water productivity to ameliorate groundwater decline. Curr Sci., 99: 588-93.
Rao, A.N., Johnson, D.E., Sivaprasad, B., Ladha, J.K. and Mortimer, A.M. (2007). Weed management in direct-seeded rice. Adv. Agron., 93, 153–255.
Rashid, M.H., Alam, M.M., Khan, M. A.H. and Ladha, J.K. (2009). Productivity and resource use of direct-(drum)-seeded and transplanted rice in puddled soils in rice-rice and rice-wheat ecosystem. Field Crops Res., 113: 274-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.004.
Rickman, J.F. (2002). Manual for laser land leveling, Rice-wheat Consortium Technical Bulletin Series 5. New Delhi-12, India: Rice-wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains. pp. 24.
Sattar, A., Khan. F.H. and Tahir, A.R. (2003). Impact of precision land leveling on water saving and drainage requirement. J AMA., 34: 39- 41.
Singh, Y., Singh, G., Johnson, D. and Mortimer, M. (2005). Changing from transplanted rice to direct seeding in the rice–wheat cropping system in India. In: Rice is Life: Scientific Perspectives for the 21st Century, Tsukuba, Japan: Proceedings of the World Rice Research Conference, 4–7 November 2004, pp. 198–201.
Soni, V. (2012). Groundwater loss in India and an integrated climate solution. Curr Sci., 102(8):1098-2001
Sudhir-Yadav., Gill, G., Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S. and Walia, U.S. (2011a). Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddle transplanted rice. Part-1 Crop performance. Field Crop Res., 120: 112–122.
Sudhir-Yadav., Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S., Gill, G. and Rangarajan, R. (2011b). Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddled transplanted rice. Part-2 Water balance and water productivity. Field Crop Res., 120: 123–132.
Sur, H.S., Prihar, S.S. and Jalota, S.K. (1981). Effect of rice–wheat and maize–wheat rotations on water transmission and wheat root development in a sandy loam of the Punjab, India. Soil Till Res., 1: 361–371.
Tuong, T. P. (1999). Productive water use in rice production, Opportunities and limitations. J Crop Prod 2: 241-64.
Tuong, T.P., Pablico, P.P., Yamauchi, M., Confesor, R. and Moody, K. (2000). Increasing water productivity and weed suppression of wet seeded rice: effect of water management and rice genotypes. J. Exp. Agric., 36: 1–19.
Tyagi, S. K., Datta, P. S. and Singh, R. (2012). Need for proper water management for food security. Curr Sci., 105: 690-695.
Wallace, J.S. and Gregory, P.J. (2002). Water resources and their use in food production. Aq Sci., 64: 363-375.
Yadav, M., Tripathi J, Rawal N, Yadav B.P, McDonald, A., Humphreys, E. Yadav, S., Devkota, K., Bhatt, R. and Marasini, M. (2015). Direct Seeded Rice Productivity as Influenced by Establishment Methods, Seed Rate and Weed Management. Pp 347-352 IN Proceedings of the 28th National Summer Crops Workshop. 17-18 March 2015. Published by Government of Nepal, Nepal Agricultural Research Council. ISBN: 978-9937-0-3554-5, NPSN: 00578-391/2017/18.
Yadav, M., Tripathi J., Bhatt R. and Rawal, N. (2018). Tensiometer based irrigation scheduling in wheat for improved water use efficiency in Nepal. J Soil Water Conser., 17(3): 275-279. DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00040.1
Arora, V.K, Singh, C.B., Sidhu, A.S. and Thind, S.S. (2011). Irrigation, tillage and mulching effects on soybean yield and water productivity in relation to soil texture. Agric Water Manage., 98: 563–68.
Arora, V.K., Jalota, S.K. and Singh, K.B. (2008). Managing water crisis for sustainable crop productivity in Punjab; an overview. J Res (PAU)., 45: 17-21.
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2015). Direct seeded rice in South Asia. In: Eric Lichtfouse (ed.) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. 18: 217-252
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S. (2017). Tillage and establishment method impacts on land and irrigation water productivity of wheat-rice system in North-west India. Experi Agri 53 (2): 178-201. DOI:10.1017/SOO14479716000272.
Bhatt, R. and Kukal, S.S.(2018). Delineation of soil water balance in wheat-dry direct seeded rice system under conventional and zero-till conditions in semi-arid Tropics. Oryza 55(4): 574-589.
Bhatt, R. and Sharma, M. (2010). Management of irrigation water through Tensiometer in paddy-A case study in the Kapurthala District of Punjab. Paper orally presented and Published In Proceedings of Regional workshop on Water availability and Management in Punjab organised at Panjab University, Chandigarh.199-205.
Bhatt, R. and Singh, P. (2018). Rice-Wheat Cropping Sequence viz-a-viz Natural Resources of Punjab, India. Ann Agric Crop Sci., 3(1): 1033.
Bhatt, R., Arora, S. and Chew, C.C. (2016). Improving irrigation water productivity using Tensiometers. J Soil Water Conser., 15(2): 120-124.
Bhatt, R., Hossain, A. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2018a). Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate the Evapotranspiration for Sustainable Crop Production: A Perspective of Rice-Wheat Cropping System. Accepted in Agronomic crops (Springer-nature Publication)
Bhatt, R., Hossain, A. and Singh, P. (2018b). Scientific interventions to improve land and water productivity for climate smart agriculture in South-Asia. Accepted in Agronomic crops (Springer-nature Publication).
Bhatt, R., Kaur, R. and Gosh, A. (2018c). Strategies to practice climate smart agriculture to improve the livelihoods under rice-wheat systems in South Asia. Accepted in “Sustainable Soil and Environmental Management” (Springer publication).
Bhatt, R., Kukal, S. S., Busari, M.A., Arora, S. and Yadav, M. (2016). Sustainability issues on rice-wheat cropping system. International Soil Water Conser Res., 4: 68-83.
Bhuiyan, S. I., Sattar, M. A. and Khan, M. A. K. (1995). Improving water use efficiency in rice irrigation through wet seeding. Irrig Sci., 16: 1-8. DOI:10.1007/BF00208389
Bouman, B. A. M. and Tuong, T. P. (2001). Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated rice. Agri Water Manage., 49: 11-30.
Brar, A.S., Mahal, S.S., Buttar, G.S. and Deol, J.S. (2011). Water productivity, economics and energetics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different methods of crop establishment. Indian J Agron., 56: 317-320.
Dawe, D. (2005). Increasing water productivity in rice-based systems in Asia, past trends, current problems, and future prospects. Plant Prod Sci., 8: 221-30. DOI:10. 1626/pps.8.221.
Dhillon, B.S., Kataria, P. and Dhillon, P.K. (2010). National food security vis-à-vis sustainability of agriculture in high crop productivity regions. Curr Sci., 98: 33–36.
Gao, X.P., Zou, C.Q., Fan, X.Y., Zhang, F.S. and Hoffland, E. (2006). From flooded to aerobic conditions in rice cultivation: consequences for zinc uptake. Plant Soil., 280: 41– 47.
Gupta, R. and Seth, A. (2007). A review of resource conserving technologies for sustainable management of the rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Crop Prot., 26: 436-47.
Hira, G.S., Gupta, P.K. and Josan, A.S. (1998). Waterlogging Causes and Remedial Measures in South-West Punjab. Research Bulletin No. 1/98. Department of Soils, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana.
Hossain, A. and Bhatt, R. (2019). intervention of climate smart technologies for improving water productivity in an enormous water use rice-wheat system of South-Asia. International letters of Natural Sci., 75: 27-35. DOI:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.75.27
Hukkeri, S.B. and Sharma, A.K. (1980). Water use efficiency of transplanted and direct sown rice after different water management practices. Ind J Agric Sci., 50: 240-43.
Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S., Christen, E.W., Hira, G.S., Singh, B., Yadav, S. and Sharma, R.K. (2010). Halting the groundwater decline in north-west India-which crop technologies will be winners? Adv Agron., 109: 156-99.
IRRI. (2006). Bringing hope, improving lives: Strategic Plan2007–2015. Manila (Philippines). 61 p.
Jain, A.K. and Kumar, R. (2007). Water management issues–Punjab, North-West India. Proc paper In: Indo-US Workshop on Innovative E-technologies for Distance Education and Extension/Outreach for Efficient Water Management. ICRISAT, Hyderabad.
Jalota, S.K. and Arora, V.K.(2002). Model-based assessment of water balance components under different cropping systems in north-west India. Agric Water Manage., 57: 75–87.
Jat, M. L., Gathala, M.K., Ladha, J.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, A.S., Vipin, Kumar., Sharma, S.K., Kumar, V. and Gupta, R. K. (2009). Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the rice-wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil Till Res.,105:112-21
Jat, M. L., Gupta, R., Saharawat, Y.S. and Khosla, R. (2011). Layering Precision Land Leveling and Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed Planting: Productivity and Input Use Efficiency of Irrigated Bread Wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains. American J Plant Sci.,2:578-88
Jat, M.L., Chandna, P., Gupta, R., Sharma, S.K. and Gill, M.A. (2006). Laser Land Leveling: A Precursor Technology for Resource Conservation. Rice-Wheat Consortium Technical Bulletin Series 7. New Delhi: Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
Jat, M.L., Pal, S.S., Subba Rao, A.V.M. and Sharma, S.K. (2003). Improving resource use efficiency in wheat through laser land leveling in an ustochrept of Indo-Gangetic plain. In: National Seminar on Developments in Soil Science, 68th Annual Convention of the Indian Society of Soil Science, November 4-8,2003, CSAUAT, Kanpur (UP).
Kahlown, M.A., Azam, M. and Kemper, W.D. (2002). Soil management strategies for rice–wheat rotations in Pakistan’s Punjab. J Soil Water Conser., 61:40–44
Kukal SS, Hira GS, Sidhu AS (2005) Soil matric potential-based irrigation scheduling to rice (Oryza sativa). Irrigation Science 23, 153-159.
Kukal, S.S. and Aggarwal, G.C. (2003a) Puddling depth and intensity effects in rice–wheat system on a sandy loam soil. I. Development of subsurface compaction. Soil Till Res., 72:1–8.
Kukal, S.S. and Aggarwal, G.C. (2003b). Puddling depth and intensity effects in rice–wheat system on a sandy loam soil II. Water use and crop performance. Soil Till Res., 74: 37–45.
Kukal, S.S., Singh, Y., Yadav, S., Humphreys, E., Kaur, A. and Thaman, S. (2008). Why grain yield of transplanted rice on permanent raised beds declines with time? Soil Till Res., 99: 261–267.
Kukal, S.S., Yadav S., Humphreys, E., Kaur, A., Singh, Y., Thaman, S., Singh, V. and Timsinac, J. (2010). Factors affecting irrigation water savings in raised beds in rice and wheat. Field Crop Res., 118: 43–50.
Minhas, P.S., Jalota, S.K., Arora, V.K., Jain, A.K., Vashist, K.K., Choudhary, O.P., Kukal, S.S. and Vashisht, B.B. (2010). Managing water resources for ensuing sustainable agriculture: Situational analysis and options for Punjab. Research Bulletin. Directorate of Research, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
Pal, S.S., Jat, M.L. and Subba Rao, A.V.M. (2003). Laser land leveling for improving water productivity in rice-wheat system. PDCSR Newsletter
Prihar, S.S., Arora, V.K. and Jalota, S.K. (2010). Enhancing crop water productivity to ameliorate groundwater decline. Curr Sci., 99: 588-93.
Rao, A.N., Johnson, D.E., Sivaprasad, B., Ladha, J.K. and Mortimer, A.M. (2007). Weed management in direct-seeded rice. Adv. Agron., 93, 153–255.
Rashid, M.H., Alam, M.M., Khan, M. A.H. and Ladha, J.K. (2009). Productivity and resource use of direct-(drum)-seeded and transplanted rice in puddled soils in rice-rice and rice-wheat ecosystem. Field Crops Res., 113: 274-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.004.
Rickman, J.F. (2002). Manual for laser land leveling, Rice-wheat Consortium Technical Bulletin Series 5. New Delhi-12, India: Rice-wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains. pp. 24.
Sattar, A., Khan. F.H. and Tahir, A.R. (2003). Impact of precision land leveling on water saving and drainage requirement. J AMA., 34: 39- 41.
Singh, Y., Singh, G., Johnson, D. and Mortimer, M. (2005). Changing from transplanted rice to direct seeding in the rice–wheat cropping system in India. In: Rice is Life: Scientific Perspectives for the 21st Century, Tsukuba, Japan: Proceedings of the World Rice Research Conference, 4–7 November 2004, pp. 198–201.
Soni, V. (2012). Groundwater loss in India and an integrated climate solution. Curr Sci., 102(8):1098-2001
Sudhir-Yadav., Gill, G., Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S. and Walia, U.S. (2011a). Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddle transplanted rice. Part-1 Crop performance. Field Crop Res., 120: 112–122.
Sudhir-Yadav., Humphreys, E., Kukal, S.S., Gill, G. and Rangarajan, R. (2011b). Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddled transplanted rice. Part-2 Water balance and water productivity. Field Crop Res., 120: 123–132.
Sur, H.S., Prihar, S.S. and Jalota, S.K. (1981). Effect of rice–wheat and maize–wheat rotations on water transmission and wheat root development in a sandy loam of the Punjab, India. Soil Till Res., 1: 361–371.
Tuong, T. P. (1999). Productive water use in rice production, Opportunities and limitations. J Crop Prod 2: 241-64.
Tuong, T.P., Pablico, P.P., Yamauchi, M., Confesor, R. and Moody, K. (2000). Increasing water productivity and weed suppression of wet seeded rice: effect of water management and rice genotypes. J. Exp. Agric., 36: 1–19.
Tyagi, S. K., Datta, P. S. and Singh, R. (2012). Need for proper water management for food security. Curr Sci., 105: 690-695.
Wallace, J.S. and Gregory, P.J. (2002). Water resources and their use in food production. Aq Sci., 64: 363-375.
Yadav, M., Tripathi J, Rawal N, Yadav B.P, McDonald, A., Humphreys, E. Yadav, S., Devkota, K., Bhatt, R. and Marasini, M. (2015). Direct Seeded Rice Productivity as Influenced by Establishment Methods, Seed Rate and Weed Management. Pp 347-352 IN Proceedings of the 28th National Summer Crops Workshop. 17-18 March 2015. Published by Government of Nepal, Nepal Agricultural Research Council. ISBN: 978-9937-0-3554-5, NPSN: 00578-391/2017/18.
Yadav, M., Tripathi J., Bhatt R. and Rawal, N. (2018). Tensiometer based irrigation scheduling in wheat for improved water use efficiency in Nepal. J Soil Water Conser., 17(3): 275-279. DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00040.1
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Climate smart agricultural technologies in rice-wheat water stressed regions of Punjab, India- A review. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(3), 698-703. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2149
