Evaluation of mass bathing effects on water quality status of eight prominent ponds of Haryana (India): A multi-location study
Article Main
Abstract
Amongst the various anthropogenic activities, mass bathing and other religious rituals also affect the water quality of aquatic ecosystem. The present research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of mass bathing and other religious activities on the eight famous religious water bodies of Haryana (Kapalmochan tirth, Kulotarn tirth, Ban-Ganga tirth, Brahmsarovar, Jyotisar, Saraswati tirth, Phalgu tirth and Pandu-Pindara tirth). The water samples were collected from three sampling stations (A, B and C) at each of the eight selected sites (S1 to S8) before and after the religious rituals and also seasonally. The samples were analyzed for Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ammonia and heavy metals . The study highlighted the seasonal variations of physicochemical characteristics and also the effects of mass bathing and religious activities on water quality of the religious sites. Although the water was reported as safe in terms of DO content, total ammonia, BOD and the values of COD before the religious rituals but the values exceeded the maximum permissible limit {DO (0.8±0.1, 0.76±0.11), BOD (25.07±0.13, 18.13±0.13),COD (131.9±2.08), Ammonia (2.31±.23, 6.57±0.02) Iron (5890 µg L-1) and Zinc (200 µg L-1)} after mass bathing and religious rituals indicating that the water was not suitable for drinking as well as bathing purposes after the rituals/mass bathing. So, bathing during/after such rituals may become a health hazards to the bathers or users of the water and also may affect the aquatic biota, further depleting it. There is thus a need of regular monitoring and regular application of suitable remedial measures to prevent the depletion of the quality of lentic waters.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
BOD, COD, DO, Mass bathing, Religious activity, Water quality
References
Abdo, M.H. (2005). Physico-chemical characteristics of Abu Za'baal Ponds, Egypt.Egypt. J. Aquatic Res. 31(2):1-15.
Abida, B. and Harikrishna (2008). Study on the Quality of Water in Some Streams of Cauvery River. E- J. Chem. 5(2):377-384.
Ahangar, I.A., Saksena, D.N., Mir, M.F. and Ahangar, M.A. (2012). Seasonal variations in physico- chemical characteristics of Ancharlake, Kashmir. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Res. 3(2):352-357.
Al-Badaii, F. and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2014).Heavy Metals and Water Quality Assessment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Water Quality Index of the Semenyih River, Peninsular (Malaysia).Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment (IJEE).5(2): 132-145.
Ali, M.H.H. (2002). Impact of agricultural and sewage effluents on the ecosystem of Lake Qarun, Egypt, Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Egypt.
Aonghusa, C.N. and Gray, N.F. (2002). Laundry detergents as a source of heavy metals in Irish domestic wastewater. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 37(1):1-6
APHA (2005).Standard Method for the examination of water and wastewater.21st Edn, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington DC, USA.
Appavu, A. Thangavelu, S. Muthukannan, S., Jesudoss, J.S. and Pandi B. (2016). Study of water quality parameters of Cauvery River water in Erode Region. Journal of Global Biosciences. 5(9): 4556 -4567.
Bajpai, A., Pani, S., Jain, R.K. and Mishra, S.M. (2009). Heavy metal contamination through Idol immersions in a tropical lake.Ecology Environment and Conservation.8(2): 157-159.
Baker, J.E., Poster, D.L., Clark, C.A., Church, T.M., Scudlark, J.R., Ondov, J.M., Dickhut, R.M. and Cutter, G. (1997).Loadings of atmospheric trace elements and organic contaminants to the Chesapeake Bay. In: Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters, Baker, J.E. (Ed.), SETAC Press, Pensacola, pp:171-194.
Baptiste, A.R. and Altaff, K. (2003).Water chemistry and heavy metals in some freshwater cultural ponds of Palvakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.J. Aquat. Bio.17(1):23-25.
Baskar, S., Narasimhan, N., Daniel, G.S., Ravichelvan, R., Sukumaran, M. and Anandaraj, T. (2013).Seasonal Variations in physico-chemical parameters of river Cauveri, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 3(1):8-11.
Bhasin, S., Arvind, N., Shukla and Shrivastava, S. (2015). Impact of mass bathing on water quality of river Kshipra at Triveni, Ujjain, M.P., India.Int. J. Adv. Lif. 8(1):36-44.
Bhatnagar, A. and Sangwan, P. (2009).Impact of Mass Bathing on Water Quality.Int. J. Environ.Res. 3(2):247-252.
Bhatnagar, Anita and Garg, S.K. (1998). Correlation and Multiple regression analysis of factors affecting biotic populations in river Ghaggar (India).Environ. & Ecol. 681-685
Bhatnagar, Anita and Singh, G. (2010a). Assessment of Culture Fisheries in village ponds: a study in District Hisar, Haryana, India.Int. J. Environ. Res. 4(1):57-64.
Bhatnagar, Anita and Singh, G. (2010b). Relations between water quality characteristics and fish yields in small scale culture ponds in Yamunanagar, Haryana. Environment & Ecology 28(3):1615-1619.
Bhatnagar, Anita, Chopra, G. and Malhotra, P. (2009). Water quality indices and abiotic characteristics of western Yamuna canal in Yamunanagar, Haryana. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 1(2):149-154
Biswas, B. (2000). Changing water resources study using GIS and spatial model – a case study of Bhatar Block, District Burdwan, West Bengal, India. J. Indian Soc. Remote. 37:705–717.
Bohra, C. (1990). Limnological survery of an ancient pond at Barwaha (Bihar). J. Freshwater Biol. 2(4):361-364.
Bubicz, M. (1982). Heavy metal in the aquatic environmental of some water bodies of the Lublin Basin. ActuaticHydrobiologia.24:125-138.
Buijs, P. and Toader, C. (2007). Proposed system of surface water quality standards for Moldova, Technical Report.
Chandrashekar, J.S., Babu, K.L. and Somashekar, R.K. (2003). Impact of urbanization on Bellandurlake, Bangalore-a case study. J. Environ. Biol. 24(3):223-227.
Chang, H. (2002). Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the river and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea.Water Air Soil Poll. 161:267–284.
Chapman, D. and Kimstach, V. 1996. Water Quality assessments- A guide to use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring. Second Edition.Chapter 3. ISBN 0 419 21590 5
Chaturvedi, S., Kumar, D. and Singh, R.V. (2003). Study on some physico-chemical characteristics of flowing water of Ganges River at Hardwar. Res. J. Chem. Environ. 7(3):78-79.
CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) (2017). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of India. Water quality Criteria. https://cpcb.nic.in/water-quality-criteria/
Das, A.K. (2000). Limno-Chemistry of Some Andhra Pradesh Reservoirs.J. Inland Fish Soc.India. 32:37-44
Dhar, G., Barat, S. and Dhar, M.K. (2004). Influence of Organophosphorus insecticide phosphamidon on lentic water. J. Environ. Biol. 25(3):359-363.
Dhote, S., Varughese, B. and Mishra, S.M. (2001).Impact of idol immersion on water quality of twin lakes of Bhopal. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 21(11):998-1005.
Diaz, P., Guerreo, M.C., Alcorlo, P., Baltanas, A., Florin, M. and Montes, C. (1998). Anthropogenic perturbations to the trophic structure in a permanent hypersaline Shallow Lake: La Salada de Chiprana (North-Eastern Spain). Int. J. Salt Lake Res. 7:187-210.
Duncan, D.B. (1975). t Test and Intervals for Comparison Suggested by the Data. Biometrics. 31: 339-360
Eitei, L.S. and Kh, R. (2013).A comparative study of the ground and surface water quality with reference to heavy metal concentrations in the Imphal valley Manipur, India. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 3(6):1857
EPA (Environment Protection Agency). (2018). Surface water quality standards (Chapter 62) pp 1-84. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-12/documents/fl_section62-302.pdf
Essien-Ibok, M. A.; Akpan, A. W.; Udo, M. T.; Chude, L. A.; Umoh, I. A. and Asuquo, I. E. (2010). Seasonality in the physical and chemical characteristics of MBO River, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Nigerian J. Agriculture, Food and Environment. 6(1&2):60-72
Evans, D.H. (1987). The fish gill site of action and model for toxic effects of environmental pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives.71:47-58.
George, B., Nirmal Kumar, J.I. and Rita, N.K. (2012). Study on the influence of hydro-chemical parameters on phytoplankton distribution along Tapi estuarine area of gulf of Khambhat, India. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 38:157–170.
Gupta, A.K., Mishra, K., Kumar, P., Singh, C. and Srivastava, S. (2011). Impact of religious activities on the water characteristics of prominent ponds at Varanasi (U.P.), India.Plant Arch.11(1):297-300.
Gupta, S. and Devi, S.S. (2014).Ecology of Baskandianua, an oxbow lake of South Assam, North East India.J. Environ. Biol. 35:1101?1105.
Hostetti, B.B., KulKarni, A.R. and Patil, H.S. (1994).Water quality in JayanthiNallah at Panchganga at Kolhapur, India.J. Environ. Health. 36(2):124–127.
Imnatoshi and Ahmed, S.U. (2012).Geomorphology and seasonal variations of physico chemical parameters of Doyang River, Nagaland.Int. J. Environ. Sci. 6(1&2):05-09.
Kaul, B. and Pandit, M. (2004).Morphotectonic evolution of the Delhi region in Northern India and its significance in environmental management.J. Environ. Geology. 46(8):1118-1122.
Khan, N., Mathur, A. and Mathur, R. (2004).A study on drinking water quality in Laskhar (Gwalior).Indian J. Env. Prot. 25(3):222-224.
Kulshreshtha, H. and Sharma, S. (2006). Impact of mass bathing during Ardhkumbh on water quality status of river Ganga.J. Environ. Biol. 27(2):437- 440.
Kulshreshtha, S.K., George, M.P. and Khan, A. (1988). Preliminary studies on the impact of certain religious activities on water quality of upper lake Bhopal. Proc. Nat. Sym. Past, present and future of Bhopal lakes: 253-257.
Kumada, H., Kimura, S. and Yokote, M. (1980). Accumulation and biological effects of Cd in Rainbow trout.Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries.46:97-103.
Kuwabara, J.S., Topping, B.R., Moon, G.E., Husby, P., Lincoff, A., Carter, J.L. and Croteau, M.N. (2013).Mercury accumulation by lower trophic-level organisms in lentic systems within the Guadalupe River Watershed, California; (Scientific Investigations Report). USGS: Science for a changing world. pp: 2005-5037
Lal, A.K. (1996). Effect of Mass Bathing on water quality of PushkarSarovar.Indian J. Environ. Prot. 16(11):831-836.
Mathur K., Sharma R.K., Nand K.S. and Sharma S. (1991). Water quality assessment of the river Chambal over the stretch of National Chambal sanctuary in M.P. Ind. J. of Ecol. 18(1):1-4.
Morales, J.A., Albornoz, A., Socorro, E. and Morillo, A. (2001). An estimation of the nitrogen and phosphorus loading by wet deposition over Lake Maracaibo, Venzuela.Water Air Soil Pollut. 128:207-221.
Morgan, A.M., Royer, T.V., David, M.B. and Gentry, L.E. (2006). Relationships among nutrients, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen in agricultural streams in Illinois. J. Environ. Qual. 35:1110-1117.
Munawar, M. (1970).Limnological studies on freshwater ponds of Hyderabad, India. The Biotope.J. Hydrobiologia. 35:127-162.
National Academy of Sciences, 1972.Water Quality Criteria.Environmental Studies Board.
Neamtu, M., Ciumasu, I.M., Costica, N., Costica, M., Bobu, M., Nicoara, M.N., Catrinescu, C., VanSlooten, K.B. and DeAlencastro, L.F. (2009). Chemical, biological and ecotoxicological assessment of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the Bahlui River, Romania. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. (1):76-85.
Norris, R.H., Lake, P.S. (1984). Trace metal concentrations in fish from the South Esk River, North Eastern Tasmania, Australia. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.33:348-354.
Osborne, L.L., Iredale, D.R., Wrona, F.J. and Davies, R.W. (1981).Effects of chlorinated sewage effluents on fish in the Sheep River, Alberta.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110:536-540.
Pawale, R.G. (2014). Studies on scientific aspects of water quality with physico-chemical and biological factors of Vishnupuri Reservoir district, Nanded (Ms). J. Science. 4(2):93-98.
Rajkumar, N.S., Nongbri, B. and Patwardhan, A.M. (2003).Physico-chemical and microbial analysis of Umiam (Barapani) lake water.Indian J. Environ. Prot. 23(6):633-639.
Rameshbabu, K. and Selvanayagam, M. (2013).Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Sediment of Kolavoi Lake, Chengalpet, India.Int. J. Chem. Tech. Research. 5(1):532-549.
Rangarajan, R., Sarin, M. and Swami, K. (2006).Dissolved Uranium and 234U/238U in the Yamuna and the Chambal rivers, India.J. Aquat. Geochem. 12(1):73-101.
Rao, D.S. and Rao, K.S. (1986). Pollution due to pilgrim’s bathing during KumbhMela in Kshipra River, (Ujjain). J. Hydrobiol. 2(4):45-47.
Sadhuram, Y., Sarma, V.V., RamanaMurthy, T.V. and PrabhakaraRao, B. (2005).Seasonal variability of physico–chemical characteristics of the Haldia channel of Hooghly estuary, India.J. Earth Syst. Sci. 114(1):37–49.
Shabana, E.E. (1999). Limnological studies on Lake Bardawil, M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Suez Canal Univ., Egypt.
Sharma, P. and Giri, A. (2018). Productivity evaluation of lotic and lentic water body in Himachal Pradesh, India. MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 3(5):311?317.
Singh, A., Ghosh, S. and Sharma, P. (2007).Water quality management of a stretch of river Yamuna.An interactive fuzzy multi objective approach.Water Res. Manag. 21(2):515-532.
Singh, M.R., Gupta, A., Asha, S. and Beeteswari, K.H. (2010).Physico-Chemical properties of water samples from Manipur river system, India.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 14(4):85-89.
Singh, S. and Nath, S. (2015).Water quality analysis of river Ganga and Yamuna during Mass Bathing, Allahabad, India.UJERT. 5(5):251-258.
Singh, S., Singh, M., Bhat, M.A. and Bhawsar, A. (2016). Evaluation of water quality index of Upper Lake- ARamsar site. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 8(3):34-37
Sinha, A.K., Pande, D.P., Srivastava, R.K., Srivastava, P., Srivastava, K.N., Kumar, A. andTripathi, A. (1991). Impact of mass bathing on the water quality of the Ganga River at Haudeshwarnath (Pratapgarh), India- a case study. J. Sci. Total Environ. 101(3):275-280.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cohran, W.O. (1967).Statistical Method. 6th ed. The Lowa State University Press, Ames.
Sundararajan and Anand (2011). A study on the impact of coal washers effluents along Damodar River stretch in Dhanbad District, Jharkhand, India. IJEMS. 2(4):233-245.
Swain, S.K., Mohapatra, S. and Patel, R.K. (2005). A measure of pollution load in temple ponds of Puri Orissa on the basis of NSF-WQI suggestions. Polling and Research consultancy.24(3):599-603.
Tay, C.K., Asmah, R. and Biney, C.A. (2009). Trace Metal Levels in Water and Sediment from the Sakumo II and Muni Lagoons, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology.16:75-94.
Thirumala, S., Kiran, B.R. and Kantaraj, G.S. (2011).Fish diversity in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka, India.Adv. Appl. Sci. Res.2(5):34-47.
Tyagi, S., Dobhal, R., Kimothi, P.C., Adlakha, L.K., Singh, P. and Uniyal, D.P. (2013). Studies of river water quality using river bank filtration in Uttarakhand, India. Water Qual. Expo. Health. 5(3):139–148.
Varunprasath, K. and Daniel, A.N. (2010).Physico- chemical parameters of river Bhavani in three stations, Tamilnadu, India.Iranic Journal of Energy Environment (IJEE) 1(4):321-325.
Vyas, A. and Bajapai, A. (2008). Water quality survey and monitoring study of idol immersion in context of lower Lake Bhopal India. In: Proceedings of Tall 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. pp:1818-1823.
Vyas, A., Mishra, D.D., Bajpai, A., Dixit, S. and Verma, N. (2006).Environment impact of idol immersion activity lakes of Bhopal, India.Asian J. Exp. Sci.20(2):289-296.
Watkar, A.M. and Barbate, M.P. (2014).Impact of idol immersion on water quality of Kolar River in Saoner, Dist. Nagpur, India.Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 3(3):39-42
WHO (World Health Organisation) (1993).Guidelines of Drinking Water Quality, Vol. 1, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd edition.
Winter, J.G., Eimers, C.M., Dillon, J.P., Scott, L.D., Scheider, W.A. and Willox, C.C. (2007). Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality. J. Great Lakes Res .33(2):381-396.
Wu, Y., Liu, C.Q. and Tu, C.L. (2008).Atmospheric deposition of metals in TSP of Guiyang, PR China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 80(5):465-468
Yigit, S. and Altindag, A. (2005).A taxonomical study on the zooplankton fauna of Hirfanli Dam Lake (Kirsehir) Turkey, Gazi. Egitim Fakultest Dergisi. 18:563-567.
Abida, B. and Harikrishna (2008). Study on the Quality of Water in Some Streams of Cauvery River. E- J. Chem. 5(2):377-384.
Ahangar, I.A., Saksena, D.N., Mir, M.F. and Ahangar, M.A. (2012). Seasonal variations in physico- chemical characteristics of Ancharlake, Kashmir. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Res. 3(2):352-357.
Al-Badaii, F. and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2014).Heavy Metals and Water Quality Assessment Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Water Quality Index of the Semenyih River, Peninsular (Malaysia).Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment (IJEE).5(2): 132-145.
Ali, M.H.H. (2002). Impact of agricultural and sewage effluents on the ecosystem of Lake Qarun, Egypt, Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Egypt.
Aonghusa, C.N. and Gray, N.F. (2002). Laundry detergents as a source of heavy metals in Irish domestic wastewater. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 37(1):1-6
APHA (2005).Standard Method for the examination of water and wastewater.21st Edn, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington DC, USA.
Appavu, A. Thangavelu, S. Muthukannan, S., Jesudoss, J.S. and Pandi B. (2016). Study of water quality parameters of Cauvery River water in Erode Region. Journal of Global Biosciences. 5(9): 4556 -4567.
Bajpai, A., Pani, S., Jain, R.K. and Mishra, S.M. (2009). Heavy metal contamination through Idol immersions in a tropical lake.Ecology Environment and Conservation.8(2): 157-159.
Baker, J.E., Poster, D.L., Clark, C.A., Church, T.M., Scudlark, J.R., Ondov, J.M., Dickhut, R.M. and Cutter, G. (1997).Loadings of atmospheric trace elements and organic contaminants to the Chesapeake Bay. In: Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters, Baker, J.E. (Ed.), SETAC Press, Pensacola, pp:171-194.
Baptiste, A.R. and Altaff, K. (2003).Water chemistry and heavy metals in some freshwater cultural ponds of Palvakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.J. Aquat. Bio.17(1):23-25.
Baskar, S., Narasimhan, N., Daniel, G.S., Ravichelvan, R., Sukumaran, M. and Anandaraj, T. (2013).Seasonal Variations in physico-chemical parameters of river Cauveri, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 3(1):8-11.
Bhasin, S., Arvind, N., Shukla and Shrivastava, S. (2015). Impact of mass bathing on water quality of river Kshipra at Triveni, Ujjain, M.P., India.Int. J. Adv. Lif. 8(1):36-44.
Bhatnagar, A. and Sangwan, P. (2009).Impact of Mass Bathing on Water Quality.Int. J. Environ.Res. 3(2):247-252.
Bhatnagar, Anita and Garg, S.K. (1998). Correlation and Multiple regression analysis of factors affecting biotic populations in river Ghaggar (India).Environ. & Ecol. 681-685
Bhatnagar, Anita and Singh, G. (2010a). Assessment of Culture Fisheries in village ponds: a study in District Hisar, Haryana, India.Int. J. Environ. Res. 4(1):57-64.
Bhatnagar, Anita and Singh, G. (2010b). Relations between water quality characteristics and fish yields in small scale culture ponds in Yamunanagar, Haryana. Environment & Ecology 28(3):1615-1619.
Bhatnagar, Anita, Chopra, G. and Malhotra, P. (2009). Water quality indices and abiotic characteristics of western Yamuna canal in Yamunanagar, Haryana. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 1(2):149-154
Biswas, B. (2000). Changing water resources study using GIS and spatial model – a case study of Bhatar Block, District Burdwan, West Bengal, India. J. Indian Soc. Remote. 37:705–717.
Bohra, C. (1990). Limnological survery of an ancient pond at Barwaha (Bihar). J. Freshwater Biol. 2(4):361-364.
Bubicz, M. (1982). Heavy metal in the aquatic environmental of some water bodies of the Lublin Basin. ActuaticHydrobiologia.24:125-138.
Buijs, P. and Toader, C. (2007). Proposed system of surface water quality standards for Moldova, Technical Report.
Chandrashekar, J.S., Babu, K.L. and Somashekar, R.K. (2003). Impact of urbanization on Bellandurlake, Bangalore-a case study. J. Environ. Biol. 24(3):223-227.
Chang, H. (2002). Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the river and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea.Water Air Soil Poll. 161:267–284.
Chapman, D. and Kimstach, V. 1996. Water Quality assessments- A guide to use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring. Second Edition.Chapter 3. ISBN 0 419 21590 5
Chaturvedi, S., Kumar, D. and Singh, R.V. (2003). Study on some physico-chemical characteristics of flowing water of Ganges River at Hardwar. Res. J. Chem. Environ. 7(3):78-79.
CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) (2017). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of India. Water quality Criteria. https://cpcb.nic.in/water-quality-criteria/
Das, A.K. (2000). Limno-Chemistry of Some Andhra Pradesh Reservoirs.J. Inland Fish Soc.India. 32:37-44
Dhar, G., Barat, S. and Dhar, M.K. (2004). Influence of Organophosphorus insecticide phosphamidon on lentic water. J. Environ. Biol. 25(3):359-363.
Dhote, S., Varughese, B. and Mishra, S.M. (2001).Impact of idol immersion on water quality of twin lakes of Bhopal. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 21(11):998-1005.
Diaz, P., Guerreo, M.C., Alcorlo, P., Baltanas, A., Florin, M. and Montes, C. (1998). Anthropogenic perturbations to the trophic structure in a permanent hypersaline Shallow Lake: La Salada de Chiprana (North-Eastern Spain). Int. J. Salt Lake Res. 7:187-210.
Duncan, D.B. (1975). t Test and Intervals for Comparison Suggested by the Data. Biometrics. 31: 339-360
Eitei, L.S. and Kh, R. (2013).A comparative study of the ground and surface water quality with reference to heavy metal concentrations in the Imphal valley Manipur, India. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 3(6):1857
EPA (Environment Protection Agency). (2018). Surface water quality standards (Chapter 62) pp 1-84. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-12/documents/fl_section62-302.pdf
Essien-Ibok, M. A.; Akpan, A. W.; Udo, M. T.; Chude, L. A.; Umoh, I. A. and Asuquo, I. E. (2010). Seasonality in the physical and chemical characteristics of MBO River, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Nigerian J. Agriculture, Food and Environment. 6(1&2):60-72
Evans, D.H. (1987). The fish gill site of action and model for toxic effects of environmental pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives.71:47-58.
George, B., Nirmal Kumar, J.I. and Rita, N.K. (2012). Study on the influence of hydro-chemical parameters on phytoplankton distribution along Tapi estuarine area of gulf of Khambhat, India. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 38:157–170.
Gupta, A.K., Mishra, K., Kumar, P., Singh, C. and Srivastava, S. (2011). Impact of religious activities on the water characteristics of prominent ponds at Varanasi (U.P.), India.Plant Arch.11(1):297-300.
Gupta, S. and Devi, S.S. (2014).Ecology of Baskandianua, an oxbow lake of South Assam, North East India.J. Environ. Biol. 35:1101?1105.
Hostetti, B.B., KulKarni, A.R. and Patil, H.S. (1994).Water quality in JayanthiNallah at Panchganga at Kolhapur, India.J. Environ. Health. 36(2):124–127.
Imnatoshi and Ahmed, S.U. (2012).Geomorphology and seasonal variations of physico chemical parameters of Doyang River, Nagaland.Int. J. Environ. Sci. 6(1&2):05-09.
Kaul, B. and Pandit, M. (2004).Morphotectonic evolution of the Delhi region in Northern India and its significance in environmental management.J. Environ. Geology. 46(8):1118-1122.
Khan, N., Mathur, A. and Mathur, R. (2004).A study on drinking water quality in Laskhar (Gwalior).Indian J. Env. Prot. 25(3):222-224.
Kulshreshtha, H. and Sharma, S. (2006). Impact of mass bathing during Ardhkumbh on water quality status of river Ganga.J. Environ. Biol. 27(2):437- 440.
Kulshreshtha, S.K., George, M.P. and Khan, A. (1988). Preliminary studies on the impact of certain religious activities on water quality of upper lake Bhopal. Proc. Nat. Sym. Past, present and future of Bhopal lakes: 253-257.
Kumada, H., Kimura, S. and Yokote, M. (1980). Accumulation and biological effects of Cd in Rainbow trout.Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries.46:97-103.
Kuwabara, J.S., Topping, B.R., Moon, G.E., Husby, P., Lincoff, A., Carter, J.L. and Croteau, M.N. (2013).Mercury accumulation by lower trophic-level organisms in lentic systems within the Guadalupe River Watershed, California; (Scientific Investigations Report). USGS: Science for a changing world. pp: 2005-5037
Lal, A.K. (1996). Effect of Mass Bathing on water quality of PushkarSarovar.Indian J. Environ. Prot. 16(11):831-836.
Mathur K., Sharma R.K., Nand K.S. and Sharma S. (1991). Water quality assessment of the river Chambal over the stretch of National Chambal sanctuary in M.P. Ind. J. of Ecol. 18(1):1-4.
Morales, J.A., Albornoz, A., Socorro, E. and Morillo, A. (2001). An estimation of the nitrogen and phosphorus loading by wet deposition over Lake Maracaibo, Venzuela.Water Air Soil Pollut. 128:207-221.
Morgan, A.M., Royer, T.V., David, M.B. and Gentry, L.E. (2006). Relationships among nutrients, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen in agricultural streams in Illinois. J. Environ. Qual. 35:1110-1117.
Munawar, M. (1970).Limnological studies on freshwater ponds of Hyderabad, India. The Biotope.J. Hydrobiologia. 35:127-162.
National Academy of Sciences, 1972.Water Quality Criteria.Environmental Studies Board.
Neamtu, M., Ciumasu, I.M., Costica, N., Costica, M., Bobu, M., Nicoara, M.N., Catrinescu, C., VanSlooten, K.B. and DeAlencastro, L.F. (2009). Chemical, biological and ecotoxicological assessment of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the Bahlui River, Romania. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. (1):76-85.
Norris, R.H., Lake, P.S. (1984). Trace metal concentrations in fish from the South Esk River, North Eastern Tasmania, Australia. Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol.33:348-354.
Osborne, L.L., Iredale, D.R., Wrona, F.J. and Davies, R.W. (1981).Effects of chlorinated sewage effluents on fish in the Sheep River, Alberta.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110:536-540.
Pawale, R.G. (2014). Studies on scientific aspects of water quality with physico-chemical and biological factors of Vishnupuri Reservoir district, Nanded (Ms). J. Science. 4(2):93-98.
Rajkumar, N.S., Nongbri, B. and Patwardhan, A.M. (2003).Physico-chemical and microbial analysis of Umiam (Barapani) lake water.Indian J. Environ. Prot. 23(6):633-639.
Rameshbabu, K. and Selvanayagam, M. (2013).Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Sediment of Kolavoi Lake, Chengalpet, India.Int. J. Chem. Tech. Research. 5(1):532-549.
Rangarajan, R., Sarin, M. and Swami, K. (2006).Dissolved Uranium and 234U/238U in the Yamuna and the Chambal rivers, India.J. Aquat. Geochem. 12(1):73-101.
Rao, D.S. and Rao, K.S. (1986). Pollution due to pilgrim’s bathing during KumbhMela in Kshipra River, (Ujjain). J. Hydrobiol. 2(4):45-47.
Sadhuram, Y., Sarma, V.V., RamanaMurthy, T.V. and PrabhakaraRao, B. (2005).Seasonal variability of physico–chemical characteristics of the Haldia channel of Hooghly estuary, India.J. Earth Syst. Sci. 114(1):37–49.
Shabana, E.E. (1999). Limnological studies on Lake Bardawil, M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Suez Canal Univ., Egypt.
Sharma, P. and Giri, A. (2018). Productivity evaluation of lotic and lentic water body in Himachal Pradesh, India. MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 3(5):311?317.
Singh, A., Ghosh, S. and Sharma, P. (2007).Water quality management of a stretch of river Yamuna.An interactive fuzzy multi objective approach.Water Res. Manag. 21(2):515-532.
Singh, M.R., Gupta, A., Asha, S. and Beeteswari, K.H. (2010).Physico-Chemical properties of water samples from Manipur river system, India.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 14(4):85-89.
Singh, S. and Nath, S. (2015).Water quality analysis of river Ganga and Yamuna during Mass Bathing, Allahabad, India.UJERT. 5(5):251-258.
Singh, S., Singh, M., Bhat, M.A. and Bhawsar, A. (2016). Evaluation of water quality index of Upper Lake- ARamsar site. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 8(3):34-37
Sinha, A.K., Pande, D.P., Srivastava, R.K., Srivastava, P., Srivastava, K.N., Kumar, A. andTripathi, A. (1991). Impact of mass bathing on the water quality of the Ganga River at Haudeshwarnath (Pratapgarh), India- a case study. J. Sci. Total Environ. 101(3):275-280.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cohran, W.O. (1967).Statistical Method. 6th ed. The Lowa State University Press, Ames.
Sundararajan and Anand (2011). A study on the impact of coal washers effluents along Damodar River stretch in Dhanbad District, Jharkhand, India. IJEMS. 2(4):233-245.
Swain, S.K., Mohapatra, S. and Patel, R.K. (2005). A measure of pollution load in temple ponds of Puri Orissa on the basis of NSF-WQI suggestions. Polling and Research consultancy.24(3):599-603.
Tay, C.K., Asmah, R. and Biney, C.A. (2009). Trace Metal Levels in Water and Sediment from the Sakumo II and Muni Lagoons, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology.16:75-94.
Thirumala, S., Kiran, B.R. and Kantaraj, G.S. (2011).Fish diversity in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka, India.Adv. Appl. Sci. Res.2(5):34-47.
Tyagi, S., Dobhal, R., Kimothi, P.C., Adlakha, L.K., Singh, P. and Uniyal, D.P. (2013). Studies of river water quality using river bank filtration in Uttarakhand, India. Water Qual. Expo. Health. 5(3):139–148.
Varunprasath, K. and Daniel, A.N. (2010).Physico- chemical parameters of river Bhavani in three stations, Tamilnadu, India.Iranic Journal of Energy Environment (IJEE) 1(4):321-325.
Vyas, A. and Bajapai, A. (2008). Water quality survey and monitoring study of idol immersion in context of lower Lake Bhopal India. In: Proceedings of Tall 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. pp:1818-1823.
Vyas, A., Mishra, D.D., Bajpai, A., Dixit, S. and Verma, N. (2006).Environment impact of idol immersion activity lakes of Bhopal, India.Asian J. Exp. Sci.20(2):289-296.
Watkar, A.M. and Barbate, M.P. (2014).Impact of idol immersion on water quality of Kolar River in Saoner, Dist. Nagpur, India.Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 3(3):39-42
WHO (World Health Organisation) (1993).Guidelines of Drinking Water Quality, Vol. 1, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2nd edition.
Winter, J.G., Eimers, C.M., Dillon, J.P., Scott, L.D., Scheider, W.A. and Willox, C.C. (2007). Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality. J. Great Lakes Res .33(2):381-396.
Wu, Y., Liu, C.Q. and Tu, C.L. (2008).Atmospheric deposition of metals in TSP of Guiyang, PR China. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 80(5):465-468
Yigit, S. and Altindag, A. (2005).A taxonomical study on the zooplankton fauna of Hirfanli Dam Lake (Kirsehir) Turkey, Gazi. Egitim Fakultest Dergisi. 18:563-567.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Evaluation of mass bathing effects on water quality status of eight prominent ponds of Haryana (India): A multi-location study. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(2), 361-371. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2044
