Geospatial mapping and drinking water quality status of fluoride endemic hilly District Doda (J&K), India
Article Main
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the drinking water quality status of various surface and ground water sources and the supplied water from two water filtration plants supplying drinking water to Doda town and its adjoining areas by using Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) and geospatial mapping techniques. Doda is fluoride endemic district of Jammu and Kashmir State where groundwater fluoride concentration upto 7.0 mg/L is recorded. Water samples collected from about twenty two drinking water sources from two blocks of Doda district (Bhagwah and Doda blocks) were analyzed at pre-determined locations marked using handheld GPS(Montana 650). These locations formed the attribute database for the study based on which fluoride distribution maps have been derived and integrated with Arithmetic WQI through Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation technique. Prepared thematic maps have confirmed the vulnerability of the drinking water sources and water supply systems in the study area, thus, posing a serious public health concern. Based on the WQI, water quality status of Beoli filtration plant (WQI=43.26) falls under the category of good water whereas that of Moochan filtration plant (WQI=157.41) has been classified as unfit for drinking. The geochemical evolution of the water studied using Piper’s diagram has shown mixed type of hydrochemical facies. Coefficient of correlation(r) between different parameters has indicated significant correlation between several parameters. The study urges the concerned government authorities to make provisions for providing safe drinking water to public which is free of turbidity and low in fluoride concentration.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Doda, fluoride, Ground water quality, Thematic map, Water quality index
References
Abbasi, S.A., (2002). Water quality indices, state of the art report, National Institute of Hydrology, scientific contribution no. INCOH/SAR-25/2002, Roorkee: INCOH, pp 73.
Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. (2012) Water quality indices. Elsevier, p, 363
Akkaraboyina, M. K. and Raju, B. S. N. (2012). A Comparative Study of Water Quality Indices of River Godavari. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2(3):29-34.
APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, American Public Health Association 21st ed., Washington, D.C.
Babiker, I.S., Mohamed, M.A.A., Hiyama, T.(2006). Assessing groundwater quality using GIS. Water Resour. Manag. 214: 699–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006- 9059-6.
Bansal, J. and Dwivedi, A. K. (2018). Technology assessment of ground water quality by using water quality index and physico chemical parameters: Review paper. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research, 7(2):170-174
Boateng, T.K., Opoku, F., Acquaah, S.O., Akoto, O.(2016). Groundwater quality assessment using statistical approach and water quality index in Ejisu- Juaben municipality, Ghana. Environ. Earth Sci. 75: 489.
Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1996) Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS, Vol. 13: Computer Methods in the Geosciences. Pergamon, Oxford, 98.
Brindha, K. Rajesh, R. Murugan, R. and Elango, L. (2012). Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater in Some Rural Areas of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Environment Science and Engineering, 50(1):64-70
Brown, R. M., McCleiland, N. J, Deininger, R. A. and O'Conner, M. F., (1972). A water quality index - crossing the psychological barrier. In Jenkis, S.H. (Eds.). Proceedings of International Conference on Water Pollution Research (pp.787-797). Jerusalem.
Brown, R. M., McCleiland, N. J, Deininger, R. A. and Tozer, R. G. (1970). A Water Quality Index do we dare. Water Sewage Works, 117(10):339-343.
Bureau of Indian Standards BIS (1991). Indian standard specifications for drinking water IS:10500-91. New Delhi.
Census of India (2011). Retrieved from www.census2011.co.in. on 10-03-2019.
Central Ground Water Board (2014). Ministry of Water Resources. Ground water information booklet of Doda district, Jammu & Kashmir. North Western Himalayan Region Jammu, India.
Chatterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 1(2): 181-89.
Choubisa, S. L. (2011). Food, fluoride, and fluorosis in domestic ruminants in the Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, India. Fluoride, 44(2):70-76.
Collet, C. (1996). Geographic Information System: Needs and Software. Boston, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Debels, P. Figueroa, R., Urrutia, R., Barra, R. and Niell, X.(2005) Evaluation of water quality in the Chillan River (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 110: 301–322 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-005-8064-1
Dhakad, N. K., Shinde, D. and Choudhary, P. (2008). Water quality index of pre-treated (Raw) and treated water of Anas-dam reservoir of Jhabua town (M.P.). Indian Research Communication, 2(1): 53-56.
Dhar, S. and Slathia, D. (2018) Arithmetic Water Quality Index for evaluation of drinking water quality of Lake Mansar, J&K, India. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 7(11):208-244.
Fadiran, A. O., Dlamini, S. C. and Mavuso, A. (2008). A comparative study of the phosphate levels in some surface and ground water bodies of Swaziland. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 22(2):197-206.
Gajbhiye, S., Meshram, C., Singh, S.K., Srivastava, P. K. and Islam, T. (2016). Precipitation trend analysis of Sindh River basin, India, from 102-year record (1901-2002). Atmospheric Science Letters,
17(1):71-77
Ganesh, K. S., Xavier, R. L., Nagarajan, M. and Sundaramoorthy, P. (2015). Physico-chemical properties of Sri Sanishwaran temple pond Water, Tirunullahr. World Scientific News, 21:1-11.
Gupta, R. D. (2006). Environmental Pollution: Hazards and Control. Concept publishing company, New Delhi, 110059.
Horton, R. K.(1965) An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of Water Pollution Control Administration, 37(3): 300.
Huchhe, M. R. and Bandela, N. N. (2016). Study of Water Quality Parameter Assessment using GIS and Remote Sensing in DR. B.A.M University, Aurangabad, MS. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 5(6): 46-50.
Jhariya, D. C., Kumar, T. , Dewangan, R., Pal, D. and Dewangan, P.K.(2017). Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index for Drinking Purpose in the Durg District, Chhattisgarh Using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Techniques. Journal of Geological Society of India, 89:453-459
Kannel P.R., Lee S., Kanel, S.R., Khan, S.P., Lee Y.S. (2007). Spatial-temporal variation and comparative assessment of water qualities of urban river system: a case study of the river Bagmati (Nepal). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129(1-3):433-59.
Khandare, A.L., Gourineni, S.R. and Validandi, V.(2017). Dental fluorosis, nutritional status, kidney damage, and thyroid function along with bone metabolic indicators in school-going children living in fluoride-affected hilly areas of Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Environ Monit Assess., 189: 579 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6288-5.
Khandare, H. W. (2013). Fluoride contaminated Water and its Implications on Human Health-A Review. International Journal of Chemical and Technical Research, 5(1): 502-511.
Kumar, N. and Nath, S. (2013). Analysis of Physico-chemical properties of water from Markanday Spring in Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, a novel Report. International Journal of current Research, 5(1):56-58.
Magesh, N.S., Chandrasekar, N. Soundranayagam, J.P.(2012) Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS and MIF techniques. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(2): 189-196
Mishra, P. C. and Patel. R. K. (2001). Quality of drinking water in Rourkela, outside the steel township. Journal of Environment and Pollution 8(2): 165-169.
Nag, A. and Gupta, H. (2014). Physicochemical analysis of some water ponds in and around Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(5): 676-682.
Naveen, S., Aishwarya, J. and Rashmishree, K.N. (2018) Determination of Water quality of Vengaihnakere Lake and Varthur lake, Bangalore. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 05(06):2395-0056.
PHE supplies untreated water to Doda town, Treatment plant defunct (2016, May 11). Northlines. Retrieved from http://thenorthlines.com/phe-supplies-untreated-water-to-doda-town-treatment-plant-defunct/ on 10-03-2019.
Piper, A. M.(1953). A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. USGS groundwater note, pp. 12.
Piper, A.M.(1944). A graphical procedure in the chemical interpretation of groundwater analysis. Trans. Amer. Geophy. Union, 25, 914-928.
Rabeiy, R.E.(2018). Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality using WQI and GIS in Upper Egypt area. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int., 25(31):30808-30817. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8617-1.
Reda, A. H. (2015). Assessment of the physico-chemical quality of spring water in Arbaminch Ethiopia. Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2(5):2380-2391.
Singh, R. and Maheshwari, R. C. (2001). Defluoridation of drinking water–a review. Indian Journal of Environment Protection, 21(11): 983–991.
Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Pandey, A. C. and Gautam, S. K. (2013b). Integrated assessment of groundwater influenced by a confluence river system: Concurrence with remote sensing and geochemical modelling. Water Resources Management, 27(12):4291–4313.
Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K. and Pandey, A. C. (2013a). Fluoride contamination mapping of groundwater in Northern India integrated with geochemical indicators and GIS. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,13(6):1513–1523.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibra and rates in natural waters.3rd Ed., New York: Wiley-Interscience,
Sustainable Development Goals(2016). Sustainable development Goals. Retrieved from https://sustainable development.un.org on 05-05-2019
Tiwari A. K. and Singh A. K. (2014). Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 83(3): 329-343.
Tiwari, A.K., Singh, P.K. and Mahato, M.K.(2014) GIS-Based Evaluation of Water Quality Index of Groundwater Resources in West Bokaro coalfield, India. Current World Environment, 9(3): 843-850.
Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems, Third Ed. Academic Press, London.
World Health Organisation (WHO1984). Fluorine and fluorides. Environmental health criteria. Geneva.
WHO (1993). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Vol.1 Recommendations, World Health Organisation Geneva.
WHO (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality. 3rd Edn, World Health Organisation Geneva.
WHO (2012). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th Ed. World Health Organisation Geneva.
Wotchoko, P., Tita, M. A., Kouankap, N. G. D., Alice, M., Nkemnji, J. Z., Guedjeo, C. S and Kamgang, K. V. (2016). Physico-chemical analysis of water quality of springs in Bafia-Muyuka, North-Eastern Flank of Mount Cameroon. American Journal of Water Resources, 4(5):111-120.
Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A. (2012) Water quality indices. Elsevier, p, 363
Akkaraboyina, M. K. and Raju, B. S. N. (2012). A Comparative Study of Water Quality Indices of River Godavari. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2(3):29-34.
APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, American Public Health Association 21st ed., Washington, D.C.
Babiker, I.S., Mohamed, M.A.A., Hiyama, T.(2006). Assessing groundwater quality using GIS. Water Resour. Manag. 214: 699–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006- 9059-6.
Bansal, J. and Dwivedi, A. K. (2018). Technology assessment of ground water quality by using water quality index and physico chemical parameters: Review paper. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research, 7(2):170-174
Boateng, T.K., Opoku, F., Acquaah, S.O., Akoto, O.(2016). Groundwater quality assessment using statistical approach and water quality index in Ejisu- Juaben municipality, Ghana. Environ. Earth Sci. 75: 489.
Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1996) Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS, Vol. 13: Computer Methods in the Geosciences. Pergamon, Oxford, 98.
Brindha, K. Rajesh, R. Murugan, R. and Elango, L. (2012). Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater in Some Rural Areas of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Environment Science and Engineering, 50(1):64-70
Brown, R. M., McCleiland, N. J, Deininger, R. A. and O'Conner, M. F., (1972). A water quality index - crossing the psychological barrier. In Jenkis, S.H. (Eds.). Proceedings of International Conference on Water Pollution Research (pp.787-797). Jerusalem.
Brown, R. M., McCleiland, N. J, Deininger, R. A. and Tozer, R. G. (1970). A Water Quality Index do we dare. Water Sewage Works, 117(10):339-343.
Bureau of Indian Standards BIS (1991). Indian standard specifications for drinking water IS:10500-91. New Delhi.
Census of India (2011). Retrieved from www.census2011.co.in. on 10-03-2019.
Central Ground Water Board (2014). Ministry of Water Resources. Ground water information booklet of Doda district, Jammu & Kashmir. North Western Himalayan Region Jammu, India.
Chatterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 1(2): 181-89.
Choubisa, S. L. (2011). Food, fluoride, and fluorosis in domestic ruminants in the Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, India. Fluoride, 44(2):70-76.
Collet, C. (1996). Geographic Information System: Needs and Software. Boston, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Debels, P. Figueroa, R., Urrutia, R., Barra, R. and Niell, X.(2005) Evaluation of water quality in the Chillan River (Central Chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 110: 301–322 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-005-8064-1
Dhakad, N. K., Shinde, D. and Choudhary, P. (2008). Water quality index of pre-treated (Raw) and treated water of Anas-dam reservoir of Jhabua town (M.P.). Indian Research Communication, 2(1): 53-56.
Dhar, S. and Slathia, D. (2018) Arithmetic Water Quality Index for evaluation of drinking water quality of Lake Mansar, J&K, India. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 7(11):208-244.
Fadiran, A. O., Dlamini, S. C. and Mavuso, A. (2008). A comparative study of the phosphate levels in some surface and ground water bodies of Swaziland. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 22(2):197-206.
Gajbhiye, S., Meshram, C., Singh, S.K., Srivastava, P. K. and Islam, T. (2016). Precipitation trend analysis of Sindh River basin, India, from 102-year record (1901-2002). Atmospheric Science Letters,
17(1):71-77
Ganesh, K. S., Xavier, R. L., Nagarajan, M. and Sundaramoorthy, P. (2015). Physico-chemical properties of Sri Sanishwaran temple pond Water, Tirunullahr. World Scientific News, 21:1-11.
Gupta, R. D. (2006). Environmental Pollution: Hazards and Control. Concept publishing company, New Delhi, 110059.
Horton, R. K.(1965) An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of Water Pollution Control Administration, 37(3): 300.
Huchhe, M. R. and Bandela, N. N. (2016). Study of Water Quality Parameter Assessment using GIS and Remote Sensing in DR. B.A.M University, Aurangabad, MS. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 5(6): 46-50.
Jhariya, D. C., Kumar, T. , Dewangan, R., Pal, D. and Dewangan, P.K.(2017). Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index for Drinking Purpose in the Durg District, Chhattisgarh Using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Techniques. Journal of Geological Society of India, 89:453-459
Kannel P.R., Lee S., Kanel, S.R., Khan, S.P., Lee Y.S. (2007). Spatial-temporal variation and comparative assessment of water qualities of urban river system: a case study of the river Bagmati (Nepal). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129(1-3):433-59.
Khandare, A.L., Gourineni, S.R. and Validandi, V.(2017). Dental fluorosis, nutritional status, kidney damage, and thyroid function along with bone metabolic indicators in school-going children living in fluoride-affected hilly areas of Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Environ Monit Assess., 189: 579 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6288-5.
Khandare, H. W. (2013). Fluoride contaminated Water and its Implications on Human Health-A Review. International Journal of Chemical and Technical Research, 5(1): 502-511.
Kumar, N. and Nath, S. (2013). Analysis of Physico-chemical properties of water from Markanday Spring in Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, a novel Report. International Journal of current Research, 5(1):56-58.
Magesh, N.S., Chandrasekar, N. Soundranayagam, J.P.(2012) Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS and MIF techniques. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(2): 189-196
Mishra, P. C. and Patel. R. K. (2001). Quality of drinking water in Rourkela, outside the steel township. Journal of Environment and Pollution 8(2): 165-169.
Nag, A. and Gupta, H. (2014). Physicochemical analysis of some water ponds in and around Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(5): 676-682.
Naveen, S., Aishwarya, J. and Rashmishree, K.N. (2018) Determination of Water quality of Vengaihnakere Lake and Varthur lake, Bangalore. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 05(06):2395-0056.
PHE supplies untreated water to Doda town, Treatment plant defunct (2016, May 11). Northlines. Retrieved from http://thenorthlines.com/phe-supplies-untreated-water-to-doda-town-treatment-plant-defunct/ on 10-03-2019.
Piper, A. M.(1953). A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. USGS groundwater note, pp. 12.
Piper, A.M.(1944). A graphical procedure in the chemical interpretation of groundwater analysis. Trans. Amer. Geophy. Union, 25, 914-928.
Rabeiy, R.E.(2018). Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality using WQI and GIS in Upper Egypt area. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int., 25(31):30808-30817. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8617-1.
Reda, A. H. (2015). Assessment of the physico-chemical quality of spring water in Arbaminch Ethiopia. Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2(5):2380-2391.
Singh, R. and Maheshwari, R. C. (2001). Defluoridation of drinking water–a review. Indian Journal of Environment Protection, 21(11): 983–991.
Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Pandey, A. C. and Gautam, S. K. (2013b). Integrated assessment of groundwater influenced by a confluence river system: Concurrence with remote sensing and geochemical modelling. Water Resources Management, 27(12):4291–4313.
Singh, S. K., Srivastava, P. K. and Pandey, A. C. (2013a). Fluoride contamination mapping of groundwater in Northern India integrated with geochemical indicators and GIS. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,13(6):1513–1523.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibra and rates in natural waters.3rd Ed., New York: Wiley-Interscience,
Sustainable Development Goals(2016). Sustainable development Goals. Retrieved from https://sustainable development.un.org on 05-05-2019
Tiwari A. K. and Singh A. K. (2014). Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 83(3): 329-343.
Tiwari, A.K., Singh, P.K. and Mahato, M.K.(2014) GIS-Based Evaluation of Water Quality Index of Groundwater Resources in West Bokaro coalfield, India. Current World Environment, 9(3): 843-850.
Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems, Third Ed. Academic Press, London.
World Health Organisation (WHO1984). Fluorine and fluorides. Environmental health criteria. Geneva.
WHO (1993). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Vol.1 Recommendations, World Health Organisation Geneva.
WHO (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality. 3rd Edn, World Health Organisation Geneva.
WHO (2012). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th Ed. World Health Organisation Geneva.
Wotchoko, P., Tita, M. A., Kouankap, N. G. D., Alice, M., Nkemnji, J. Z., Guedjeo, C. S and Kamgang, K. V. (2016). Physico-chemical analysis of water quality of springs in Bafia-Muyuka, North-Eastern Flank of Mount Cameroon. American Journal of Water Resources, 4(5):111-120.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Geospatial mapping and drinking water quality status of fluoride endemic hilly District Doda (J&K), India. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(2), 410-423. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2066
