A review on ecotoxic potential of pollutants in fish
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Abstract
Fishes in the aquatic food web are at the top of most aquatic food chains and form an important link in the aquatic-terrestrial food chain also. They are easily available in the wild, market, can be easily maintained in the laboratory and act as important models for indicating the outcome of exposure of human populations to toxic and genotoxic chemicals in drinking water. They respond to toxicants in a manner similar to higher vertebrates and metabolize and accumulate pollutants. Food is a major route for exposure of human populations to toxic chemicals in water so fish and shell fish have been recognized as major vectors for transfer of contaminants to humans, as these major sources of protein in many countries, are often contaminated with high concentrations of pollutants. In living systems, these are biotransformed to various toxic derivatives which react with DNA and lead to tumour development are carcinogenic and/or mutagenic to life leading to the number of cancer cases. Epidemiological studies have revealed that workers in the dye industry had a higher incidence of urinary bladder tumours than that of the general population. Therefore, in the present review an attempt has been made to document the work done in past on the use of fishes for studying toxicological changes induced by pollutants. Actually, toxicity and genotoxicity of dyes in fish has not been much explored, therefore along with the few reports available on dyes, literature on toxicity and genotoxicity of other aquatic pollutants has also been reviewed in the present study.
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Keywords
Toxicity, Genotoxicity, Micronucleus assay, Mutagenic, Nucleocellular abnormality assay.
References
Abdel-Moneim, A.M., Abou Shabana, N.M., Khadre, S.E.M. and Abdel-Kader, H.H. (2008). Physiological and histopathological effects in cat fish (Clariaslazera) exposed to dyestufff and chemical waste water. International Journal of Zoological Research 4: 189-202.
Allison, G. and Morita, M. (1995). Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of elevated levels of 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachloroazobenzene (3,3’,4,4’-TCAB) towards aquatic organisms. II: Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of dietary 3,3’,4,4’-TCAB on the Japanese Medaka (Oryziaslatipes). Chemosphere 30(2): 223-232.
Al-Sabti, K. (1991). Handbook of genotoxic effects and fish chromosome. Kristoff, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Al-Sabti, K. (2000). Chlorotriazine reactive Azo red 120 textile dye induces micronuclei in fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(2): 149-155.
Al-Sabti, K., Franko, M., Andrijanic, B., Knez, S. and Stegnar, P. (1994). Chromium induced micronuclei in fish. Journal of Applied Toxicology 14(5): 333-336.
Babatunde, T.A. and Aminu, L. (2017). Growth response of juvenile Clarias garieipinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of yogurt factory effluent. Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (6):1 (ISSN: 2141-0755).
Balakrishnan, V., Asifa, K.P. and Chitra, K.C. (2014). Genotoxic potential of nonylphenol in freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences 3: 81-88.
Bhunia, F., Saha, N.C. and Kaviraj, A. (2003). Effects of aniline-an aromatic amine to freshwater organisms. Ecotoxicology 12(5): 397-404.
Carla, L.G.R., Barbosa, A.C., Ferreira, M.F.N., Dorea, J.G. and Grisolia, C.K. (2008). Evaluation of genotoxicity and effects on reproduction of nonylphenol on Oreochromis niloticus(Pisces: cichlidae). Ecotoxicology 17: 732-737.
Cavas, T., Garanko, N.N. and Arkhipchuk, V.V. (2005). Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43: 569-574. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.014
Fenech, M., Chang, W.P., Kirsch-Volders, M., Holland, N., Bonassi, S. and Zeiger, E. (2003). HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutation Research 534: 65-75.
Galindo, B.A., Troilo, G., Colus, I.M.S., Martinez, C.B.R. and Sofia, S.H. (2010). Genotoxic Effects of aluminum on the Neotropical Fish Prochiloduslineatus. Water Air and Soil Pollution 212(1): 419-428. doi:10.1007/s11270-010-0357-5
Grisolia, C.K. and Cordeiro, C.M.T. (2000). Variability in micronucleus induction with different mutagens applied to several species of fish. Genetics and Molecular Biology 23:235-239.
Guner, U. and Muranh, F.D.G. (2011). Micronucleus test, nuclear abnormalities and accumulation of Cu and Cd on Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11: 615-622.
Hooftman, R.N. and De Raat, W.K. (1982). Induction of nuclear anomalies (micronuclei) in the peripheral erythrocytes of eastern mud minnow Umbra pygmaea by ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutation Research 104: 147-152.
Jindal, R. and Verma, S. (2017). Genotoxicity assessment of cadmium chloride in Labeorohita (Hamilton, 1822) based on induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities. Indian Journal of Fisheries 64 (Special Issue): 238-242. dOI: 10.21077/ijf.2017.64.
Kaur, H., Kalotra, R., Walia, G.K. and Handa, D. (2013). Dyeing industry effluent induced behavioural and morphological changes in the fish,Cirrhinus mrigala. International Journal of Zoology and Research3: 13-20.
Kaur, R. and Dua, A. (2014). Acute toxicity, behavioural and morphological alterations in Indian Carp, Labeorohita Ham., on exposure to municipal wastewater of Tung Dhab Drain, Punjab, India. International Journal of Science and Research 3: 1716–1720.
Kaur, R. and Dua, A. (2015). 96h LC50, behavioural alterations and histopathological effects due to wastewater toxicity in a freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22: 5100–5110.
Kaur, R. and Dua, A. (2016). Fish liver and gill cells as cytogenotoxic indicators in assessment of water quality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 18892-900.
Kundu, R., Prasad, V.V.S. and Mansuri, A.P. (1989). Toxicity of diluted dyeing and printing industry effluent to a panaeid Prawn Parapenaeopsissculptilis. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica17(1): 1-6.
Malla, T.M., Senthikumar, C.S., Akhtar, S. and Ganesh, N. (2011). Micronuclei as an evidence of DNA damage in fresh water cat fish Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch) exposed to synthetic sindoor. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6: 41-44.
Manjunatha, B. Wei-Bing, P., Ke-Chun, L., Marigoudar, S.R., Xi-Qiang, C., Xi-Min, W., Xue, W. (2014). The effects of henna (hair dye) on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Science and Pollution Research21: 10361-10367. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-2968-7.
Market, B.A., Breure, A.M., Zechmeister, H.G. (2003). Bioindicators and biomonitoring principles, concepts and applications. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Marlasca, M.J., Valles, B., Riva, M.C. and Crespo, S. (1992). Sublethal effects of synthetic dyes on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: a light and electron microscope study. Diseases of aquatic organisms 12: 103-110.
Mathur, N., Bhatnagar, P., Nagar, P. and Bijarnia, M.K. (2005). Mutagenicity assessment of from textile/dye industries of Sanganer, Jaipur (India): a case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 61: 105-113.
McCarthy, B. (1997). Biotechnology and Coloration. Review of Progress in Coloration 27: 26-31.
Mishra, A., Tripathi, C.P.M., Dwivedi, A.K. and Dubey, V.K. (2011). Acute toxicity and behavioral response of freshwater fish, Mystusvittatus exposed to pulp mill effluent. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 3: 167-172.
Muley, D.V., Karanjkar, D.M. and Maske, S.V. (2007). Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of freshwater fish Labeorohita. Journal of Environmental Biology 28: 245-249.
Nepomuceno, J.C., Ferrari, I.,Spanó, M.A. and Centeno, A.J. (1997). Detection of micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio exposed to metallic mercury. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 30(3): 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:3<293::AID-EM7>3.0.CO;2-M
Normann, C.A.B.M., Moreira, J.C.F. and Cardoso, V.V. (2008). Micronuclei in red blood cells of armored catfish Hypostomus plectomus exposed to potassium dichromate. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(7): 893-896.
Ogali, R.E., Osuji, L.C. and Ayodele, O. (2007). Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of spent lubricating oil on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Chemistry and Biodiversity 4: 2755-2765.
Olubukola, A.A. and Victor, C.A. (2012). Altered reproduction in Clariasgariepinus exposed to industrial effluents. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 7: 61-70.
Osman, A.G.M. (2014). Genotoxicity tests and their contributions in aquatic environmental research. Journal of Environmental Protection 5: 1391-1399.
Ozkan, F., Gunduz, S.G., Berkoz, M. and Hunt, A.O. (2011). Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following exposure to sublethal cadmium doses. Turkish Journal of Zoology 35(4): 585-592.
Palhares, D. and Grisolia, C.K. (2002). Comparison between the micronucleus frequencies of kidney and gill erythrocytes in tilapia fish, following mitomycin c treatment. Genetics and Molecular Biology 25(3): 281-284.
Pathan, T.S., Sonawane, D.L. and Khillare, Y.K. (2009). Toxicity and behavioral changes in freshwater fish, Rasbora daniconius exposed to paper mill effluent. Botany Research International 2:263-266.
Raizada, S. and Rana, K.S. (1998). Acute toxicity of malachite green to an air breathing teleost, Clarias batrachus. Journal of Environmental Biology 19(3): 237-241
Ramsdorf, W.A., Ferraro, M.V.M., Oliveira-Ribeiro, Costa, J.R.M. and Cestari, M.M. (2009). Genotoxic evaluation of different doses of inorganic lead (PbII) in Hoplias malabaricus. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 158: 77-85 doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0566-1
Rana, K.S. and Raizada, S. (1999). Acute toxicity of tannery and textile dye effluents on a common teleost, Labeo rohita: Histological alterations in liver. Journal of Environmental Biology 20(1): 33-36.
Reeves, J.F., Davies, S.J., Dodd, N.J.F. and Jha, A.N. (2008). Hydroxyl radicals (OH) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells. Mutation Research-Fundamentals and Molecular mechanisms of Mutagenesis 640: 113-122. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.12.010.
Riva, M.C. (1989). Toxicidad, accumulation y efectos fisiologicos del colorante premetabilizado C.I. acid violet 66 y su base azoica C. I. acid red 217 en la trucha arcoiris Salmo gairdneri R. Ph.D. Thesis, UniversitatAutonoma de Barcelona.
Rocha, C.A.M., Cunha, L.A., Silva, R.H., Bahia, M.O. and Burbano, R.M.R. (2011). Studies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells of Colossomamacropomum exposed to methyl mercury. Genetics and Molecular Biology 34(4): 694-697.
Rocha, C.A.M., Gomes, C.F., Junior, R.F.G.R. and Pinheiro, R.H.S. (2011). Detection of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to potassium dichromate. Global Veterinaria7: 301-304.
Sani, Z.M., Abdullahi, I.L. and Sani, A. (2018). Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Dyes Commonly used for Clothing Materials in Urban Kano, Nigeria. European Journal of Experimental Biology 8(4):26.
Selvaraj, D., Leena, R., Kamal, D.C. (2015) Toxicological and histopathological impacts of textile dyeing industry effluent on a selected teleost fish Poecilia reticulata. Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3: 26-30.
Sharma, S., Sharma, S.and Sharma, K.P. (2005). Protective role of Spirulina feed in a freshwater fish (Poecilia reticulate Peters) exposed to an azo dye-methyl red. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology43(12): 1165-1169.
Srivastava, S., Sinha, R. and Roy, D. (2004). Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquatic Toxicology66(3): 319-329. This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.
Srivastava, S.J., Singh, N.D., Srivastava, A.K. and Sinha, R. (1995). Acute toxicity of malachite green and its effect on certain blood parameters of a cat fish Heteropneustes fossils. Aquatic Toxicology31: 241-7.
Talykina, M.G., Papoulias, D.M. and Allert, J.A., Izyuov, Y.U., Villalobos, S.A., Giesy, J.P. and Tillitt, D.E. (2003). The effect of polychlorinated napthalenes and tributyllin on the occurrence of aberrant nuclei in Erythroid cells of Medaka. Environmental Sciences 10(6): 337-348.
Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K. and Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology101: 133–164.
Tlili, S., Jebali, J., Banni, M., Haouas, Z., Mlayah, A., Helal, A.N. and Boussetta, H. (2009). Multimarker approach analysis in common carp Cyprinus carp sampled from three freshwater sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 168(1-4): 285-298.
Tonogai, Y., Ito, Y., Iwaida, M., Tati, M., Ose, Y. and Hori, M. (1979). Studies on the toxicity of coal-tar dyes II. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences4(3): 211-219.
Ukagwu, J.I., Onuoha, G.U.C. and Chude, L.A. (2012). Acute toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluent to the survival of juvenile catfish (Clariasgariepinus) under laboratory condition. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 8: 73-78.
Varadaraj, G. and Subramanian, M.A. (1991). Toxic effect of paper and pulp mill effluent on different parameters of bioenergetics in the fingerlings of Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Environment and Ecology9(4):857-859
White, C.R., Davies, S.J. Henry, T.B. (2012). Malachite green toxicity and effects on reproductive success in zebrafish Danio rerio. Zebrafish9(3): 135-9. doi: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0762.
Allison, G. and Morita, M. (1995). Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of elevated levels of 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachloroazobenzene (3,3’,4,4’-TCAB) towards aquatic organisms. II: Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of dietary 3,3’,4,4’-TCAB on the Japanese Medaka (Oryziaslatipes). Chemosphere 30(2): 223-232.
Al-Sabti, K. (1991). Handbook of genotoxic effects and fish chromosome. Kristoff, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Al-Sabti, K. (2000). Chlorotriazine reactive Azo red 120 textile dye induces micronuclei in fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(2): 149-155.
Al-Sabti, K., Franko, M., Andrijanic, B., Knez, S. and Stegnar, P. (1994). Chromium induced micronuclei in fish. Journal of Applied Toxicology 14(5): 333-336.
Babatunde, T.A. and Aminu, L. (2017). Growth response of juvenile Clarias garieipinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of yogurt factory effluent. Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences (6):1 (ISSN: 2141-0755).
Balakrishnan, V., Asifa, K.P. and Chitra, K.C. (2014). Genotoxic potential of nonylphenol in freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences 3: 81-88.
Bhunia, F., Saha, N.C. and Kaviraj, A. (2003). Effects of aniline-an aromatic amine to freshwater organisms. Ecotoxicology 12(5): 397-404.
Carla, L.G.R., Barbosa, A.C., Ferreira, M.F.N., Dorea, J.G. and Grisolia, C.K. (2008). Evaluation of genotoxicity and effects on reproduction of nonylphenol on Oreochromis niloticus(Pisces: cichlidae). Ecotoxicology 17: 732-737.
Cavas, T., Garanko, N.N. and Arkhipchuk, V.V. (2005). Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43: 569-574. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.014
Fenech, M., Chang, W.P., Kirsch-Volders, M., Holland, N., Bonassi, S. and Zeiger, E. (2003). HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutation Research 534: 65-75.
Galindo, B.A., Troilo, G., Colus, I.M.S., Martinez, C.B.R. and Sofia, S.H. (2010). Genotoxic Effects of aluminum on the Neotropical Fish Prochiloduslineatus. Water Air and Soil Pollution 212(1): 419-428. doi:10.1007/s11270-010-0357-5
Grisolia, C.K. and Cordeiro, C.M.T. (2000). Variability in micronucleus induction with different mutagens applied to several species of fish. Genetics and Molecular Biology 23:235-239.
Guner, U. and Muranh, F.D.G. (2011). Micronucleus test, nuclear abnormalities and accumulation of Cu and Cd on Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 11: 615-622.
Hooftman, R.N. and De Raat, W.K. (1982). Induction of nuclear anomalies (micronuclei) in the peripheral erythrocytes of eastern mud minnow Umbra pygmaea by ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutation Research 104: 147-152.
Jindal, R. and Verma, S. (2017). Genotoxicity assessment of cadmium chloride in Labeorohita (Hamilton, 1822) based on induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities. Indian Journal of Fisheries 64 (Special Issue): 238-242. dOI: 10.21077/ijf.2017.64.
Kaur, H., Kalotra, R., Walia, G.K. and Handa, D. (2013). Dyeing industry effluent induced behavioural and morphological changes in the fish,Cirrhinus mrigala. International Journal of Zoology and Research3: 13-20.
Kaur, R. and Dua, A. (2014). Acute toxicity, behavioural and morphological alterations in Indian Carp, Labeorohita Ham., on exposure to municipal wastewater of Tung Dhab Drain, Punjab, India. International Journal of Science and Research 3: 1716–1720.
Kaur, R. and Dua, A. (2015). 96h LC50, behavioural alterations and histopathological effects due to wastewater toxicity in a freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22: 5100–5110.
Kaur, R. and Dua, A. (2016). Fish liver and gill cells as cytogenotoxic indicators in assessment of water quality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 18892-900.
Kundu, R., Prasad, V.V.S. and Mansuri, A.P. (1989). Toxicity of diluted dyeing and printing industry effluent to a panaeid Prawn Parapenaeopsissculptilis. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica17(1): 1-6.
Malla, T.M., Senthikumar, C.S., Akhtar, S. and Ganesh, N. (2011). Micronuclei as an evidence of DNA damage in fresh water cat fish Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch) exposed to synthetic sindoor. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6: 41-44.
Manjunatha, B. Wei-Bing, P., Ke-Chun, L., Marigoudar, S.R., Xi-Qiang, C., Xi-Min, W., Xue, W. (2014). The effects of henna (hair dye) on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Science and Pollution Research21: 10361-10367. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-2968-7.
Market, B.A., Breure, A.M., Zechmeister, H.G. (2003). Bioindicators and biomonitoring principles, concepts and applications. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Marlasca, M.J., Valles, B., Riva, M.C. and Crespo, S. (1992). Sublethal effects of synthetic dyes on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: a light and electron microscope study. Diseases of aquatic organisms 12: 103-110.
Mathur, N., Bhatnagar, P., Nagar, P. and Bijarnia, M.K. (2005). Mutagenicity assessment of from textile/dye industries of Sanganer, Jaipur (India): a case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 61: 105-113.
McCarthy, B. (1997). Biotechnology and Coloration. Review of Progress in Coloration 27: 26-31.
Mishra, A., Tripathi, C.P.M., Dwivedi, A.K. and Dubey, V.K. (2011). Acute toxicity and behavioral response of freshwater fish, Mystusvittatus exposed to pulp mill effluent. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 3: 167-172.
Muley, D.V., Karanjkar, D.M. and Maske, S.V. (2007). Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of freshwater fish Labeorohita. Journal of Environmental Biology 28: 245-249.
Nepomuceno, J.C., Ferrari, I.,Spanó, M.A. and Centeno, A.J. (1997). Detection of micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio exposed to metallic mercury. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 30(3): 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:3<293::AID-EM7>3.0.CO;2-M
Normann, C.A.B.M., Moreira, J.C.F. and Cardoso, V.V. (2008). Micronuclei in red blood cells of armored catfish Hypostomus plectomus exposed to potassium dichromate. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(7): 893-896.
Ogali, R.E., Osuji, L.C. and Ayodele, O. (2007). Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of spent lubricating oil on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Chemistry and Biodiversity 4: 2755-2765.
Olubukola, A.A. and Victor, C.A. (2012). Altered reproduction in Clariasgariepinus exposed to industrial effluents. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 7: 61-70.
Osman, A.G.M. (2014). Genotoxicity tests and their contributions in aquatic environmental research. Journal of Environmental Protection 5: 1391-1399.
Ozkan, F., Gunduz, S.G., Berkoz, M. and Hunt, A.O. (2011). Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following exposure to sublethal cadmium doses. Turkish Journal of Zoology 35(4): 585-592.
Palhares, D. and Grisolia, C.K. (2002). Comparison between the micronucleus frequencies of kidney and gill erythrocytes in tilapia fish, following mitomycin c treatment. Genetics and Molecular Biology 25(3): 281-284.
Pathan, T.S., Sonawane, D.L. and Khillare, Y.K. (2009). Toxicity and behavioral changes in freshwater fish, Rasbora daniconius exposed to paper mill effluent. Botany Research International 2:263-266.
Raizada, S. and Rana, K.S. (1998). Acute toxicity of malachite green to an air breathing teleost, Clarias batrachus. Journal of Environmental Biology 19(3): 237-241
Ramsdorf, W.A., Ferraro, M.V.M., Oliveira-Ribeiro, Costa, J.R.M. and Cestari, M.M. (2009). Genotoxic evaluation of different doses of inorganic lead (PbII) in Hoplias malabaricus. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 158: 77-85 doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0566-1
Rana, K.S. and Raizada, S. (1999). Acute toxicity of tannery and textile dye effluents on a common teleost, Labeo rohita: Histological alterations in liver. Journal of Environmental Biology 20(1): 33-36.
Reeves, J.F., Davies, S.J., Dodd, N.J.F. and Jha, A.N. (2008). Hydroxyl radicals (OH) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells. Mutation Research-Fundamentals and Molecular mechanisms of Mutagenesis 640: 113-122. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.12.010.
Riva, M.C. (1989). Toxicidad, accumulation y efectos fisiologicos del colorante premetabilizado C.I. acid violet 66 y su base azoica C. I. acid red 217 en la trucha arcoiris Salmo gairdneri R. Ph.D. Thesis, UniversitatAutonoma de Barcelona.
Rocha, C.A.M., Cunha, L.A., Silva, R.H., Bahia, M.O. and Burbano, R.M.R. (2011). Studies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells of Colossomamacropomum exposed to methyl mercury. Genetics and Molecular Biology 34(4): 694-697.
Rocha, C.A.M., Gomes, C.F., Junior, R.F.G.R. and Pinheiro, R.H.S. (2011). Detection of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to potassium dichromate. Global Veterinaria7: 301-304.
Sani, Z.M., Abdullahi, I.L. and Sani, A. (2018). Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Dyes Commonly used for Clothing Materials in Urban Kano, Nigeria. European Journal of Experimental Biology 8(4):26.
Selvaraj, D., Leena, R., Kamal, D.C. (2015) Toxicological and histopathological impacts of textile dyeing industry effluent on a selected teleost fish Poecilia reticulata. Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3: 26-30.
Sharma, S., Sharma, S.and Sharma, K.P. (2005). Protective role of Spirulina feed in a freshwater fish (Poecilia reticulate Peters) exposed to an azo dye-methyl red. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology43(12): 1165-1169.
Srivastava, S., Sinha, R. and Roy, D. (2004). Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquatic Toxicology66(3): 319-329. This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.
Srivastava, S.J., Singh, N.D., Srivastava, A.K. and Sinha, R. (1995). Acute toxicity of malachite green and its effect on certain blood parameters of a cat fish Heteropneustes fossils. Aquatic Toxicology31: 241-7.
Talykina, M.G., Papoulias, D.M. and Allert, J.A., Izyuov, Y.U., Villalobos, S.A., Giesy, J.P. and Tillitt, D.E. (2003). The effect of polychlorinated napthalenes and tributyllin on the occurrence of aberrant nuclei in Erythroid cells of Medaka. Environmental Sciences 10(6): 337-348.
Tchounwou, P.B., Yedjou, C.G., Patlolla, A.K. and Sutton, D.J. (2012). Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology101: 133–164.
Tlili, S., Jebali, J., Banni, M., Haouas, Z., Mlayah, A., Helal, A.N. and Boussetta, H. (2009). Multimarker approach analysis in common carp Cyprinus carp sampled from three freshwater sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 168(1-4): 285-298.
Tonogai, Y., Ito, Y., Iwaida, M., Tati, M., Ose, Y. and Hori, M. (1979). Studies on the toxicity of coal-tar dyes II. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences4(3): 211-219.
Ukagwu, J.I., Onuoha, G.U.C. and Chude, L.A. (2012). Acute toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluent to the survival of juvenile catfish (Clariasgariepinus) under laboratory condition. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 8: 73-78.
Varadaraj, G. and Subramanian, M.A. (1991). Toxic effect of paper and pulp mill effluent on different parameters of bioenergetics in the fingerlings of Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Environment and Ecology9(4):857-859
White, C.R., Davies, S.J. Henry, T.B. (2012). Malachite green toxicity and effects on reproductive success in zebrafish Danio rerio. Zebrafish9(3): 135-9. doi: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0762.
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A review on ecotoxic potential of pollutants in fish. (2019). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i1.1948
