Effective framework for Environmental-flows estimation for data deficient Indian rivers
Article Main
Abstract
Data deficiency is a major problem in recommending appropriate environmental flows (e-flows) requirements for rivers in many parts of the world. Several studies have been done using a variety of e-flows assessment methodologies. Large dams and hydropower projects are major manipulators of the flow regimes resulting in degraded ecosystems ubiquitously. In India attempts have been made to develop e-flows requirements of rivers to maintain a good riverine ecosystem. Most of the studies are based on hydrological methods, which do not take all the variables affecting flow-regimes into consideration. This paper highlights the problems in assessment of e-flows and their on-ground implications in India. In this study, probable solutions to these problems are suggested a conceptual framework for data deficient areas is proposed. This framework is based upon extensive baseline surveys of fluvial morphology, ecology and of indigenous population. Framework has six steps namely: monitoring the baseline conditions, setting up objectives, hydrological analysis, ecological analysis, climatic anomalies incorporation and recommendations. Finally, e-flows recommendations are made based on hydrological studies, habitat suitability curves and area of inland water body which should be maintained in the river basin. All these recommendations are compared and suitable e-flows recommendations are made based on studied variables. The review also suggests for bottom-up approach for e-flows assessment i.e. e-flows assessment and application should be done on small tributaries of rivers in initial phase of projects and those methods which deliver satisfactory results should only be applied to larger rivers.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Environmental flows, River basin management, Data deficiency, Indian rivers, Framework design
References
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Durbude, D.G. (2014) Desktop approach for environmental flow assessment of a river. International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 3(3): 105-112.
Dutta, V., Sharma, U., Iqbal, K., Adeeba, Kumar, R., and Pathak, A.K., (2018). Impact of river channelization and riverfront development on fluvial habitat: evidence from Gomti River, a tributary of Ganges, India. Environmental Sustainability. DOI: 10.1007/s42398-018-0016-0.
Dutta, V., Sharma, U., and Kumar, R. (2019). Restoring environmental flows for managing river ecosystems: global scenario with special reference to india, Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development Volume 1: Air, Water and Energy Resources Editors: Shukla, Vertika, Kumar, Narendra (Eds.), Springer. (In press).
Finer, M. and Jenkins, C.N. (2012). Proliferation of hydroelectric dams in the Andean Amazon and implications for Andes-Amazon connectivity. PLoS ONE, 7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035126
Finn, M., and Jackson, S. (2011). Protecting Indigenous values in water management: a challenge to conventional environmental flow assessments. Ecosystems, 14: 1232-1248. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9476-0.
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Grumbine, R.E. and Pandit, M.K. (2013). Threats from India’s Himalaya dams. Science, 339: 36-37. doi: 10.1126/science.1227211.
International rivers organization (2014). Website, link: https://www.internationalrivers.org/environmental-flows.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2011). Link: https://www.iucn.org/theme/water/our-work/environmental-flows.
Jha R., Sharma K.D. and Singh V.P. (2008). Critical Appraisal of Methods for the Assessment of Environmental Flows and their Application in Two River Systems of India, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 12(3): 213-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-008-0213-y.
Jha, D.N., Alam A. and Joshi K.D. (2014). Environmental Flow Requirements: A Case Study of River Sone. Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, West Bengal, Bulletin No. 189.
King, J., and Brown, C., (2006). Environmental flows: striking the balance between development and resource protection. Ecology and Society 11(2): 26. URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art26/
King, J.M., and Brown, C., (2018). Environmental Flow Assessments Are Not Realizing Their Potential as an Aid to Basin Planning. Front. Environ. Sci.. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00113.
Kumara B.K.H., Srikantaswamy S. and Bai S. (2010). Environmental flows in Bhadra River, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 2(7): 164-173.
Lytle, D.A., and Poff, N.L., (2004). Adaptation to natural flow regimes. Trend. Ecol. Evol. 19, 94_100. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.002.
McCully, P., and Silenced Rivers (199). The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams. Zed Books, London.
Mehta, L. (2001). The manufacture of popular perception of scarcity: Dams and water- related narratives in Gujarat, India. World development, 29(12):2025-2041. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00087-0
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O’Keeffe, J.H. and Le Quesne, T. (2009). Keeping rivers alive: a primer on environmental fl ows. WWF Water Security Series 2. Godalming: WWF-UK, 39 pp.
Pandit M.K., (2013). The Himalayas must be protected. Nature, 501, pp. 283, Macmillan Publishers Limited. doi: 10.1038/501283a.
Pandit, M., Sodhi, N.S., Koh, L.P., Bhaskar, A. 2013 Brook, B.W. (2007). Unreported yet massive deforestation driving loss of endemic biodiversity in Indian Himalayas. Biodivers. Conserv., 16: 153-163. doi: 10.1007/s10531-006-9038-5
Pandit, M.K. and Grumbine, R.E. (2012). Potential effects of ongoing and proposed hydropower development on terrestrial biological diversity in the Indian Himalaya. Conserv. Biol., 26, 1061-1071. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01918.x.
Poff, N.L., and Matthews, J.H. (2013). Environmental flows in the Anthropocene: past progress and future prospects. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 5: 667-675. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.006
Poff, N.L., Olden, J.D., Merritt, D.M. and Pepin D.M. (2007). Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, pp. 5732-5737, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609812104
Poff, N.L., Richter, B.D., Arthington, A.H., Bunn, S.E., Naiman, R.J., Kendy, E., Acreman, M., Apse, C., Bledsoe, B.P., Freeman, M.C., Henriksen, J., Jacobson, R.B., Kennen, J.G., Merritt, D.M., O’keeffe, .H., Olden, .D., Rogers, K., Tharme, R.E., Warner, A., (2010). The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards. Freshw. Biol. 55: 147-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02204.x
Poff, N.L., Tharme, R.E., Arthington, A.H., (2017). Evolution of environmental flows assessment science, principles, and methodologies, Chapter 11 in Water for the Environment. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803907-6.00011-5
Rajvanshi, A., Arora, R., Mathur, V.B., Sivakumar, K., Sathyakumar, S., Rawat, G.S., Johnson, J.A., Ramesh, K., Dimri, N.K., and Maletha, A. (2012). Assessment of Cumulative Impacts of Hydroelectric Projects on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins, Uttarakhand. Wildlife Institute of India, Technical Report. Pp 203 plus Appendices.
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Effective framework for Environmental-flows estimation for data deficient Indian rivers. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(2), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2116
