Seasonal changes in reproductive cycle of female fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) from river Gomti, Lucknow (India)
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Abstract
The present study was conducted on the experimental animals, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) (Crustacea: Decapoda) to analyze the seasonal changes in reproductive cycle of female, found at different locations in river Gomti (26°55´; 80°59´ E), in and around Lucknow (U.P. India). The reproductive activities were found in cyclic manner in M.dayanum, which breeds continuously throughout the year but with two distinct peaks one major in the month of May-July and one minor in the month of January – Feburary. Five stages of Oogenesis i.e. proliferative, meiotic, previtellogenic, vitellogenic and resorbtion or atretic oocyte phase have been recorded in M. dayanum. Mature ova were noticed in two peaks i.e. major in month of July – August and September and minor in months of February and March. Histoarchitecture of hepatopancreas showed seasonal changes in accordance with the gonadal development. The reproductive cycle of M.dayanum is reported for the first time and very little work is known on the seasonal changes with respect to reproduction and its correlation with hepatopancreas.
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Keywords
Freshwater prawn, Hepatopancreas, M. dayanum, Ovary, Seasonal, Reproductive cycle
References
Adiyodi, R.G., and Subramanium, T. (1983). Arthopoda-Crustaces. In reproductive biology of invertebrates, Oogenesis and moultig. Physiol. Zool. 43(1):71-77
Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, A.G. (1970). Endocrine control of reproduction in decapod crustacea. Biol.Rev. 45:121-165
Agarwal, S.K. (1996).Ovarian morphology, histology, histochemistry and seasonal Cyclicity, In fish reproduction. APH Publishing corporation, New Delhi.
Alves, D.F.R., Laura, S. Lopez-Greco., Barros-Alves, SdP., Hirose, G.L. (2019). Sexual system, reproductive cycle and embryonic development of the red-striped shrimp, Lysmata vittata, an invader in the western Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE, 14(1):e0210723
Anil kumar, G. (1980). Reproductive physiology of female crustaceans. Ph.D Thesis, Calicut University, Kerala.India
APHA. (2017).Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste waters. 23rdEdn. APHA, AWWA & WPCF Washington.
Biswas, R. and Qureshi, T. A. (1994). Annual reproductive cycle of the fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson, 1893). Naturalia. 19:131-147.
Bogard, J.R., Thilsted, S.H., Marks, G.C., Wahab, M.A., Hossain, M.A.R., Jakobsen, J., Stangoulis, J. (2015). Nutrient composition of important fish species in Bangladesh and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. J Food Comp. Anal. 42:120–33
Brown, G.D. and Creedy, J. (1970). Experimental biology manual. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London.
Chang, C.F. and Shih, T.W. (1995). Reproductive cycle of the ovarian development and vitellogenin profiles in the fresh water prawns, Machrobrachium rosenbergii. Invert.Reprod.Develop.21: 11-20.
Dall, W. (1967).The fuctional anatomy of the digestive tract of a shrimp, Metapenaeus bennettae, Recek and Dall. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae). Aust.J.Zool.15: 699-714.
Dasgupta, M.(1988): Length-weight relationship and condition of the copper mahseer, Acrossochilus haxagunolepis (MaClelland). Matsaya14: 79-91.
Demestre, M. and Fortuno, J.M. (1992). Reproduction of the deep –water shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Decapoda-Dendrobranchiata). Mar. Ecol. 84:41-51
Elorza, A. and Dupre, E. (2000). Ovary architecture of the Juan fernandez spiny rock lobster, Jasus frontalis. Invest. Mar. 28:175-194.
France schini-vicentini, I. B., Ribeiro, K., Papa, L. P., Marques, Junior. J., Vicentini, C. A. and Valenti, P. M. C. M. (2009).Histoarchitectural features of the hepatopancreas of the amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. Int. J. Morphol, 27(1):121-128.
Gibson, R. and Barker, P.I. (1979). The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.17: 285-346.
Grienke, U., Silke, J. and Tasdemir, D. (2014). Bioactive compounds from marine mussels and their effects on human health. Food Chem. 142:48–60
Holthuis, L.B. (1980). Shrimp and prawns of the world: An annotated catalogue of species of interest of fisheries. FAO Fisheries synopsis. 125 (1): 1-272
Jayachandaran, K.V. (2001). Palaemonid prawns: Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & I BH Publishing Co- Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Jayachandran, K.V. (1998). Taxonomic status of Macrobrochium birmanicum and M. chopari (Tiwari) with a note on closely related species. Indian. J. Fisheries. 45(3): 345-349.
Jayachandran, K.V. and Joseph, N.I.(1986). Male reproductive system of the slender river prawn, Macrobrachium idella (Hilgendorf, 1898). Annals of Zoology XXIV (2): 78-87.
Jayawardane, P.A.A.T., Mclusky, D.S. and Tytler, P. (2002). Reproductive biology of Penaeus indicus (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) from the western coastal waters of Sri Lanka. Asian Fisheries Science 15(2002): 315-328.
Joshi, V.P. and Diwan, A.D. (1996): Biochemical Changes in the tissue of female prawn Macrobrachium idella (hilgendorf, (1898) during differnrt breeding seasons. J of Aquaculture in the Tropics. 11(3): 227-251
Kale, R. S., Shejule, K. B. and Sonawane, A. K. (2011). Hormone induced biochemical changes in the ovary and hepatopancreas in freshwater crabs, Barytelphusa cunicularis. The Bioscan,6(2): 199-201.
Kanazawa, A. and Teshima, S. (1971). In vivo conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones in the spiny lobster Panulirus japonica. Bull.Jpn.Soc.Sci.Fish. 37: 891-903.
Kao, H.C., Chan T. and Yu, H.P. (1999). Ovary development of the deepwater shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1826) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aristeidae) from Taiwan. Zoological Studies 38(4):373-378.
Karnjanapratum, S., Benjakul, S., Kishimura, H. and Tsar, V.H. (2013). Chemical composition and nutritional value of Asian hard clam Meretrix lusoria from the coast of Andaman Sea. Food Chem. 141:4138–45
Khan, A.U., Sharma, V.P. and Azami, H.K. (1994). The medicinal use of entomological drugs used by tribal communities of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. J. Zoology. 14(1): 55-59
King, J.E. (1948). A study of the reproductive organs of the common marine shrimp, Penaeus setiferus.Biol.Bull. 94: 244-262
Kulkarni, G.K. and Nagabhushanam, R & Joshi, P. (1979). Effects pf progesterone on ovarian maturationin a marine penaeid prawn Parapenaeopsis hardwickii. Indian. J.Exp. Biol. 17: 986-987.
Martin, E.A. (1966). Nutrition in action. IInd edition, Holt, Rinchort and Winston. New York.
Mohammed, K.S. and Diwan, A.D. (1992). Biochemical changes in different tissues during yolk synthesis in marine prawn, Penaeus indicus, H.Mine Edwards. Indian. J. Mar. Sci. 21:30-34
Nagabhushanam, R. and Joshi, P.K. (1985). Oogenesis in the penaeid prawn, Parapenaepsis stylifera. J. Adv.Zool. 6(1): 18-22
Nagabhushanam, R. and Sarojini, R. (1989).Histopathological changes in the gills and hepatopancreas of the marine crab, Scylla serrata induced by an organophosphate, Dimecron. J. Adv. Zool. 8(1): 46-51
Nagabhushanam, R., Reddy, T.S.N and Sarojini, R. (1984). Biochemical nature of the ovary in relation to vitellogenesis in the freshwater Caridean prawn, Caridina weberi.Rev.Brasil.Biol.44: 295-298
Nandkumar, G. (2001). Reproductive biology of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) Indian.J.Fish. 48(1):1-8
Narsimha, R., Katre, S. and Reddy, R.S. (1981). Moult – reproduction relationship in the fresh water prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri (DeMan).Proc.Indian.Acad.Sci.90:39-52
Nkeonyeasua florence Olele., Prekeyi Tawari-Fufeyin. and Josiah, Chidiebere, Okonkwo. (2012). Reproductive biology of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (herklot, 1857) caught in warri river Banats. J of Biotech. III (6)
Palmer, E.E., Sorensen, P.W. and Adelman, I.R. (1995). A histological study of seasonal ovarian development in fresh water drums in the red lakes, Minnesota. J.Fish.Biol. 47:199-210.
Patwardhan, S.S. (1937): The Indian zoological memoires, on Indian animal types (VI) Palaemon (the Indian River prawn). Lucknow publishing house Lucknow.100.
Paulus, J.E and Lucifer, H.(1987): Vitellogenocytes in the hepatopancreas of carcinus menas and libinia emarginata (decapoda, Brachyura).Int.J.Invert.reprod.Dev 11:29-44.
Peranandam, Revathi., Palanisamy, Iyapparaj., Natesan, Munuswam., Muthukalingan, Krishnan. (2012). Vitellogenesis during the ovarian development in freshwater female prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii(de man). Int. J. Aqu. Sci. 3(2):13-27
Peter B. Key, Edward F. Wirth & Michael H. Fulton (2006) A Review of Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes spp., as a bioindicator of anthropogenic impacts, Environmental Bioindicators, 1:2, 115-128,
Proudfit F.T. and Robinson, C.H. (1955). Nutrition and Diet therapy 11th Edition Mcmillan Company New York.
Rafael A. Gregati., Vivian Fransozo., Laura S. Lopez-Greco. and Maria Lucia Negreiros-Fransozo. (2010). Reproductive cycle and ovarian development of the marine ornamental shrimp Stenopus hispidus in captivity. Aquaculture, 306(1-4):185–190
Rao, C.N., Shakuntala, K. and Reddy, S.R. (1981). Moult reproduction relationship in the fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium lanchesteri (deMan).Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. (Anim.Sci.).90(1): 39-52
Remlath, P.K. and Adiyodi, R.G. (1996). Cells of the intertubular region of the hepatopancreas of the ghost crab, Ocypode ceratopthalamus J.Anim.Morphol.Physiol 42(1-2): 75-78
Sagarista,E. and Durfort, M. (1990). Ultrastructural study of haemocytes and phagocytes associated with haemolymphatic vessels in the hepatopancreas of Palaemonetes zariquieyi.(Crustacea- Decapoda).J.Morphol.206:173-180
Sharma, U.D. and Shukla, S. (1990). Behaviour dysfunction of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (Crustacea – Decapoda) following exposure to synthetic dertergent, linearalkyl Benzene Sulphonate. Biol. Mem. 16(12): 58–61
Silva, M.A.S., Almeida Neto, M.E., Ramiro,B.O., Santos, I.T.F., Guerra, R.R. (2018). Histomorphologic characterization of the hepatopancreas of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879). Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec, 70 (5):1539-1546
Singh, D. (1977). Yunani Dravyaguna part III, Ayurvedic and Tibii Academy, Lucknow. India.
Singh, S.R., Srivastav, V.K. and Kumar, Rajesh. (1988). Observation on the oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis in the ganga water prawn, Macrobrachium birmanicum choprai (Tiwari). J.Adv.Zool. 9(1): 46-50
Sofia Miniadis-Meimaroglou and Vassilia J. Sinanoglou. (2012). Lipid profile and nutritional evaluation of shrimps. Transworld Research Network. 661 (2):21-40
Turan, T., Kaya, Y., Erdem, M.E. (2011). Proximate composition cholesterol and fatty acid content of brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.1758) from Sinop Region, Black Sea. J Aquatic Food Prod Technol. 20:100–07
Varadarajan, S. and Subramoniam, T. (1982). Biochemical changes during vitellogenesis in a hermit crab Calbanarius calbanarius. Progress in Invertebrate Reproduction and Aquaculture (Eds). 7-14
Vazhiyil, Venugopal. and Kumarapanicker, Gopakumar. (2017). Shellfish: Nutritive Value, Health Benefits, and Consumer Safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 16: 1219-1242
Victor, B. (1987). Reproductive and lipid cycles in the atyid prawn Caridina rajadhari (Bouvier). Indian J.Fish. 34 (3): 333-336
Victor, B. and Sarojini, R. (1985). Oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis in the caridean prawn Caridina rajadhari (Bouvier). Current Sciences. 54(13): 647-649
Webb, D. (2011) Freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes australis) as a potential bioindicator of crustacean health. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 178: 537 –544 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1711-1
Wolin, E.M., Lufer, H. and Albertini, D.F. (1973). Uptake of the yolk protein, lipovitellin by developing crustacean oocytes. Develop. Biol. 35: 160-162
Adiyodi, K.G. and Adiyodi, A.G. (1970). Endocrine control of reproduction in decapod crustacea. Biol.Rev. 45:121-165
Agarwal, S.K. (1996).Ovarian morphology, histology, histochemistry and seasonal Cyclicity, In fish reproduction. APH Publishing corporation, New Delhi.
Alves, D.F.R., Laura, S. Lopez-Greco., Barros-Alves, SdP., Hirose, G.L. (2019). Sexual system, reproductive cycle and embryonic development of the red-striped shrimp, Lysmata vittata, an invader in the western Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE, 14(1):e0210723
Anil kumar, G. (1980). Reproductive physiology of female crustaceans. Ph.D Thesis, Calicut University, Kerala.India
APHA. (2017).Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste waters. 23rdEdn. APHA, AWWA & WPCF Washington.
Biswas, R. and Qureshi, T. A. (1994). Annual reproductive cycle of the fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson, 1893). Naturalia. 19:131-147.
Bogard, J.R., Thilsted, S.H., Marks, G.C., Wahab, M.A., Hossain, M.A.R., Jakobsen, J., Stangoulis, J. (2015). Nutrient composition of important fish species in Bangladesh and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. J Food Comp. Anal. 42:120–33
Brown, G.D. and Creedy, J. (1970). Experimental biology manual. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London.
Chang, C.F. and Shih, T.W. (1995). Reproductive cycle of the ovarian development and vitellogenin profiles in the fresh water prawns, Machrobrachium rosenbergii. Invert.Reprod.Develop.21: 11-20.
Dall, W. (1967).The fuctional anatomy of the digestive tract of a shrimp, Metapenaeus bennettae, Recek and Dall. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae). Aust.J.Zool.15: 699-714.
Dasgupta, M.(1988): Length-weight relationship and condition of the copper mahseer, Acrossochilus haxagunolepis (MaClelland). Matsaya14: 79-91.
Demestre, M. and Fortuno, J.M. (1992). Reproduction of the deep –water shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Decapoda-Dendrobranchiata). Mar. Ecol. 84:41-51
Elorza, A. and Dupre, E. (2000). Ovary architecture of the Juan fernandez spiny rock lobster, Jasus frontalis. Invest. Mar. 28:175-194.
France schini-vicentini, I. B., Ribeiro, K., Papa, L. P., Marques, Junior. J., Vicentini, C. A. and Valenti, P. M. C. M. (2009).Histoarchitectural features of the hepatopancreas of the amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. Int. J. Morphol, 27(1):121-128.
Gibson, R. and Barker, P.I. (1979). The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.17: 285-346.
Grienke, U., Silke, J. and Tasdemir, D. (2014). Bioactive compounds from marine mussels and their effects on human health. Food Chem. 142:48–60
Holthuis, L.B. (1980). Shrimp and prawns of the world: An annotated catalogue of species of interest of fisheries. FAO Fisheries synopsis. 125 (1): 1-272
Jayachandaran, K.V. (2001). Palaemonid prawns: Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & I BH Publishing Co- Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Jayachandran, K.V. (1998). Taxonomic status of Macrobrochium birmanicum and M. chopari (Tiwari) with a note on closely related species. Indian. J. Fisheries. 45(3): 345-349.
Jayachandran, K.V. and Joseph, N.I.(1986). Male reproductive system of the slender river prawn, Macrobrachium idella (Hilgendorf, 1898). Annals of Zoology XXIV (2): 78-87.
Jayawardane, P.A.A.T., Mclusky, D.S. and Tytler, P. (2002). Reproductive biology of Penaeus indicus (H.Milne Edwards, 1837) from the western coastal waters of Sri Lanka. Asian Fisheries Science 15(2002): 315-328.
Joshi, V.P. and Diwan, A.D. (1996): Biochemical Changes in the tissue of female prawn Macrobrachium idella (hilgendorf, (1898) during differnrt breeding seasons. J of Aquaculture in the Tropics. 11(3): 227-251
Kale, R. S., Shejule, K. B. and Sonawane, A. K. (2011). Hormone induced biochemical changes in the ovary and hepatopancreas in freshwater crabs, Barytelphusa cunicularis. The Bioscan,6(2): 199-201.
Kanazawa, A. and Teshima, S. (1971). In vivo conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones in the spiny lobster Panulirus japonica. Bull.Jpn.Soc.Sci.Fish. 37: 891-903.
Kao, H.C., Chan T. and Yu, H.P. (1999). Ovary development of the deepwater shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1826) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aristeidae) from Taiwan. Zoological Studies 38(4):373-378.
Karnjanapratum, S., Benjakul, S., Kishimura, H. and Tsar, V.H. (2013). Chemical composition and nutritional value of Asian hard clam Meretrix lusoria from the coast of Andaman Sea. Food Chem. 141:4138–45
Khan, A.U., Sharma, V.P. and Azami, H.K. (1994). The medicinal use of entomological drugs used by tribal communities of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. J. Zoology. 14(1): 55-59
King, J.E. (1948). A study of the reproductive organs of the common marine shrimp, Penaeus setiferus.Biol.Bull. 94: 244-262
Kulkarni, G.K. and Nagabhushanam, R & Joshi, P. (1979). Effects pf progesterone on ovarian maturationin a marine penaeid prawn Parapenaeopsis hardwickii. Indian. J.Exp. Biol. 17: 986-987.
Martin, E.A. (1966). Nutrition in action. IInd edition, Holt, Rinchort and Winston. New York.
Mohammed, K.S. and Diwan, A.D. (1992). Biochemical changes in different tissues during yolk synthesis in marine prawn, Penaeus indicus, H.Mine Edwards. Indian. J. Mar. Sci. 21:30-34
Nagabhushanam, R. and Joshi, P.K. (1985). Oogenesis in the penaeid prawn, Parapenaepsis stylifera. J. Adv.Zool. 6(1): 18-22
Nagabhushanam, R. and Sarojini, R. (1989).Histopathological changes in the gills and hepatopancreas of the marine crab, Scylla serrata induced by an organophosphate, Dimecron. J. Adv. Zool. 8(1): 46-51
Nagabhushanam, R., Reddy, T.S.N and Sarojini, R. (1984). Biochemical nature of the ovary in relation to vitellogenesis in the freshwater Caridean prawn, Caridina weberi.Rev.Brasil.Biol.44: 295-298
Nandkumar, G. (2001). Reproductive biology of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) Indian.J.Fish. 48(1):1-8
Narsimha, R., Katre, S. and Reddy, R.S. (1981). Moult – reproduction relationship in the fresh water prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri (DeMan).Proc.Indian.Acad.Sci.90:39-52
Nkeonyeasua florence Olele., Prekeyi Tawari-Fufeyin. and Josiah, Chidiebere, Okonkwo. (2012). Reproductive biology of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (herklot, 1857) caught in warri river Banats. J of Biotech. III (6)
Palmer, E.E., Sorensen, P.W. and Adelman, I.R. (1995). A histological study of seasonal ovarian development in fresh water drums in the red lakes, Minnesota. J.Fish.Biol. 47:199-210.
Patwardhan, S.S. (1937): The Indian zoological memoires, on Indian animal types (VI) Palaemon (the Indian River prawn). Lucknow publishing house Lucknow.100.
Paulus, J.E and Lucifer, H.(1987): Vitellogenocytes in the hepatopancreas of carcinus menas and libinia emarginata (decapoda, Brachyura).Int.J.Invert.reprod.Dev 11:29-44.
Peranandam, Revathi., Palanisamy, Iyapparaj., Natesan, Munuswam., Muthukalingan, Krishnan. (2012). Vitellogenesis during the ovarian development in freshwater female prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii(de man). Int. J. Aqu. Sci. 3(2):13-27
Peter B. Key, Edward F. Wirth & Michael H. Fulton (2006) A Review of Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes spp., as a bioindicator of anthropogenic impacts, Environmental Bioindicators, 1:2, 115-128,
Proudfit F.T. and Robinson, C.H. (1955). Nutrition and Diet therapy 11th Edition Mcmillan Company New York.
Rafael A. Gregati., Vivian Fransozo., Laura S. Lopez-Greco. and Maria Lucia Negreiros-Fransozo. (2010). Reproductive cycle and ovarian development of the marine ornamental shrimp Stenopus hispidus in captivity. Aquaculture, 306(1-4):185–190
Rao, C.N., Shakuntala, K. and Reddy, S.R. (1981). Moult reproduction relationship in the fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium lanchesteri (deMan).Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. (Anim.Sci.).90(1): 39-52
Remlath, P.K. and Adiyodi, R.G. (1996). Cells of the intertubular region of the hepatopancreas of the ghost crab, Ocypode ceratopthalamus J.Anim.Morphol.Physiol 42(1-2): 75-78
Sagarista,E. and Durfort, M. (1990). Ultrastructural study of haemocytes and phagocytes associated with haemolymphatic vessels in the hepatopancreas of Palaemonetes zariquieyi.(Crustacea- Decapoda).J.Morphol.206:173-180
Sharma, U.D. and Shukla, S. (1990). Behaviour dysfunction of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei (Crustacea – Decapoda) following exposure to synthetic dertergent, linearalkyl Benzene Sulphonate. Biol. Mem. 16(12): 58–61
Silva, M.A.S., Almeida Neto, M.E., Ramiro,B.O., Santos, I.T.F., Guerra, R.R. (2018). Histomorphologic characterization of the hepatopancreas of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879). Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec, 70 (5):1539-1546
Singh, D. (1977). Yunani Dravyaguna part III, Ayurvedic and Tibii Academy, Lucknow. India.
Singh, S.R., Srivastav, V.K. and Kumar, Rajesh. (1988). Observation on the oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis in the ganga water prawn, Macrobrachium birmanicum choprai (Tiwari). J.Adv.Zool. 9(1): 46-50
Sofia Miniadis-Meimaroglou and Vassilia J. Sinanoglou. (2012). Lipid profile and nutritional evaluation of shrimps. Transworld Research Network. 661 (2):21-40
Turan, T., Kaya, Y., Erdem, M.E. (2011). Proximate composition cholesterol and fatty acid content of brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.1758) from Sinop Region, Black Sea. J Aquatic Food Prod Technol. 20:100–07
Varadarajan, S. and Subramoniam, T. (1982). Biochemical changes during vitellogenesis in a hermit crab Calbanarius calbanarius. Progress in Invertebrate Reproduction and Aquaculture (Eds). 7-14
Vazhiyil, Venugopal. and Kumarapanicker, Gopakumar. (2017). Shellfish: Nutritive Value, Health Benefits, and Consumer Safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 16: 1219-1242
Victor, B. (1987). Reproductive and lipid cycles in the atyid prawn Caridina rajadhari (Bouvier). Indian J.Fish. 34 (3): 333-336
Victor, B. and Sarojini, R. (1985). Oocyte differentiation and vitellogenesis in the caridean prawn Caridina rajadhari (Bouvier). Current Sciences. 54(13): 647-649
Webb, D. (2011) Freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes australis) as a potential bioindicator of crustacean health. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 178: 537 –544 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1711-1
Wolin, E.M., Lufer, H. and Albertini, D.F. (1973). Uptake of the yolk protein, lipovitellin by developing crustacean oocytes. Develop. Biol. 35: 160-162
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Seasonal changes in reproductive cycle of female fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) from river Gomti, Lucknow (India). (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(1), 149-154. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1966
